林木分子标记研究及其在育种中的应用

林木分子标记研究主要包括林木遗传连锁图谱构建、比较基因组研究、数量性状位点定位、标记辅助选择、系统演化及群体遗传变异和多样性等内容。迄今已有近 2 0个树种构建了基因组遗传连锁图谱 ,少数树种进行了目标性状位点定位研究 ,定位了为数不多的与分子标记连锁的数量性状位点。林木分子标记已在育种策略制定、辅助选择育种、基因型鉴别 ,以及目的基因的分离和克隆等分子育种研究中广泛应用。     

林木分子标记研究进展

分子标记技术大大促进了林木有关研究的发展,林木分子标记研究主要包括林木遗传连锁图谱构建,比较基因组研究,数量性状位点定位,标记辅助选择,系统演化及群体遗传变异和多样性等内容。迄今,已有近２０个树种构建了基因组遗传连锁图谱,少数树种还进行了基因研究。     

林木分子标记辅助选择育种

生物外部形态的多样性来源于内部基因的多态性理论的发展，使遗传分子标记在林木选择育种中显示了巨大的潜力。该文通过简述RFLP、RAPD、AFLP、STS和SNP等几种常用分子标记的特点，概述了其在林木育种研究中针对QTL进行标记辅助选择育种的应用情况，并描绘了其广阔的应用前景。     

分子设计育种研究进展及其在林木育种中的应用

阐述了分子设计育种的概念、研究进展及其在动植物遗传育种中的应用。结合当前林木育种发展现状和育种目标, 介绍了开展林木分子设计育种的研究基础, 包括林木多基因转化技术研究、林木的分子标记辅助选择研究以及林木的生物信息学研究。针对林木分子设计育种现状, 分析了开展林木分子设计育种存在的相关问题, 并对今后的应用前景进行了展望。     

林木遗传图谱研究的现状与展望

本文简述了世界林木遗传图谱构建研究的现状，重点论述了遗传图谱在数量性状基因位点、分子标记辅助选择、目的基因定位和分离方面的应用情况，并对这一新的研究领域进行了展望。     

林木遗传图谱研究的现状与展望

本文简述了世界林木遗传图谱构建研究的现状，重点论述了遗传图谱在数量性状基因位点、分子标记辅助选择、目的基因定位和分离方面的应用情况，并对这一新的研究领域进行了展望。     

分子标记及其在林木种质资源和遗传育种研究中的应用

分子标记是一种新型的遗传标记，由于其独特的优越性，被广泛地应用于生物学研究的各领域。在全面、系统地介绍当前分子标记主要类型及特征的基础上，从指纹图谱的品种鉴别、群体遗传结构的分析、连锁图谱的构建及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面论述了分子标记在林木种质资源和林木遗传育种研究中的应用情况。分子标记为品种鉴别、亲缘关系确定、种质资源遗传结构状况等的研究提供最有效的方法和手段，在提高林木遗传育种效率、缩短育种周期、增强定向育种的可靠性等方面展现了广阔的应用前景。     

分子标记及其在林木种质资源和遗传育种研究中的应用

分子标记是一种新型的遗传标记 ,由于其独特的优越性 ,被广泛地应用于生物学研究的各领域。在全面、系统地介绍当前分子标记主要类型及特征的基础上 ,从指纹图谱的品种鉴别、群体遗传结构的分析、连锁图谱的构建及分子标记辅助选择育种等方面论述了分子标记在林木种质资源和林木遗传育种研究中的应用情况。分子标记为品种鉴别、亲缘关系确定、种质资源遗传结构状况等的研究提供最有效的方法和手段 ,在提高林木遗传育种效率、缩短育种周期、增强定向育种的可靠性等方面展现了广阔的应用前景     

林木育种中的早期选择*

通过对近期国内外所开展的林木早期选择进行综合分析 ,总结了早期选择的主要途径及所取得的主要成果 ,认为对林木进行早晚期相关选择是卓有成效的 ;未来早期选择的发展方向将是常规选择与标记辅助选择相结合。同时对早期选择的开展提出了建议。     

林木全基因组选择研究现状和应用

全基因组选择（GS）是利用覆盖全基因组的高密度遗传标记对复杂数量性状进行预测的育种方法。在林木种苗阶段根据基因组估计育种值（GEBV）可以利用GS进行个体选择,相比常规育种能增强遗传增益、加快选育进程。该方法无需定位与性状相关的数量性状位点（QTL）,相比分子标记辅助育种能极大地提高对微效位点的捕获功效,是具有巨大潜力的林木育种策略。文中系统介绍了GS的概念和优势,及其在林木中的研究现状和应用。我国林木GS研究处于初期阶段,可优先在常规育种较成熟的树种中开展研究,建立林木GS程序为其他树种提供范式。该综述有助于系统了解全基因组选择育种策略和研究进展,并为全基因组选择在林木育种中的应用提供理论和技术信息。     

长白山北坡森林群落交错区优势树种动态

基于28个20mx90m样地的调查数据,利用Lotka-Volterra模型,本文分析了长白山北坡阔叶红松(Pinuskoraiensis)林和云冷杉林(也叫暗针叶林)群落交错区优势树种之间的竞争及动态。结果显示:在自然条件下,群落将向两个方向分化,一是以云杉(PiceajezoensisandP.koraiensis)和冷杉(Abiesnephrolepis)为优势的群落,并在达到平衡时冷杉占绝对优势(相对优势度的77.1%):另一种是以红松或云冷杉和阔叶树占绝对优势的针阔混交林,并在达到平衡时,阔叶树在阔叶红松林中占相对优势度的50%,在云冷杉一阔叶林类型中占66%。同时,本研究说明:(1)阔叶红松林和云冷杉林都是长白山气候顶极群落:(2)交错区具有过渡性质:(3)森林群落的分化结果说明演替的方向受局部生境的影响。图1表3参24。     

