防治苜蓿立枯病有效药剂的筛选及药效评价

采用室内生长速率法测定了戊唑醇、丙环唑、咯菌腈、井冈霉素、口恶嘧唑、三唑酮和福美双7种杀菌剂对苜蓿立枯病菌的毒力并进行了室内盆栽和田间药效试验.结果表明戊唑醇、丙环唑、适乐时、井冈霉素、口恶嘧唑、三唑酮和福美双的EC50分别为0.0562μg·ml-1、0.0633μg·ml-1、0.2081μg·ml-1、0.2140μg·ml-1、0.5783μg·ml-1、0.7187μg·ml-1和1.1662μg·ml-1,以福美双的毒力最低,戊唑醇等其它6种药剂的毒力分别是福美双的20.8倍、18.4倍、6.1倍、5.4倍、2.0倍和1.6倍;40%戊唑双可湿性粉剂稀释500～1000倍和25%敌力脱乳油稀释1000倍喷雾,防治苜蓿立枯病的效果良好,且持效期长.     

Effectiveness of Cooperative Extension Manure Management Programs

Equine farms are increasing in number in many areas of the United States. Unlike traditional farming operations, equine farm managers may be less likely to use and are less connected to extension services. A manure management survey was mailed to 2000 New Jersey equine farms during the winter of 2006 to 2007; 472 surveys were returned (24% return rate). Respondents were asked from where they get manure management information; 27% received information from Rutgers Cooperative Extension, whereas 21% get information from a feed dealer, 6% from another retailer, 19% from the internet, 39% from magazines, 47% from other horse owners, and 25% from other sources. Veterinarians were not a variable in this survey; although they are a source of equine information, it is unclear how reliable a source they might be about manure management. They can play a role in manure management programs, particularly referral to other sources of information. Data were modeled to compare extension against all other sources and develop a prediction of where respondents receive information. This model had a predictive accuracy of 70.03% and R² of 0.08 (P > .10). This model showed that those receiving information from extension were likely to have 21 to 40 acres of pasture, were likely to spread manure on 6 to 10 acres, and likely to soil test regularly. Results indicate that cooperative extension was not the first or second information source for horse producers, although larger farms and those that soil tested on a regular basis were more likely to use extension services (P < .05).     

Repeatability of a telephone questionnaire on cat-ownership patterns and pet-owner demographics evaluation in a community in Texas, USA

The repeatability of a telephone questionnaire on cat-ownership patterns, demographics and attitudes towards homeless cats in a community was evaluated. Randomly selected households (n = 100) within Caldwell, Texas, were included in the study. The response percentage was 84% (100/119) among those contacted and 75% (100/134) among all eligible respondents. Repeatability was measured by administering the same survey twice to the first 100 responding subjects, with an average (range) of 48 (25–64) days between interviews. The survey was initially administered from 6 June to 28 June 2005 and the follow-up survey was administered from 19 July to 11 August 2005. Repeatability for most cat-ownership characteristics was fair to good between the two interviews (kappa 0.47–0.82). Knowledge of companion animals and subject attachment to pet questions had good correlations between the two interviews (r_sp 0.52 and 0.60, respectively). Subject-demographic questions had excellent repeatability (kappa 0.66–1.00).     

