Bacterial communities in Chinese grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) farming ponds

Bacterial communities in the water column and sediment of 12 commercial grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) farming ponds were analysed. At the same time, physical and chemical environmental parameters were measured, including secchi depth (SD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD_Mn). From 12 water samples and 12 sediment samples, 39 different ribotypes were detected with PCR‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE). The ribotype richness showed that bacterial species in the water column differed among these ponds, and the result of sequencing further revealed the dominant and common bacterial species. In total, 32 bacterial species belonging to seven phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Acidobacteria, Fibrobacteres and Fusobacteria) were identified. Ordination via canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) on the DGGE data and environmental parameters indicated that the composition of bacterial community was significantly influenced by SD.     

壳聚糖对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

在草鱼饲料中添加不同剂量的壳聚糖,连续投喂42 d,研究壳聚糖对草鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,壳聚糖可以提高血清溶菌酶活性、SOD活性、AKP活性、补体C3含量和血液白细胞吞噬活性,并能降低MDA含量。结果表明,饲料中添加5 g/kg的壳聚糖对草鱼的非特异性免疫功能有最好的促进作用。     

草鱼鱼种对胆碱需要量的研究

用不含胆碱的饲料饲养草鱼鱼种，草鱼鱼种生长减慢，饲料效率降低，肝脏脂肪浸润，血浆总脂，甘油三脂，胆固醇和磷脂含量降低，随着饲料中胆碱含量的添加，草鱼生长和饲料效率改善，肝脏脂肪含量降低，血浆总脂、甘油三脂、胆固醇，磷脂含量回升。当饲料中胆碱添加量达到０．３％以上时，草鱼生长率最高，肝脏脂肪含量，血浆总脂、甘油三脂，胆固醇，磷脂与摄食天然饲料（浮萍）的草鱼基本相同。在本研究条件下，建议草鱼鱼种饲料中     

基因重组草鱼生长激素(r-gGH)对草鱼鱼种生长的促进作用

家蚕多角体病毒表达系统在家蚕体内表达基因重组的草鱼生长激素(r-gGH),具有与天然草鱼生长激素(GH)相似的免疫原性和生物活性。为了节省基因工程研究中的下游工作 (基因产物的分离和提纯),本研究将含有r-gGH的家蚕直接作为饵料源,冻干并磨碎后拌在饵料中投喂草鱼鱼种,通过养殖实验及生化测定分析对比r-gGH促进草鱼鱼种生长的剂量依存关系,筛选活性强的处理剂量和处理时间,期望为鱼类养殖生产提供一种较为经济、来源容易、方法简易而又切实可行的促进鱼种生长并且可以大规模应用的方式。实验结果表明,投喂含有r-gGH的家蚕,有相当一部分被鱼体消化道吸收,进入血液循环。投喂2 h和6 h 后,草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平均显著高于对照组(投喂基本饲料)和投喂正常家蚕组;每天投喂和隔2天投喂,均使草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平显著升高,并对草鱼鱼种生长都有明显的促进作用。短期(3 d)和长期(42 d)投喂含有r-gGH 的家蚕,无论是低剂量(10 mg·g^-1饲料)还是高剂量(20 mg·g^-1饲料),均极其显著地提高草鱼鱼种的血清GH水平;长期(42 d)投喂亦对草鱼鱼种的生长有显著的促进作用,鱼体的相对体重增长率、相对体长增长率、食物转化率和肥满度显著增加。     

抗病草鱼苗种养殖技术

草鱼是我国主要的淡水养殖品种之一,在水产养殖业中占有重要地位.但由于长期的人工繁殖,草鱼种质严重衰退,品种质量降低,生长速度减慢,特别是养殖过程中病害严重.     

不同脂肪源饲料对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响

不同脂肪源饲料对草鱼稚鱼生长的影响刘玮，徐萍，任本根，龚纲明（江西省科学院生物资源研究所，南昌３３００２９）关键词草鱼，鱼饲料，必采脂肪酸ＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＤＩＥＴＳＣＯＮＴＡＩＮＩＮＧＤＩＦＦＥＲＥＮＴＬＩＰＩＤＳＯＮＧＲＯＷＴＨＯＦＪＵＶＥＮＩＬ...     

Effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of Bacillus preparations on immunity and antioxidant activities in grass carp. A total of 315 grass carp, with similar initial weight (average weight of fish 45?g), were randomly divided into three groups with three replicates. The control group was fed the basal diet without Bacillus; treatment group 1 was added Bacillus preparation no. 1 with 1?×?10⁸?cfu/m³ per 7?days in culture water and also fed the basal diet; treatment group 2 was fed the basal diet mixed with 0.5?% Bacillus preparation no. 2, and the culture water was added 1?×?10⁸?cfu/m³ Bacillus preparation no. 1 per 7?days. After 4?weeks of culture, 12 grass carp from each replicate were taken randomly for the determination of immune response and oxidization resistance indices. The results showed that compared with control, the level of globulin and IgM of treatment group 2 was significantly increased (P?<?0.05), which was also significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of group 1. For the non-specific immunity index, compared with control, the lysozyme activity and complement (C3) content of treatment group 1 significantly increased (P?<?0.05), and the level of myeloperoxidase and C3 of treatment group 2 was significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of control, which was also significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than that of group 1. In the serum, compared with the control, the level of total antioxidant activity (T-AOC), antisuperoxide anion free radical (ASAFR) and glutathione (GSH) of two treatment groups was significantly increased (P?<?0.05); GSH content of treatment group 2 was significantly (P?<?0.05) higher than that of treatment group 1 and control. There was no significant difference between T-AOC and ASAFR among the two treatment groups; no significant effect was found on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and maleic dialdehyde (MDA) among the three groups. In the liver, T-AOC, SOD, ASAFR, GSH-Px and GSH from two treatment groups were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those of control; T-AOC, SOD and catalase from treatment group 2 were significantly higher (P?<?0.05) than those of treatment group 1; and MDA of two treatment groups was significantly decreased (P?<?0.05) as compared with the control. The results indicate that Bacillus preparations added into water can increase serum immunoglobulin levels and most of non-specific immune parameters content and enhance the antioxidant ability of grass carp, while adding Bacillus preparation into the water and feed is much better.     

Quantifying the dietary potassium requirement of subadult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

A growth trial lasting for 12 weeks was conducted in 21 net cages to determine the dietary potassium (K) requirement of subadult grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) (Average weight: 331.3 g). Seven isonitrogenous and isoenergetic semi‐purified diets were compounded with different dietary K level. The specific growth rate (SGR) of fish was significantly (P < 0.05) improved by dietary K supplementation, SGR and the gill Na⁺‐K⁺ ATPase activity increased first and then decreased (P < 0.05) as dietary K level increased. The highest SGR and gill Na⁺‐K⁺ ATPase activity values were both observed at 6.38 g kg^?1 group. Dietary K level showed significant (P < 0.05) effect on serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glucose (GLU), the maximum values of SOD and GLU were in 8.42 and 6.38 g kg^?1 group, respectively. The body lipid content of the 6.38 g kg^?1 group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of the control. However, the ash content in the 8.42 g kg^?1 group was significantly higher than those in the 1.21, 2.21, 4.41 and 6.38 g kg^?1 group. When dietary protein was 320 g kg^?1 and the waterborne potassium ranged from 6.86 to 9.10 mg L^?1, the dietary K requirement for subadult grass carp judged from SGR and gill Na⁺‐K⁺ ATPase activity is 5.38 and 7.41 g kg^?1 diet, respectively.     

草鱼肠道芽孢杆菌的鉴定及产酶能力分析

从100 g左右的健康草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肠道中分离出3株疑似芽孢杆菌(Bacillus)菌株(G1、G2、G3),并通过对其进行生理生化特征、16S rDNA全序列和产酶能力的分析,筛选出1株高产酶能力的益生菌株。结果显示:G1、G2和G3菌株与枯草芽孢杆菌在16S rDNA序列相似性≥99%的水平上聚为同一分支,结合形态观察和生理生化特征,最终鉴定G1、G2和G3菌株均为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis);以水解圈直径/菌落直径比值评定了G1、G2和G3菌株的产纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶的能力,其中G1菌株产纤维素酶、淀粉酶和蛋白酶能力(比值分别为2.9、2.2和3.3)均高于G2、G3菌株,具有作为益生菌的潜力。     

草鱼肾细胞中双氟沙星代谢酶的酶动学

细胞色素P450s(CYPs)主要参与动物体内药物代谢。水产养殖中不合理的联合用药常会导致治疗失败,这通常与CYP活性的诱导有关。然而,关于鱼类CYP的诱导却知之甚少。为获得有关CYP诱导的信息,实验采用反相高效液相色谱(RP-HPLC)的方法测定了草鱼肾细胞(CIK)中CYPs的特异性诱导剂对双氟沙星(DIF)的代谢作用及酶动学分析。对照组和β-萘黄酮(BNF)诱导组的酶动学方程分别为1/V=0.1375×1/[S]+0.003和1/V=0.0245×1/[S]+0.0013。DIF与经BNF处理的CIK共孵育后,其代谢量增加了1倍,酶动学参数Clint和Vmax值分别增加了7倍和2倍。BNF是CYP1A的特异性诱导剂,因此,CYP1A可能参与了DIF的代谢。     

