Housing conditions and hygiene control in nutria breeding

Diseases in farm raised nutria (Myocastor coypus) often depend on hygienic fatalities in the different housing systems of the farms. The principle ways of accomodation for nutria are briefly described with reference to the specific hygienic problems.     

A review on the diseases of freshwater prawns with special focus on white tail disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii

Freshwater prawns, particularly, the Giant Freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii, are one of the most economically important farmed species in the world. Faced with increasing disease problems in penaeid shrimp culture, farmers turned to freshwater prawn farming. Freshwater prawns were considered relatively less susceptible to diseases. However, with intensification of culture and increased world trade of the farmed species, emerging diseases are beginning to constitute an increasingly serious health problem in freshwater prawn culture. This article is a review of the important diseases reported in freshwater prawns, with particular emphasis on the white tail disease of M. rosenbergii as it is the most important disease recorded to date and also the most well studied among the diseases of freshwater prawns. Steps to be taken for proper health management in the farming of this species is also touched upon.     

Internal medicine roentgen diagnosis in the dog (1)

Many veterinarians use radiography mainly as a diagnostic aid in surgical cases. However, internal diseases are at least as important an indication for radiography. For the evaluation of internal radiographs the veterinarian should have extremely good knowledge about the normal structures as well as the abnormal patterns which may be seen in diseases. Some important points for the evaluation of thoracic radiographs are given.     

Radiologic diagnosis of internal diseases in dogs (2)

Many veterinarians use radiography mainly as a diagnostic aid in surgical cases. However, internal diseases are at least as important an indication for radiography. For the optimal evaluation of internal radiographs the veterinarian should have a very good knowledge about the normal structures as well as the abnormal patterns which may be seen in diseases. Some important points for the evaluation of thoracic radiographs of the dog are given in this study.     

Health problems in fallow deer for meat production

Though fallow deer is considered very resistant to infectious diseases and parasites, diseases of different kind occur in enclosed pastures. Normally the diseases are the same as with wild animals or with farm ruminants. Diseases limited only to fallow deer are not known up to now. Parasitic diseases are a common problem, and prophylactic measures are necessary in all enclosed pastures to control parasites. Most losses in the enclosed pastures at the state farms of Grub and Romenthal caused by infections were due to necrobacillosis or to Coli bacteria. Because therapy is difficult or even impossible with wild animals, prophylactic measures are very important in enclosed pastures. Prophylaxis against Coli infections by improving the environment is possible only to a limited degree. Metabolic diseases and poisonings are mostly caused by wrong feeding.     

中国对虾育苗中几项新的技术措施

本文针对目前中国对虾苗种生产中幼体病害日益严重的问题，提出了采用卵子消毒和生态防病作为预防疾病的重要手段，并介绍了几种消毒剂用于对虾幼体不同时期的安全浓度，为对虾育苗生产中防治病害提供了几项新的技术措施。     

珠母贝的疾害

珠母贝是热带亚热带地区的重要养殖对象之一,经济价值很高。养殖珠母贝面临病原微生物和低等动物所致的一些疾病,同时又遭遇敌害及灾害。本文论述珠母贝养殖过程中的上述疾病、敌、灾害及防治措施。     

Diseases of ornamental fishes--significance for veterinary practice

Important diseases of ornamental fish are described at the background of the diagnostic material of the Institute for Zoology and Hydrobiology between 1981 and 1984. Invasions by ectoparasites and environmental factors are thought to be the most important causes of the disease. Regarding the possibilities in aquarias the most common methods of treatment are discussed.     

鲑鳟鱼类寄生虫病研究进展与展望

鲑鳟鱼类是典型的冷水性鱼类,经济价值高,是世界重要经济养殖鱼类之一。然而,随着其养殖产量攀升,养殖密度增大,养殖环境恶化,鲑鳟鱼类寄生虫病的发生和危害也日趋频繁和严重,严重制约了产业的健康发展。鲑鳟鱼常见的、危害较为严重的寄生虫主要包括三代虫(Gyrodactylus)、鱼虱(Caligus rogercresseyi)、阿米巴原虫(Neoparamoeba perurans)、脑碘泡虫(Myxobolus cerebralis)、苔藓鲑四囊虫(Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae)和库道虫(Kudoa spp.)。这些寄生虫生活史简单,繁殖速度快,大多寄生在鱼体表面及体内的各种组织器官上,导致鱼体生长缓慢、抵抗力下降,引起鱼体损伤并造成死亡。在防治方法上,通过物理控制、化学药物和免疫治疗相结合的方法进行综合防控。本文对鲑鳟鱼常见寄生虫病领域的研究和成果进行简要综述,以期为鲑鳟鱼寄生虫病的研究和防治提供参考。     

DNA疫苗在动物疾病预防中的研究进展

DNA疫苗的出现是疫苗研究史上重大事件,被誉为疫苗研究的第三次革命。DNA疫苗既能激发机体的细胞免疫,也能诱导特异性的体液免疫,在预防和治疗细菌、病毒、寄生虫等感染性疾病等方面具有广阔的应用前景。利用DNA疫苗预防动物疾病是DNA疫苗发展的一个重要方面,并且在一些重大动物疾病预防研究上取得许多突破。可以肯定,随着人们对DNA疫苗免疫机制深入理解以及提高其诱导特异性免疫应答水平经验的积累,DNA疫苗定会在预防动物各种疾病方面发挥巨大作用。     

