叶面积指数(LAI)测定方法研究进展

叶面积指数(LAI)是指植物植株所有叶片单面面积总和与植株所占的土地面积的比值,能反映可用于光能截获和气体交换的植物潜在叶片面积,是研究农学、林学、生态学、气象学等学科的重要参数。本文总结了国内外测定叶面积指数的主要方法,地面测定LAI和遥感反演LAI两大类方法的研究进展,同时阐述了LAI尺度转换的问题,并对各种测定方法进行了讨论,提出了一些改进的方法。     

园林植物形态特征与叶面积指数关系研究

作者研究了武汉市18种园林植物的形态特征与叶面积指数(LAI)的相关性,结果表明:树木整形方式对LAI无显著影响,且LAI与树高(H)和冠高(H')呈正相关关系(多枝闭心形除外),与胸(基)径(D)呈负相关关系,与冠幅(C)的相关性没有明显规律。在4种植物类型中(乔木、灌木、常绿植物和落叶植物),LAI与H和H'呈正相关关系(灌木除外),与D和C呈负相关关系(常绿植物与灌木除外)。乔木和落叶植物的LAI分别高于灌木和常绿植物。     

帽儿山地区森林叶面积指数生长季动态研究

叶面积指数(Leaf area index)是描述叶片生长过程的重要参数之一。为探讨我国帽儿山地区落叶阔叶林长时间序列叶面积指数变化规律,利用LAI-2200对帽儿山林场老爷岭试验站12块样地生长季叶面积指数进行测量,使用生长方程对离散LAI值进行拟合,计算不同时间的叶面积指数生长速率和生长季累积叶面积指数,分析不同立地条件下不同林分叶面积指数生长情况,对其动态变化规律进行研究。研究表明:生长季4月到8月,12块落叶阔叶林叶面积指数均随时间呈单峰变化。以杨树有优势树种的样地用Mitscherlich生长方程拟合其LAI效果最优,以色木和白桦为优势树种的样地采用logistic生长方程拟合效果最优,其它样地Gompertz生长方程拟合最优,各样地生长方程拟合R2均高于0.962。杨树林叶面积指数增速最快,胡桃楸林增速缓慢,6月初到8月中下旬为冠层LAI生长速度趋于平稳。空间位置相近的阴阳坡样地叶面积指数生长规律差别较大,最高累计叶面积指数相差17.6%。此研究结果为帽儿山地区阔叶林叶面积指数动态变化规律提供数据基础,为该地区林冠植被的空间异质性及其造成影响,以及提升日步长碳循环、水循环生态机理模型精度提供更为准确的数据支持。     

基于植被指数比较的湿地区域LAI遥感估算研究

以Worldview-2遥感影像作为数据源,对东洞庭湖湿地核心区域进行了LAI估算研究。首先对典型的植被指数与叶面积指数(VI-LAI)的相关性进行了分析;然后选择了7个与LAI之间存在显著相关性的植被指数(NDVI、RVI、DVI、SAVI、MSAVI、EVI、RDVI)作为VI-LAI的模型因子,采用多回归模型与LAI实测数据进行拟合分析,筛选出这回归模型的最优因子;然后利用实测数据作为检验样本,最终确立了以NDVI为模型变量的指数模型是用于LAI估测的最优模型,精度达到了74.34%。结果表明:本研究采用的多植被指数比较建立的湿地植被VI-LAI反演模型,是可以比较准确获取湿地区域叶面积指数特征的方法。     

不同林分类型叶面积指数与地形因子相关性研究

该文以承德塞罕坝地区的针叶林、阔叶林和针阔混交林3种林分类型为研究对象,在标准地调查的基础上分析地形因子对各林分类型叶面积指数(LAI)的影响,并建立相关模型。结果表明:坡度、海拔对各林分类型叶面积指数的影响不显著(P0.05),坡向对各林分类型叶面积指数具有显著影响(P0.05);就坡度而言,各等级林分LAI均值大小为缓坡斜坡陡坡平坡;就坡向来看,各等级林分LAI均值大小为阴坡半阳坡阳坡半阴坡;从海拔看,各等级林分LAI均值大小为Ⅰ级Ⅱ级Ⅲ级Ⅳ级;且同一等级各林分类型叶面积指数从大到小均为阔叶林针阔混交林针叶林。F值检验表明:坡度、坡向、海拔三大地形因子分别与各林分类型叶面积指数模型拟合效果较好,且R20.7。将各林分类型LAI与地形因子综合分析得出影响林分LAI最大的是坡向,最小的是坡度。通过拟合模型,了解不同林分类型及同一林分类型与地形因子间关系,为塞罕坝地区叶面积指数求算提供理论基础。     

