Evaluation of dietary soybean meal as fish meal replacer for juvenile whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei reared in biofloc system

Different levels of dietary soybean meal (SBM) as a fish meal (FM) replacer, with and without amino acid supplementation, for whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei reared in the biofloc system was examined in eight weeks of feeding trial. Eight experimental diets consisted of a basal diet with 0% FM replacement by SBM provided in clear sea water without biofloc system (S₀SW), four diets replacing FM at 0% (S₀), 33% (S₃₃), 67% (S₆₇) and 100% (S₁₀₀) by SBM, and three diets replacing FM at 33% (S₃₃A), 67% (S₆₇A) and 100% (S₁₀₀A) by SBM supplemented with amino acids (methionine and lysine) in the seawater biofloc system. Results of water quality analyses showed significantly lower total suspended solids and nitrate for S₀SW group than all other treatments. Diets S₀ and S₃₃A resulted in higher weight gain and specific growth rate among all groups, with no significant differences with S₃₃ group. In addition, whole-body protein and amino acid compositions of shrimp fed S₀SW were lower than most biofloc groups. Haemolymph parameters showed significant differences in total protein, cholesterol and triglyceride between groups S₀ and S₀SW. Also, superoxide dismutase activity showed a decreasing trend with increasing replacement level. In conclusion, based on these results, SBM could replace up to 33% of FM with or without amino acid supplementation in juvenile whiteleg shrimp diets reared in the biofloc system.

     

Proteome modifications of Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) muscle under biofloc system

The objective of the study was to examine the effects of biofloc technology on the muscle proteome of Litopenaeus vannamei. Two biofloc treatments and one control were compared: biofloc‐based tanks under zero‐water exchange fed with 150 g/kg crude protein (BF15), or with 250 g/kg crude protein (BF25) diets, and clear water tanks with 50% of daily water exchange stocked with shrimp fed with similar amount of a 250 g/kg crude protein diet, referred to as control. The shrimp (5.28 ± 0.42 g) were divided into the 300‐L fibreglass tanks (water volume of 200 L) at a density of 35 shrimp per tank and were cultured for 35 days. The biofloc groups displayed better growth and survival compared to the control. The muscle tissue from the control and BF25 groups was subjected to proteomic analysis. Lactate dehydrogenase, enolase, arginine kinase, mitochondrial ATP synthase subunit alpha, mitochondrial ATPase inhibitor factor 1 precursor, serpin 3 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 had an increased abundance in the BF25 group, while myosin heavy chain type 1 and myosin heavy chain type 2 showed a decreased abundance. The results indicate that biofloc technology could alter the expression of proteins involved in structure, metabolism and immune status of cultured shrimp.     

Quantitative dietary isoleucine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in low-salinity water

This study was designed to determine the isoleucine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-salinity water (0.50–0.70 g L^?1). Six diets were formulated to contain 410 g kg^?1 crude protein with fish meal, peanut meal and pre-coated crystalline amino acids with different concentration of l-isoleucine (9.35, 11.85, 14.35, 16.85, 19.35, and 21.85 g kg^?1 dry diet, defined as diet I1, diet I2, diet I3, diet I4, diet I5 and diet I6, respectively.). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate treatments of 30 shrimps (0.43 ± 0.005 g), and the feed trial lasted for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the weight gain significantly increased with increasing isoleucine concentration up to 14.35 g kg^?1 (diet I3), whereas it was reduced in the treatments exceeding 16.85 g kg^?1 isoleucine (diet I4) significantly (P < 0.05). Moreover, the highest body protein deposition and protein efficiency ratio, and the lowest feed conversion ratio, haemolymph aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities were also found at treatment I3–I4 (P < 0.05). And the haemolymph urea nitrogen concentration of shrimps-fed diet I6 was particularly higher than those fed with diets I1–I5 (P < 0.05). The results of polynomial regression based on weight gain, feed efficiency and body protein deposition indicated that the optimal dietary isoleucine requirement for L. vannamei reared in low-salinity water was 15.95 g kg^?1 isoleucine of dry diet, correspondingly 38.81 g kg^?1 of dietary protein.     