氨对草鱼生长的危害

氨对草鱼生长的危害朱耘，吴圣杰，华丹（中国水产科学研究院淡水渔业研究中心，无锡２１４０８１）关键词氨，草鱼，生长ＴＨＥＨＡＲＭＦＵＬＥＦＦＥＣＴＯＦＴＨＥＡＭＭＯＮＩＡＯＮＴＨＥＧＲＯＷＴＨＯＦＧＲＡＳＳＣＡＲＰ（ＣＴＥＮＯＰＨＡＲＹＮＧＯＤＯＮＩＤ...     

A review of intestinal microbes in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Valenciennes)

Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idellus, harbours complex intestinal bacterial communities, which are important in several physiological processes of their host. Intestinal microbiota of grass carp have been previously described in numerous studies. However, an overview on the bacterial community diversity, including their establishment, their functions in host's nutritional processes and immune‐related responses, and use as probiotics, is absent. This study aimed to summarize the current understanding of the grass carp intestinal microbiota. In this review, we provide general information on the establishment and composition of intestinal microbial communities and factors influencing the diversity of gut microbiota. Also, this review covers the dietary effects of probiotics, prebiotics and/or synbiotics on the grass carp intestinal microbial communities and physiological characteristics. Although our knowledge of the grass carp intestinal microbiota is expanding rapidly, further studies on the factors affecting the diversity of intestinal microbes, interactions between intestinal microbiota and their hosts and application of probiotics/prebiotics/synbiotics in aquaculture industry, are needed.     

草鱼脆化过程中肌肉品质变化

为了研究草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)脆化过程中肌肉品质变化对脆肉鲩(C.idellusC.et V)脆性形成规律的影响,在草鱼脆化过程中定期采样,比较研究了肌肉基本化学成分、质构特性、鱼肉蛋白质组成、肌肉氨基酸组成及营养价值评价等的变化规律。结果显示：脆肉鲩的水分、粗脂肪质量分数均显著低于普通草鱼(P0.05),粗蛋白、粗灰分质量分数比普通草鱼高;与普通草鱼相比,脆化后肌肉的肌原纤维蛋白、肌浆蛋白和基质蛋白质量分数分别增加了10.88%、15.41%和80.53%;脆肉鲩的硬度、咀嚼性、弹性和粘着性显著高于普通草鱼(P0.05);脆肉鲩肌肉的TAA、EAA、UAA最高分别为203.5gL-1、85.6 gL-1、79.1 gL-1,均显著高于普通草鱼(P0.05)。研究表明在草鱼脆化过程中,肌肉品质指标均有不同程度的变化,且这些变化是导致脆肉鲩脆性改变的重要因素。     

亚硝酸盐对草鱼红细胞渗透脆性的影响

研究不同浓度亚硝酸盐(0.5、1.0、2.0 mg/L)及不同处理时间(24、72、120、168、264 h)对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)红细胞渗透脆性的影响.结果表明:与对照组比较,实验各组草鱼红细胞脆性最小抵抗值、最大抵抗值极显著升高(P＜0.01); 2.0 mg/L浓度组红细胞渗...     

水霉病对草鱼血液生化指标和肌肉泛素-蛋白酶体系统的影响

本研究探讨了感染水霉病后草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)的血液生化特性和肌肉泛素-蛋白酶体系统(UPS)活性变化.随机选取患病和健康草鱼各10尾,测定血清葡萄糖(GLU)、白蛋白(ALB)、总蛋白(TP)、胆固醇(CHO)及甘油三酯(TG)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、谷草转...     