楠木人工林树冠体积与叶面积指数预估模型的研究

基于楠木(Phoebe zhennan)人工林5块同定标准地25株枝解析数据,进行楠木人工林树冠体积与叶面积指数预估模型研究,研究结果表明:楠木人工林树冠体积和叶面积指数随着林木胸径、树高、冠幅和冠高的增大而增大;在分析树冠体积和叶面积指数与林木变量的基础上,利用SPSS统计软件建立了树冠体积(V)和叶面积指数(LAI)的预估模型:所建立的楠木人工林树冠体积的预估模型为:V=0.2750L2.253H10.770(L为冠幅,m;H1为冠高,m),叶面积指数的预估模型为:LAI=0.7845+0.5481H1-0.0288H12+0.0007H13;对预估模型进行检验,结果表明,两个模型的预估精度均大于88%,说明所建模型可以较好地预估楠木人工林树冠体积和叶面积指数.     

城市绿地园林树种叶面积指数测定方法研究——以小叶榕为例

分别采用半球面影像技术和LAI-2000冠层分析仪对华南地区最常用园林树种小叶榕(Ficus microcarpa)的叶面积指数(Leaf Area Index,LAI)进行测定、比较和分析。研究表明,2种测量仪器所测LAI值存在极显著正相关(P<0.001);用半球面影像技术测量的LAI值与冠幅、胸径和树高之间也存在极显著一元线性关系,构建回归模型分别为:LAI=0.0444Cw+1.6526,LAI=0.0088D+1.8327,LAI=0.0543H+1.6404;通过模型可估测小叶榕单株的叶面积指数,达到95%的置信区间的估测值范围。     

应用全天空照片估测阔叶红松林叶面积指数

依托小兴安岭地区9 hm2大面积固定样地,利用冠层分析仪器对阔叶红松林的叶面积指数进行了观测,结果表明:生长季之前,阔叶红松林的叶面积指数大约为1.85,在生长季末期大约为3.26,生长季前后LAI值差异极显著;林隙分数和开度的相关性极强,叶面积指数与林隙分数则具有明显的负相关性,随着林隙分数的增大,叶面积指数减少;阔叶树生长季前后LAI值与针叶树的胸高断面积成正相关。     

叶面积指数的主要测定方法

简要地介绍了叶面积指数的概念和研究的意义,总结了当前叶面积指数(LAI)的主要测定方法有直接和间接方法两大类,分析了各种方法的优缺点.认为未来叶面积指数测定的发展趋势是光学仪器法和遥感法的相互结合.     

高光谱遥感森林叶面积指数估测方法研究

叶面积指数(LAI)是反映植物叶片数量、冠层结构变化、植物群落生命活力及其环境效应的重要参数,其定义为植株所有叶片单面面积总和与植株所占的土地面积的比值。文中总结国内外利用高光谱遥感数据估测森林叶面积指数的研究进展,并对众多的估测方法进行比较,最后分析了高光谱遥感森林叶面积指数估测研究的发展趋势。       

观赏植物叶面积测定及相关分析

采用扫描仪采集鹅掌柴、仙客来、三角梅、非洲茉莉、桂花和绿萝6种植物叶片图像,利用像素得到叶片真实面积,与叶面积仪测定的叶面积相比较,结果表明叶面积仪能够完全反映叶片的真实面积;确定了6种植物的叶面积、比叶面积、叶形指数和叶面积指数,并对叶面积与叶宽进行了相关性分析,结果表明叶面积和叶宽的相关性显著,进一步回归分析得出叶宽和叶面积的一元二次方程,即只需测量叶宽就可推算叶面积的简便方法;通过对比叶面积进行聚类分析,得出6种植物适宜的栽培环境,为合理管理观赏植物提供了可靠的参考依据。     

Characteristics of leaf areas of plantations in semiarid hills and gully loess regions