Quantitative dietary threonine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in low-salinity water

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the threonine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low-salinity water (0.50–1.50 g L⁻¹). Diets 1–6 were formulated to contain 360 g kg⁻¹ crude protein with fish meal, wheat gluten and pre-coated crystalline amino acids with six graded levels of l -threonine (9.9–19.0 g kg⁻¹ dry diet). Diet 7, which was served as a reference, contained only intact proteins (fish meal and wheat gluten). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (0.48±0.01 g), each four times daily. Shrimps fed the reference diet had similar growth performance and feed utilization efficiency compared with shrimps fed the diets containing 13.3 g kg⁻¹ or higher threonine. Maximum specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio were obtained at 14.6 g kg⁻¹ dietary threonine, and increasing threonine beyond this level did not result in a better performance. Body compositions, triacyglycerol and total protein concentrations in haemolymph were significantly affected by the threonine level; however, the threonine contents in muscle, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in haemolymph were not influenced by the dietary threonine levels. Broken-line regression analysis on SGR indicated that optimal dietary threonine requirement for L. vannamei was 13.6 g kg⁻¹ dry diet (37.8 g kg⁻¹ dietary protein).     

低盐度条件下的凡纳滨对虾幼虾亮氨酸营养需求

为了探讨低盐度(0.6～0.8 g/L)条件下初始体质量为(0.38±0.004)g的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的亮氨酸需求量,以鱼粉、花生麸和L-晶体氨基酸为蛋白源配制含粗蛋白400 g/kg的6种等氮饲料,标记为L7～L12组,各组亮氨酸水平分别为15.95、17.95、19.95、21.95、23.95和25.95 g/kg(饲料干物质).每组3个重复,每个重复30尾虾,进行56 d生长实验.结果表明,凡纳滨对虾幼虾的增重率随饲料亮氨酸水平的升高而升高,当亮氨酸水平达到23.95 g/kg(L11组)时,增重率达到最高值(1143.11±36.40)％,显著高于L7组(P＜0.05);亮氨酸水平继续提高,增重率变化不显著(P＞0.05).幼虾的蛋白质效率、全虾体蛋白沉积率和血淋巴总蛋白随着饲料亮氨酸水平的升高呈现升高趋势,最高值出现在L11组,并显著高于L7组(P＜0.05).各实验组饵料系数、血淋巴谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶活性和尿素氮含量则呈现降低的趋势,最低值出现在L11组,且显著低于L7组(P＜0.05).以增重率为指标,根据折线模型可知,低盐度条件下凡纳滨对虾幼虾的亮氨酸最适需要量为24.80 g/kg饲料,即61.99 g/kg饲料蛋白.     

Optimum dietary protein‐to‐energy ratio for juvenile whiteleg shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei,reared in a biofloc system

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the optimum dietary protein‐to‐energy (P/E) ratio in juvenile whiteleg shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Six diets were formulated with two protein levels (30% and 35%) and three digestible energy levels (16, 17.5 and 19 kJ/g diet) at each protein level (₃₀P₁₆, ₃₀P_17.5, ₃₀P₁₉, ₃₅P₁₆, ₃₅P_17.5 and ₃₅P₁₉). Fifty shrimp averaging 0.97 ± 0.03g (Mean ± SD) were randomly distributed in biofloc tanks and fed one of the experimental diets. Weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of shrimp fed the ₃₅P_17.5 diet were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed ₃₀P₁₆, ₃₀P_17.5 and ₃₀P₁₉ diets (p < .05). Results for non‐specific immune responses showed that diet ₃₅P_17.5 caused higher lysozyme activity in shrimp comparing to lower protein diets. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) of plasma were lower for shrimp fed on diets consisting of higher protein and energy levels than shrimp fed on the ₃₀P₁₉ diet. Analyses of digestive enzyme activities showed higher trypsin activities for shrimp fed on ₃₅P_17.5 and ₃₅P₁₉ diets comparing to ₃₀P₁₆ and ₃₀P_17.5 diets. Also, hepatopancreatic lipase activity of shrimp fed ₃₅P₁₆, ₃₅P_17.5 and ₃₅P₁₉ diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed the other diets. In conclusion, based on the results for growth performance, biochemical parameters, immune responses, oxidative stress and enzyme activities, 35% protein and 17.5 kJ/g digestible energy (₃₅P_17.5) could be considered as the optimum protein‐to‐energy ratio in the diet of juvenile whiteleg shrimp reared in a biofloc system.     