Spatial patterns of past wood exploitation,natural wood supply and growth conditions: indications of natural tree species distribution by anthracological studies of charcoal-burning remains

In close-to-nature silviculture one strives to derive the advantages of the natural adaptations of tree species to different growth conditions. Evidence of the natural distribution of tree species is obtained through vegetation science (recent ground vegetation, primeval forest relicts), studies of old written sources, and pollen and macrofossil analyses. Here we have analysed macrofossil samples of charcoal kiln sites and the recent ecological conditions in the vicinity of these sites, as well as secondary written sources on forest and land-use history. From charcoal analysis of kiln sites we were looking for spatial patterns of past tree species exploitation, with special regard to regional and local differences in the forest growth conditions and the natural wood supply. Therefore, we selected remote forest areas characterised by a high density of kiln sites and significant differences in the ecological conditions. The sample sites ranged over a landscape profile of 40 km, covering many ecological site types. The anthracological results of 181 post-medieval kiln sites were evaluated, considering two spatial scales: the total 40-km profile and a fine-scale profile of 4 km. Considering the charcoal material analysed as a whole, all of the tree taxa to be expected based on the natural conditions were found. The frequencies of the exploited taxa also reflected a natural situation. Wood of the climax vegetation, Fagus, Abies and Picea, was mainly used and all other taxa were quantitatively unimportant. The results for the individual sites showed considerable differences in taxa composition, from which regular spatial patterns of the past tree species distribution were deduced. These regional and local patterns are explained by natural differences in the ecological conditions in the vicinity of the sample sites. At the same time, new indications of the natural tree species composition of our forests are inferred. A pronounced dependency of charcoal production on the local natural wood supply is discernible. No indications of tree species selection or forest degradation could be found.     

Tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a primeval mountain mixed forest: implications for management

Bird–plant species associations can be an important component of habitat selection in forest birds. We assessed tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a primeval beech–fir forest in north-west Slovakia, hypothesizing that bird population densities are negatively associated with foraging specialization. We sampled foraging behaviour by random point observations from mid-May until the end of July during 1997?2003. Significant preference or avoidance patterns were found in 16 of 17 bird species. Based on the tree preference index, we distinguished four main foraging specializations: generalists, deciduous specialists, coniferous specialists, and dead wood specialists. Many bird species showed strong preferences for such rare and uncommon tree species as wych elm (Ulmus glabra), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), and Norway spruce (Picea abies). European beech (Fagus sylvatica), hazel (Corylus avellana), and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) were generally avoided. Birds with low densities tended to be most selective, but that effect was not statistically significant. Population variability was not significantly associated with foraging specialization. We hypothesize that impoverishment of tree species diversity within forest stands could lead to less diverse bird assemblages composed of species specialized on those tree species remaining and of generalist foragers able to adapt to a wide range of foraging substrates.     

我国红松大径级用材林近自然培育探讨

红松是地带性森林植被阔叶红松林的建群种,其木材力学强度适中,纹理通直,花纹美观,材质强韧,不易开裂、变形,耐腐朽力强,为我国珍贵用材树种.通过近自然经营可以达到低成本培育大径材近自然林的目的.文中分析了我国红松大径材林培育现状及存在问题,并从红松的生物和生态学特性、木材利用价值方面阐述了大径级用材林近自然培育的适用性,...     

Spring habitat selection of sables in Daxing’an Mountains

This paper studies the habitat selection of sables (Martes. zibellina) in spring adopting radio-tracking and GPS (Global Positioning System) in Daxing’an Mountains of China. Sables liked mature and elder forest, but it avoided uncovered and young growth land. In spring sables had strong selection to medium cover-degree forest, but it avoided widen ground and especial high cover-degree forest. On the contrary sables didn’t have the strong selection to shrubs cover-degree, but strong selection to dominant tree species, slope degree and slope direction, especially sable liked medium and lower slope. At the same time, sables had the strong selection to the log’s density and the crown’s cover-degree. Generally it avoided high elevation and lower slope land. Responsible editor. Chai Ruihai.     

Relationships between diameter and height of trees in natural tropical forest in Tanzania

The relationship between tree height (h) and tree diameter at breast height (dbh) is an important element describing forest stands. In addition, h often is a required variable in volume and biomass models. Measurements of h are, however, more time consuming compared to those of dbh, and visual obstructions, rounded crown forms, leaning trees and terrain slopes represent additional error sources for h measurements. The aim of this study was therefore to develop h–dbh relationship models for natural tropical forest in Tanzania. Both general forest type specific models and models for tree species groups were developed. A comprehensive data set with 2 623 trees from 410 different tree species collected from a total of 1 191 plots and 38 sites covering the four main forest types of miombo woodland, acacia savanna, montane forest and lowland forests was applied. Tree species groups were constructed by using a k-means clustering procedure based on the h–dbh allometry, and a number of different non-linear model forms were tested. When considering the complexity of natural tropical forests in general and in particular variations of h–dbh relationships due to high species diversity in such forests, the model fit and performance were considered to be appropriate. Results also indicate that tree species group models perform better than forest type models. Despite the fact that the residual errors level associated with the models were relatively high, the models are still considered to be applicable for large parts of Tanzanian forests with an appropriate level of reliability.     

新围垦滩涂防护林树种选择及造林关键技术研究

新围垦滩涂防护林树种选择及造林一直是林业科研生产中的难点之一。在防护林树种试验过程中,依据生态学原理,通过采用一系列生物、工程和管理措施,提高了造林试验树种的成活率,探索出入侵生物水葫芦的应用途径及特困立地造林的有效措施,也为沿海防护林体系建设提供了可借鉴的经验。