马疱疹病毒1型感染马疾病模型的建立及评价

试验旨在建立马疱疹病毒1型（Equine herpesvirus type1,EHV-1）人工发病模型,确定EHV-1感染马的半数感染量（ID₅₀）及感染发病的判定标准,为该病的预防与治疗药物的研发奠定基础。以新疆伊犁地区某发病马场流产胎儿中分离的EHV-1 XJ2015株为研究对象,设立4组不同病毒剂量感染组及对照组,经鼻内喷雾感染马,5 mL/匹,每天观察试验马的临床症状和发病情况,14 d后进行剖检,观察各组织脏器病理变化并应用实时荧光定量PCR方法检测鼻腔排毒及病毒分布情况。结果显示,EHV-1 XJ2015株感染马的ID₅₀为10^-6.67/5 mL,其病毒含量为10^4.33 TCID₅₀/mL。与对照组相比,1×10⁶和1×10⁵ TCID₅₀/mL感染组马临床评分显著升高,主要表现为体温升高（高达39.5 ℃,一般持续2~6 d）、食欲不振、流浆液性鼻液和下颌淋巴结肿大;且1×10⁶和1×10⁵ TCID₅₀/mL感染组试验马均表现出不同程度的排毒,肺脏及脑组织中可检测出大量病毒,与对照组相比极显著或显著升高（P<0.01;P<0.05）;病理学检查发现,患马脑组织出现非化脓性脑炎及神经元水肿,肺脏组织出现间质性肺炎、嗜中性粒细胞、炎性细胞浸润、出血和肺泡间隔增厚。以上结果表明,EHV-1 XJ2015株对马具有较强的致病性,患病马临床症状典型,病毒主要随鼻液排出,并富集在肺脏及脑组织,通过上述指标确定EHV-1感染马发病的判定标准,本试验成功建立EHV-1感染本体动物疾病模型。     

Clients' Perspectives on the Effects of Laparoscopic Ovariectomy on Equine Behavior and Medical Problems

Because laparoscopic surgery eliminates the side effects of general anesthesia, the success and therefore the use of laparoscopic surgery continues to broaden. Laparoscopic ovariectomy, once only used to treat medical problems such as granulosa cell tumors, is now being expanded to treat behavioral problems in mares. Thirty-five mares with behavioral or medical problems were treated with ovariectomies, and their owners were later contacted and questioned concerning the effect of ovariectomy on their mares.Behavioral improvement was seen in 83% (19/23) of mares treated for behavior-related problems. Aggression problems improved in 86% (12/14) of cases, general disagreeable demeanor improved in 81% (17/21), and excitability improved in 75% (12/16) of cases in which these behaviors were previously observed. Kicking and biting improved in 73% (8/11), problems in training improved in 72% (13/18), and frequent urination and problems with other horses improved in 64% (7/11 and 9/14, respectively) of cases.Owners with nonovariectomized mares also were contacted to compare the normal progression of mare behavior over time with the behavioral change in ovariectomized mares. A statistically significant change in behavior of ovariectomized mares over nonovariectomized mares was seen in the categories of decreased aggression (P < .01), decreased training problems (P < .025), decreased frequency of problem behaviors (P < .001), and improved overall behavior (P < .01).In cases in which medical problems such as granulosa cell tumors, ovarian cysts, and cycle-related colic were treated with ovariectomy, all of the clients were very satisfied with the treatment, whereas clients attempting to treat cycle-related laminitis were dissatisfied.     

Evaluation of Capsule Permeability in the Equine Blastocyst

Recipient pregnancy rates following transfer of frozen-thawed blastocyst stage equine embryos remain low. To date, no protocol has been developed that would allow successful cryopreservation of this stage of embryos. These experiments characterized the amount of glycerol entering equine embryos after incubation in 1.4 M and 3.4 M glycerol solutions using tritiated glycerol and a liquid scintillation counter. Blastocyst stage equine embryos (n = 27) were collected and incubated for 15 minutes in either 1.4 M (n = 14) or 3.4 M (n = 13) tritiated glycerol solutions. Disintegrations per minute were then determined, and the percent glycerol uptake was calculated for each embryo. Percent glycerol uptake for 1.4 M or 3.4 M glycerol treatment groups was not different (P = .68). However, it was higher (P = .05) in embryos with a diameter of ≤600 μm (3.6%) compared with embryos with a diameter of >600 μm (0.4%). We concluded that glycerol more readily permeates into embryos with a diameter of ≤600 μm that do not possess a fully functional capsule compared with embryos with a diameter of >600 μm with a fully formed capsule.     