Dietary lipid requirement of whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles cultured in biofloc system

An eight‐week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the contribution of biofloc on dietary lipid requirement in whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Five diets with graded levels of dietary lipid (45, 60, 90, 120 and 150 g/kg) were fed to juvenile shrimp. Final weight, weight gain and specific growth rate of shrimp fed diets with 60, 90 and 120 g/kg lipid levels were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed diets with lipid levels 45 and 150 g/kg (p < .05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of shrimp fed 60, 90 and 120 g/kg were higher than those fed 150 g/kg diet. Plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were lower in shrimp fed 45 g/kg compared with those fed the 90 g/kg (p < .05). Also, lysozyme activity for 90 g/kg group was higher than the 15 g/kg group. Hepatopancreas lipase and amylase activities of shrimp fed 90 and 120 g/kg diets were significantly higher than those of shrimp fed 45 and 150 g/kg diets. Broken‐line regression analysis for weight gain indicated that the dietary lipid requirement of whiteleg shrimp juveniles reared in a biofloc system was estimated to be higher than 56 g/kg but <60 g/kg.     

Quantitative dietary leucine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) reared in low‐salinity water

The experiment was conducted to determine the leucine requirement of juvenile Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in low‐salinity water (0.50–1.20 g L^?1). Six diets were formulated to contain 410 g kg^?1 crude protein with fish meal, peanut meal and precoated crystalline amino acids with different concentration of l ‐leucine (16.72, 19.60, 22.06, 24.79, 27.28 and 30.16 g kg^?1 dry diet). Each diet was randomly assigned to triplicate groups of 30 shrimps (0.38 ± 0.002 g), and the feed trial lasted for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the maximum weight gain was observed at 24.95 g kg^?1 dietary leucine group, whereas the diets containing higher leucine concentration conversely reduced the growth performance (P < 0.05). Moreover, the highest body protein content and body protein deposition and the lowest haemolymph AST and ALT activities were also found at 24.95 g kg^?1 dietary leucine group. With the increase in leucine in diets, a dose‐dependent increase was found in body lipid content and haemolymph urea concentration. The polynomial regression calculated using weight gain, feed efficiency and body protein deposition indicated that the optimal dietary leucine requirement for L. vannamei reared in low‐salinity water was 23.73 g kg^?1 leucine of dry diet, correspondingly 57.88 g kg^?1 of dietary protein.     

Acute toxicity of nitrite on white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) juveniles in low‐salinity water

The nitrite toxicity was estimated in juveniles of L. vannamei. The 24, 48, 72 and 96 h LC₅₀ of nitrite‐N on juveniles were 8.1, 7.9, 6.8 and 5.7 mg L^?1 at 0.6 g L^?1; 14.4, 9.6 8.3 and 7.0 mg L^?1 at 1.0 g L^?1; 19.4, 15.4, 13.4 and 12.4 mg L^?1 at 2.0 g L^?1 of salinity respectively. The tolerance of juveniles to nitrite decreased at 96 h of exposure by 18.6% and 54.0%, when salinity declined from 1.0 to 0.6 g L^?1 and from 2.0 to 0.6 g L^?1 respectively. The safe concentrations at salinities of 0.6, 1.0 and 2.0 g L^?1 were 0.28, 0.35 and 0.62 mg L^?1 nitrite‐N respectively. The relationship between LC₅₀ (mg L^?1), salinity (S) (g L^?1) and exposure time (T) (h) was LC₅₀ = 8.4688 + 5.6764S – 0.0762T for salinities from 0.6 to 2.0 g L^?1 and for exposure times from 24 to 96 h; the relationship between survival (%) and nitrite‐N concentration (C) for salinity of 0.6–2.0 g L^?1, nitrite‐N concentrations of 0–40 mg L^?1 and exposure times from 0 to 96 h was as follows: survival (%) = 0.8442 + 0.1909S – 0.0038T – 0.0277C + 0.0008ST + 0.0001CT–0.0029SC, and the tentative equation for predicting the 96‐h LC₅₀ to salinities from 0.6 to 35 g L^?1 in L. vannamei juveniles (3.9–4.4 g) was 96‐h LC₅₀ = 0.2127 S² + 1.558S + 5.9868. For nitrite toxicity, it is shown that a small change in salinity of waters from 2.0 to 0.6 g L^?1 is more critical for L. vannamei than when wider differences in salinity occur in brackish and marine waters (15–35 g L^?1).     