特种水产养殖动物病毒病原的研究现状

本文举例阐明了病毒(及类似病毒)病原引起的突发性传染病给我国特种水产养殖业带来的重大损失和潜在威胁;分别对国内外爬行动物(包括鳖)、两栖动物(包括蛙)、虾、鳗等特种水产养殖动物病毒病原研究的情况进行了概述;将已知的病毒种类和中英文名称,按不同宿主归类列出;并根据最新资料以及有关工作进展情况,对上述几种特种水产养殖动物病毒病原研究的动态作了简介。     

鲟鱼病原性疾病研究进展

鲟是地球上最古老的物种之一。我国自1991年后开始鲟类的商业化养殖,主要品种有引进的匙吻鲟、杂交鲟、小体鲟、俄罗斯鲟和西伯利亚鲟,黑龙江流域出产的施氏鲟、达乌尔鳇,以及施氏鲟和达乌尔鳇的杂交种等。随着养殖业的发展,鲟疾病不断增多,严重制约了养殖产业的健康发展。目前发现的鲟致病性病原有病毒、细菌、真菌和寄生虫等。概述了目前国内外鲟病原性疾病的研究进展,包括感染种群、致死率、临床症状、病原分离鉴定和药物控制等方面。目前对鲟病害的研究,在发病机制、免疫防治以及结合环境和营养因素的综合防控技术等方面还十分缺乏,应系统开展鲟疾病的流行病学、病原学、诊断技术以及防控技术研究。     

东北地区虹鳟鱼病流行情况初步调查报告

本文报导了1986—1987年东北地区虹鳟鱼常见病的调查结果。介绍了能引起经济损失的13种疾病的病原体、临诊症状及鱼病的鉴别诊断和防治。这些疾病分别为IHN、IPN、营养性肝病、真菌性病、小瓜虫病、三代虫病、孤菌病、尾柄病、旋转病(脑粘虫病)、白点病、复口吸虫病、气泡病、棘头虫病。其中IHN和旋转病属国内首次报导。     

鱼类白介素10的研究进展

白介素10(Interleukin 10, IL-10)是能够参与机体免疫的一种多功能细胞因子,由单核细胞、巨噬细胞等多种免疫细胞分泌,在抗肿瘤、抗感染、免疫性疾病等多种疾病的发生发展过程中发挥重要作用。有多种硬骨鱼IL-10被克隆表达,也被证实具有免疫调节作用,目前也有不少关于鱼类IL-10的生物活性、作用机制、调节机制的研究。本文根据已有报道,从鱼类IL-10的基因结构、转录表达、来源与进化、生物学活性及功能、鱼类IL-10受体及信号通路等五个方面进行了综述,为鱼类IL-10的研究与应用提供依据。     

Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in birds. Part 2]

Among the representatives of the class aves, ocular lesions may be a particularly strong indicator of systemic disorders. A causative diagnosis of ocular lesions may be vital for the avian patient, not only as a basis for effective therapy of the primary disease, but also for saving the vision, as birds orientate themselves primarily by vision. The following paper presents a synopsis of important ocular disorders in avian patients that are either pathognomonic for certain disorders or, when considered in conjunction with other organic diseases, enable a specific diagnosis. Bacterial and parasitic infections were already described in part 1 of this paper. Part 2 gives outlines of possible viral etiologies and noninfectious diseases.     

Biology of juvenile grey mullet: A short review

Grey mullet include a number of species belonging to the family Mugilidae and are a typically catadromous group of fish with a very wide geographical distribution. Mullet are an important group from the point of view of culture, particularly in the tropics. Aspects of the biology of the juvenile grey mullet, from the onset of metamorphosis to a length of 10 cm, are reviewed. Migration, growth in the natural environment, food and feeding habits, environmental tolerances, parasites, diseases and body composition of the juvenile grey mullet are discussed.     

Enrofloxacin, a new drug for ornamental fish

The compatibility and efficacy of enrofloxacin (Baytril) a newly developed antibiotic belonging to the quinolones, were tested for five ornamental fish species (Herotilapia multispinosa, Pterophyllum scalare, Symphysodon discus, Brachydanio rerio and Melanochromis johanni). The results prove that enrofloxacin has a high tolerance level for ornamental fishes and high efficacy against important bacterial diseases. 30 micrograms/l water over 5 hours are recommended for the treatment of ornamental fishes.     

Viral vaccines produced by gene technology and synthesis

The gradual evolution of vaccine development from Jenner's smallpox vaccine to recombinant genetechnology has provided the basis for prophylactic control of a lot of important infectious diseases of humans and animals. Modern biotechnology has accomplished antigen identification and isolation of antigen determinants as well as the preparation of proteins and synthetic peptides. The application of such techniques has failed, however, to develop a better vaccine in case of FMD-Virus. Present efforts are directed on the improvement of antigen presentation and immunogenicity of such protein- and peptide vaccines.     

X-ray diagnosis of the abdominal cavity

Radiography is a very important part of the diagnostic procedure in many small animal diseases. Technically perfect X-rays are essential for the exact diagnosis. The general appearance of the abdominal cavity should be evaluated at first, e.g. the overall contrast and the definition of the visualized organs. Then particular attention should be paid, if there is any peritoneal effusion or free air in the peritoneal cavity. Subsequently each radiographically visible organ has to be evaluated for its position, size, shape and radiographic density.