EM口服液对牦牛犊增重效果的影响

用EM口服液在果洛地区的牦牛犊中进行了增重试验,同时与消维康口服液、畜痢灵口服液的增重效果进行了比较。结果：EM组、消维康、畜痢灵和对比照组牦牛犊分别比实验前增重31．10±4．0864kg,29．94±4．6441kg,25．98±3．7498ks和19．78±4．2584ks：其中：EM组比对照组平均增重多11．32kg（P〈0．01）;比畜痢灵组平均增重多5．12ks（P〈0．05）;比消维康组平均增重1．63kg（P〉0．05）。     

优质草皮卷质量评定

采用相同草种、相同播种量,不同的种子处理方法生产草皮卷,应用灰色系统理论中的关联分析法和九分 制评定法,对其建植草坪卷的育成时间、高度、盖度、密度、分蘖数、成卷率等6项指标进行了分析评枯。结果表明,将 种子提前沙藏后播种的草皮卷效果优于其他处理。     

昆明市奶牛微量元素营养状况评价

选择年龄、胎次、泌乳月份基本一致的奶牛44头，随机分为对照组和试验组。试验组采用我们设计的微量元素1％预混料代替对照组中的1％添加剂。经过116天的补饲试验，结果表明：日粮、血浆、血清和全血中微量元素的含量都没有显著变化，同时部分微量元素相对应的特异性酶或蛋白质及主要生理生化指标也没有显著变化，说明昆明市奶牛微量元素相对充足。     

3种胡枝子牧草品质评价

尖叶胡枝子、达乌里胡枝子和二色胡枝子分枝期——结实期茎叶比分别为1：2．48～1：0．73、1：2．44～1：0．66和1：1．34～1：0．57；开花期蛋白质含量分别为11．33％～12．84％、11．66％～12．75％和6．81％～10．47％；粗纤维分别为33．87％～37．09％、34．26％～35．04％和37．76％～45．47％；尖叶胡枝子的分枝、孕蕾、开花和结实4个时期粗蛋白质含量为11．12％～15．08％、粗脂肪为1．69％～2．48％、粗纤维22．83％～33．87％、无氮浸出物37．61％～49．13％、钙1．61％～1．98％、磷0．88％～1．22％、胡萝卜素20．75～94．47mg／kg。     

Evaluation of Equine Albumin Solution in Fluid Therapy in Horses with Colic

Equine albumin solution can be a good therapeutic option in fluid replacement for treatment of horses with colic. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of initial fluid therapy with equine albumin solution in horses presenting with colic and mild-to-moderate dehydration, and to compare this therapy with fluid therapy based on crystalloids alone. Nineteen horses of both genders presenting with colic and mild-to-moderate dehydration were used. Animals were randomly assigned to one of two groups (control: fluid therapy based on crystalloid solutions; experimental: fluid therapy based on equine albumin and crystalloid solutions). Physical examination, hematocrit determination, blood gas analysis, serum biochemistry, blood and peritoneal lactate assessment, and measurement of colloid osmotic and arterial pressure were performed at predetermined times. Good results were obtained with equine albumin solution. More fluid is attracted into and maintained in the intravascular compartment, despite infusion of small volumes, as indicated by higher arterial pressure, lower capillary refill time, lower hematocrit and serum protein concentrations, lower colloid osmotic pressure, and better skin turgor. Equine albumin solution has good oncotic action and is a safe fluid therapy option for horses with colic and mild-to-moderate dehydration. Our results suggest it can be a good choice of fluid for correction of severe dehydration, although further research is necessary to determine the adequate dose in such cases.     

Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Equine Ocular Diseases: A Retrospective Study of 38 Eyes

Ocular ultrasonography in horses represents a valuable imaging diagnostic tool for the diagnosis of intraocular and periocular diseases, particularly when cornea or lens opacities preclude ophthalmoscopy of deeper structures. The authors studied normal and pathological aspects of the eye. Nineteen horses with opacities of the dioptric structures underwent an ultrasound examination. This technique allowed the diagnosis of a posterior synechia (1), cataracts (8), vitreous opacities (6), retinal detachment (3), and a foreign body (1). Ultrasonography provided helpful information about the structure and vascular pattern when the conventional ophthalmic evaluation was unable to achieve a correct diagnosis.     