Partial replacement of fishmeal with biofloc meal in the diet of postlarvae of the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

This study evaluated the potential for the replacement of fishmeal (FM) by biofloc meal (BM) in the diet of Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae. Four isonitrogenous (437.42 g kg^?1) and isocaloric (19.84 kJ g^?1) diets were formulated, in which FM was replaced with BM at 0% (T0), 7.5% (T7.5), 15% (T15) and 30% (T30). A commercial diet (CD) was used as reference. The study was conducted over 42 days in 50 L tanks connected to a water recirculation system. All tanks were stocked with three postlarvae (initial weight 0.0023 g) per litre. Shrimp survival, weight gain (WG), final weight (FW), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were measured. Survival rates were high (>91.1%) in all treatments. As the T30 treatment returned a significantly (<0.05) better performance in WG, FW, SGR and PER than all other treatments, partial replacement of FM with BM does not appear to affect productivity. In fact, a regression analysis indicated that a FM to BM replacement level of over 20% may actually improve shrimp growth. In addition to providing a cost‐effective alternative ingredient for L. vannamei postlarvae diets, the production of meal also represents a more sustainable way of disposing of the excess of biofloc produced by BFT systems.     

Microbiological quality of Litopenaeus vannamei culture using conventional and biofloc systems

Shrimp farming is a fast‐expanding activity that has supported the growth in the supply of these crustaceans to consumers around the world. However, the end product is vulnerable to contamination at all stages of the process, including the rearing tanks, where current practices prioritize to raise stocking densities and the minimization of water renewal. It is thus important to evaluate the potential of these systems for the proliferation of undesirable microorganisms, which may render the product unfit for human consumption. In the present study, the presence of coagulase‐positive Staphylococcus, Salmonella spp., Vibrio spp., and total and thermotolerant coliforms was verified in biofloc tank and conventional pond systems used for the rearing of Litopenaeus vannamei in Pernambuco, Brazil, and the results were compared with the legislation regulating the marketing of fresh shrimp. Samples were collected from two biofloc tanks with a density of 375 shrimp m^?2, and two conventional ponds with 12 shrimp m^?2. None of the samples tested positive for either Salmonella spp. or coagulase‐positive Staphylococcus, which is consistent with the legislation. While no standards are defined legally for Vibrio spp. or coliforms, very low concentrations were recorded in both systems, in comparison with other studies. While some variation in bacterial contamination was observed over the rearing process, the end product of both systems was fit for human consumption. The results of the study indicate that, while the water is not renewed in the biofloc system, the development of undesirable microorganisms can be controlled, with no adverse effects for the end product.     

Comparison of growth and reproduction performance of broodstock Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei reared in oceanic and brackish water

This study provides a preliminary evaluation of feasibility of brackish water breeding. Shrimps were initially cultured at brackish water. Shrimps were reared at different stages (5, 6, 7 and 8 months, respectively), and 300 female shrimps were selected from each stage for growth at an enhanced salinity of 30 ppt. When the shrimps were sexually mature, the reproductive characteristics (mating rate, egg number and nauplii number) of the broodstock shrimps, quality of nauplii (malformation rate of nauplii) and quality of postlarvae (survival rate and desalination stress) were tested to evaluate of the effects of brackish water (10 ppt) on these shrimps. Oceanic water (30 ppt) for rearing shrimps was used as control group. Histopathological analysis of gonads and hepatopancreases from oceanic and brackish water shrimp was performed. The results showed that shrimps cultured for a maximum of 8 months in brackish water remained sexually mature. There were no significant differences regarding the quality of shrimps in the oceanic water and brackish water. However, the brackish water cultured shrimps were easily adapted to salinity changes. Our results demonstrate the good feasibility of the present scheme, in which the broodstock shrimps were cultured at a salinity of 10 ppt.     

Effects of different dietary lipid levels and fatty acids profile in the culture of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) in biofloc technology: water quality,biofloc composition,growth and health

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different dietary lipid and fatty acids on the nutritional value of bioflocs used as a feed, as well as shrimp performance and health. A total of 1800 Litopenaeus vannamei juveniles (2.87 ± 0.01 g) were cultured in biofloc technology, with a density of 200 shrimp m^?2, and fed with three isoproteic experimental diets at different lipid levels (85 g kg^?1, 95 g kg^?1 and 105 g kg^?1); each treatment was performed in triplicate. After 61 days, no significant difference was observed (P > 0.05) among the water quality parameters. For the shrimp performance, significant difference was observed (P = 0.011) among the values of survival, where treatments with lower lipid levels had higher survival (92.5 ± 3.5% and 91.0 ± 2.5%). Although there are significant differences in survival, no significant differences in the total haemocytes count (THC) were observed. For other growth performance, no differences were observed (P > 0.05). A positive correlation (r = 0.75) has been observed between the dietary oleic acid and bioflocs. The bioflocs showed ‘long‐chain’ polyunsaturated fat acids (lcPUFA), especially arachidonic acid. The shrimp showed similar growth and stayed healthy at the end of the experimental period.     