地衣芽孢杆菌De在优质草鱼养殖中的应用研究

运用综合对比分析法探讨了地衣芽孢杆菌Bacillus licheniformis De在优质草鱼（Ctenopharyngodon idellus）养殖中的应用效果,其评价指标分别为成活率、水体pH、透明度、溶解氧及水中氨氮、硝酸盐浓度等。结果表明,施用地衣芽孢杆菌De可在一定程度上使水体环境和养殖生产性能得到优化,提高养殖草鱼的成活率,显著降低水体透明度及水中氨氮、硝酸盐含量（P〈0．05）,使水体pH、溶解氧有利于草鱼的生长。其中施菌组较对照组的成活率、水体pH、溶解氧分别提高了3．2％、3．9％、25．5％,而水体透明度、氨氮及亚硝氮浓度则分别降低了38．5％、74．6％、69．3％。     

Identification,characterization and feeding response of peptide YYb (PYYb) gene in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)

The peptide YYb (PYYb) is a fish-specific peptide belonging to the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family. In the present study, the full-length cDNA sequence and genomic structure of PYYb (gcPYYb) from Ctenopharyngodon idellus have been isolated and characterized. The gcPYYb gene consists of three exons interspaced by two introns, opposing to the typical architecture of most NPY-family genes as well as its paralogs. Alignment of deduced amino acid sequence indicates that the fish PYYb is more variable compared to NPY and PYY as shown by more residue changes in teleosts lineage, suggesting mild selective pressure imposed on the peptide. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis shows the gcPYYb mRNA in developing larvae is increased during the mixed endo- and exogenous-feeding period and is widely distributed throughout the intestine of fully grown individuals. Following a single meal, the gcPYYb mRNA in foregut is increased at 3 h post-feeding and subsequently decreased before the foregut contents are cleared. These results suggest that the gcPYYb has an important role in the early life stages of grass carp and is involved in food intake by transmitting feeding-related signals.     

中草药提取物黄连素对草鱼肝细胞氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响

本研究运用细胞生物学研究方法,探讨中草药提取物黄连素对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)肝细胞(L8824)活力、氧化应激和细胞凋亡的影响。用不同浓度黄连素(0μmol/L、5μmol/L、25μmol/L、50μmol/L和100μmol/L)分别处理体外培养的草鱼肝细胞Oh、6 h、12 h和24 h,采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力。结果显示,黄连素浓度和时间对细胞活力有显著交互作用(P0.05),且黄连素浓度对其活力影响差异显著(P0.05),草鱼肝细胞活力随着黄连素的浓度增加先升高后降低(P0.05)。在此基础上,设置了黄连素梯度浓度(0μmol/L、5μmol/L、25μmol/L、50μmol/L和100μmol/L)培养草鱼肝细胞12 h后,收集细胞,测定细胞谷丙转氨酶(GPT)及谷草转氨酶(GOT)活性,丙二醛(MDA)及活性氧(ROS)含量、细胞凋亡水平和相关基因mRNA表达量。结果表明,与不添加黄连素组相比,当黄连素浓度为100μmol/L时,细胞GOT和GPT活性、ROS和MDA含量显著(P0.05)增加。当黄连素的浓度为25μmol/L和50μmol/L时,细胞凋亡水平显著(P0.05)升高;当黄连素的浓度增加到100μmol/L时,细胞凋亡水平显著(P0.05)降低。当黄连素的浓度为50μmol/L和100μmol/L时,细胞半胱氨酸蛋白酶-3(caspase-3)mRNA表达量显著(P0.05)升高。综上所述,当黄连素浓度超过50μmol/L会抑制细胞的生长,引发氧化应激,影响细胞功能。因此,黄连素在草鱼肝细胞培养液中添加的适宜浓度为25～50μmol/L。     

草鱼成纤维细胞gcngr1基因的表达分析

Ngr1(nogo-66 receptor)是在哺乳类上发现的一种神经元受体,可调节轴突的可塑性并抑制损伤中枢神经系统(CNS)的再生,最新研究还发现它是哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒(mammalian reovirus)的神经受体。草鱼呼肠孤病毒(grass carp reovirus,GCRV)可引发草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)出血病导致高死亡率,开展GCRV受体相关研究可有助于了解病毒的致病机制。该研究在草鱼吻端成纤维细胞(PSF)中克隆到草鱼ngr1 c DNA序列(下文简称为gcngr1),发现其与哺乳动物呼肠孤病毒神经受体基因Ngr1有相似的结构序列;采用q RT-PCR方法检测该基因在PSF细胞的表达情况,结果显示受草鱼呼肠孤病毒(GCRV-GD108株)感染后gcngr1 m RNA的表达量显著上升,与病毒的增殖趋势基本一致;病毒经病毒抗体孵育后再感染PSF细胞,细胞中病毒的增殖水平下降,gcngr1m RNA的表达量也显著下降。该研究结果提示gcngr1与病毒的感染相关,为进一步分析gcngr1是否为GCRV神经元受体提供依据。