鹿常用饲料营养价值评定研究进展

鹿为草食性动物,且食性非常广泛。为了科学地制定鹿饲料配方,合理有效地开发和利用丰富的饲料资源,近年来,在鹿用饲料营养成分分析和营养价值评定方面进行了较系统的研究工作。本文着重综述了这些研究的进展和成就。     

鹿类动物冬季环境容纳量估算方法评价

根据国内外鹿类动物环境容纳量研究现状，按确定容纳量的研究方法将其归纳为营养容纳量和空间容纳量两大类。这两类研究方法中，营养容纳量应用较早，是以目标种群生境所能提供的营养和野生动物本身的能量需求为估算基础，该方法受较多因素的影响，需进一步改进；空间容纳量是以野生动物总体生境格局和最小生存空间需求为依据，结合地理信息系统等现代技术及空间模型的模拟研究，可以更为客观地确定环境容纳量，将成为确定环境容纳量的主要研究手段和方法。     

Quantitative Evaluation of Equine Deep Digital Flexor Tendon Morphology using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Injury of the distal aspect of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) is a recognized cause of lameness, but diagnosis is difficult. This study aimed to improve understanding of DDFT morphology and pathology using retrospective evaluation of magnetic resonance (MR) images. We hypothesized that: (1) The distal aspect of the DDFT in normal horses would have a repeatable proximal/distal pattern and symmetry between limbs and between lobes; (2) DDFT dimensions would be related to bodyweight, navicular bone dimensions and hoof size; (3) this symmetry and pattern would be lost in DDFT injury; and (4) DDFT size would increase with injury. MR images of 64 live horse limbs, 26 with no identified DDFT lesion and 38 with identified DDFT abnormalities, and 19 normal cadaver limbs were analyzed. Using standardized transverse images, measurements of DDFT cross-sectional area, medial-lateral (ML) width and dorsal-palmar depth were obtained at six preselected sites. A uniform distal to proximal shape pattern was identified in all horses. The flattened crescent shape at the insertion changed to a deeper bilobed shape more proximally, with the mid-navicular area having the greatest cross-sectional area. Strong ML (P < 0.0006) and left/right symmetry (P < 0.02) were observed. In addition, there was a strong association between DDFT cross-sectional area and horse weight (P = 0.005) and between DDFT and navicular bone ML width (P = 0.004). Symmetry between sides or between lobes was lost at sites with a unilateral lesion and correlation between horse weight and DDFT cross-sectional area was lost in the presence of lesions. DDFTs with core lesions had a consistent increase in cross-sectional area overall, but other lesion types had no significant increase in size. The shape and symmetry seen in normal tendons could be related to the mechanical demands placed upon individual lobes. The limited increase in cross-sectional area with injury may be explained by the restrictive structures of the hoof, possibly explaining the ongoing pain seen in such lesions.     

苜蓿营养价值的评定方法研究进展

本文通过感官评定法、实验室方法和动物饲养试验方法对国内外苜蓿干草和苜蓿青贮营养价值的评定方法进行综述,旨在为苜蓿在饲料生产中的合理应用提供参考依据.     

15种冷季型草坪草在扬州地区的适应性评价

通过测定生长特性和坪用指标,对15种冷季型草坪草在扬州地区的适应性进行综合评价,以期为扬州地区冷季型草坪草引种提供依据.结果表明:草地早熟禾(Poa pratensis)各品种表现好,综合评价高,最适于在扬州地区种植,其中旗舰(Corsair)和洁妮2代(GinneyⅡ)2个品种表现尤为突出,在建坪时可优先考虑;多年生黑麦草(Lolium perenne)可考虑做先锋草或补播引用;高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)各品种可作为粗放型的草坪草引种,其中家园(Plantation)和精华(Essential)2个品种表现较好;翦股颖(Agrostis stoliniera)的2个品种