Rearing of the Pacific white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system: The effects of different food sources and salinity levels

The present study assessed the effects of different types of feeds and salinity levels on water quality, growth performance, survival rate and body composition of the Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, juveniles in a biofloc system. Shrimp juveniles (2.56 ± 0.33 g) were cultured for 35 days in 300 L fibreglass tanks (water volume of 180 L) with a density of 1 g/L in six treatments. Three sources of feed (100% formulated feed, mixture of 66.6% formulated diet and 33.3% wet biofloc, and 100% wet biofloc) and two levels of salinity (10 and 32 ppt) were considered in two control groups and four biofloc treatments. Water quality parameters in the biofloc treatments were significantly better than control groups (p < .05). The highest increase in growth performance and survival rate were obtained in salinity of 32 ppt and mixed feed sources. Analysing the proximate composition of body shrimp indicates an increase in lipid and ash levels in biofloc treatments, which was more evident in the salinity of 32 ppt. In addition, the proximate analysis of shrimp body showed significant differences between biofloc treatments and control groups (p < .05). The highest FCR was found in the treatment with salinity level of 10 ppt and fed only with floc. Overall, it was found that the artificial diet supplemented with biofloc at the salinity of 32 showed better performance in the juvenile stage of Pacific white shrimp.     

Application of different doses of calcium hydroxide in the farming shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with the biofloc technology (BFT)

The reduction in alkalinity and pH occurs due to the consumption of inorganic carbon by bacteria present in the biofloc. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of different doses of calcium hydroxide on the water quality and growth performance of the Litopenaeus vannamei in a biofloc system. The experiment consisted of four treatments with three repetitions for each treatment: Control treatment (TC), in which the pH maintained above 7.2 due to the application of 0.05 g L^?1 of calcium hydroxide, and treatments T10, T20 and T40, in which daily doses of calcium hydroxide equivalent to 10, 20 and 40 % of the total amount of feed offered to the shrimp, respectively, were added to the environment. Twelve experimental units (150 L) were stocked with 85 juveniles of L. vannamei (0.18 ± 0.06 g), corresponding to a density of 425 shrimp m^?3, and cultivated for 56 days. The values of alkalinity and pH for treatments TC and T10 were similar and significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those for treatments T20 and T40, which differed (p < 0.05) between each other. In terms of growth performance, TC, T10 and T20 performed significantly better (p < 0.05) than T40. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) in the survival rates. The results obtained indicate that doses of 0.05 g L^?1 of calcium hydroxide or daily applications between 10 and 20 % of the total amount of feed offered to the shrimp can be used for the correction of alkalinity and pH.     

Assessment of AquaMats for removing ammonia in intensive commercial Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei aquaculture systems

AquaMats are high surface–area polymer filters whose use produces higher yields with reduced health risks for the aquaculture product. We used AquaMats in pilot-scale systems and in intensive commercial Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei production systems to stabilize and improve water quality by removing ammonia. In the pilot-scale systems, evaluation of the effects of temperature and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on ammonia removal rate indicated that the surface total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) conversion rate (STR, mg TAN/m²-day) increased with increasing temperature and decreasing HRT. The highest STR of 319.8 mg TAN/m²-day was observed at a temperature of 30 °C and a HRT of 5 min. In the commercial shrimp production systems, ammonia levels were significantly greater in the control systems (without AquaMats) than in the treatment systems (with AquaMats) after 6 days (P < 0.05). Results suggested that eight 150 cm × 90 cm pieces of AquaMats (0.057 m² surface area per m³ culture volume) were sufficient for promoting nitrification in this system. The growth rate of juvenile shrimp was most enhanced in treatment C (with 12 pieces of AquaMats, 0.085 m²/m³), which exhibited a significant decrease in ammonia.