The objectives of our study were to explore the relationship of leaf area and stand density and to find a convenient way to measure stand leaf areas. During the 2004 growing season, from May to October, we used direct and indirect methods to measure the seasonal variation of the leaf areas of tree and shrub species. The trees were from Robinia pseudoacacia stands of four densities (3333 plants/hm², 1666 plants/hm², 1111 plants/hm², and 833 plants/hm²) and Platycladus orientalis stands of three densities (3333 plants/hm², 1666 plants/hm², and 1111 plants/hm²). The shrub species were Caragana korshinskii, Hippophae rhamnoides, and Amorpha fruticosa. Based on our survey data, empirical formulas for calculating leaf area were obtained by correlating leaf fresh weight, diameter of base branches, and leaf areas. Our results show the following: 1) in September, the leaf area and leaf area index (LAI) of trees (R. pseudoacacia and P. orientalis) reached their maximum values, with LAI peak values of 10.5 and 3.2, respectively. In August, the leaf area and LAI of shrubs (C. korshinskii, H. rhamnoides, and A. fruticosa) reached their maximum values, with LAI peak values of 1.195, 1.123, and 1.882, respectively. 2) There is a statistically significant power relation between leaf area and leaf fresh weight for R. pseudoacacia. There are significant linear relationships between leaf area and leaf fresh weight for P. orientalis, C. korshinskii, H. rhamnoides, and A. fruticosa. Moreover, there is also a significant power relation between leaf area and diameter of base branches for C. korshinskii. There are significant linear relations between leaf area and diameter of base branches of H. rhamnoides and A. fruticosa. 3) In the hills and gully regions of the Loess Plateau, the LAIs of R. pseudoacacia stand at different densities converged after the planted stands entered their fast growth stage. Their LAI do not seem to be affected by its initial and current density. The same is true for P. orientalis stands. However, the leaf area of individual trees is negatively and linearly related with stand density. We conclude that, in the hills and gully regions of the Loess Plateau, the bearing capacity of R. pseudoacacia and P. orientalis stands we studied have reached their maximum limitation, owing to restricted access to soil water. Therefore, in consideration of improving the quality of single trees, a stand density not exceeding 833 and 1111 plants/hm² is recommended for R. pseudoacacia and P. orientalis, respectively. In consideration of improving the quality of the entire stands, the density can be reduced even a little more. __________ Translated from Journal of Plant Ecology (Chinese Version), 2008, 32 (2): 440–447 [译自: 植物生态学报]     

Morphological acclimation and growth of ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) advance regeneration following overstory harvesting in a Mississippi River floodplain forest

Stand-level growth responses and plant-level patterns of biomass accumulation and distribution were examined to learn how stand structure influences morphological acclimation and growth of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.) advance regeneration following overstory harvesting. Nine, 20-ha plots that received clearcut harvesting (100% basal area removal), partial harvesting (50% basal area removal), or no harvesting (control) were sampled to measure height, root-collar diameter, leaf, stem and root biomass, and leaf mass ratio (LMR), stem mass ratio (SMR) and root mass ratio (RMR) of ash regeneration. Six years after treatment, plot-level analyses indicated that ash growth was greatest in plots receiving clearcut harvesting, and least in control plots. Examination of LMR, SMR and RMR revealed that this growth response was not associated with acclimation that altered plant morphology. Total biomass ranged 275-fold among sampled plants, and much of this variation was accounted for by measurements of stand leaf area index (LAI). Along the gradient of stand LAI, values greater than 2 inhibited biomass accumulation. Stand LAI values less than 1.5 promoted ash biomass accumulation which reached a maximum where LAI values approached 0.7 and tapered above or below this value. Our findings indicate that green ash regeneration can be managed beneath light canopy cover, and the ability of seedlings to establish and persist beneath closed canopies and vigorously respond to release without having to endure prolonged morphological acclimation provides flexibility in developing regeneration protocols.     

Calibration and assessment of seasonal changes in leaf area index of a tropical dry forest in different stages of succession

A simple measure of the amount of foliage present in a forest is leaf area index (LAI; the amount of foliage per unit ground surface area), which can be determined by optical estimation (gap fraction method) with an instrument such as the Li-Cor LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer. However, optical instruments such as the LAI-2000 cannot directly differentiate between foliage and woody components of the canopy. Studies investigating LAI and its calibration (extracting foliar LAI from optical estimates) in tropical forests are rare. We calibrated optical estimates of LAI from the LAI-2000 with leaf litter data for a tropical dry forest. We also developed a robust method for determining LAI from leaf litter data in a tropical dry forest environment. We found that, depending on the successional stage of the canopy and the season, the LAI-2000 may underestimate LAI by 17% to over 40%. In the dry season, the instrument overestimated LAI by the contribution of the woody area index. Examination of the seasonal variation in LAI for three successional stages in a tropical dry forest indicated differences in timing of leaf fall according to successional stage and functional group (i.e., lianas and trees). We conclude that when calculating LAI from optical estimates, it is necessary to account for the differences between values obtained from optical and semi-direct techniques. In addition, to calculate LAI from litter collected in traps, specific leaf area must be calculated for each species rather than from a mean value for multiple species.     

Allometry and evaluation of in situ optical LAI determination in Scots pine: a case study in Belgium

We evaluated several optical methods for in situ estimation of leaf area index (LAI) in a Belgian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) stand. The results obtained were compared with LAI determined from allometric relationships established in the same stand. We found high correlations between branch cross-sectional area, diameter at breast height (DBH) and basal area as dependent variables, and leaf mass, needle area and crown projection as independent variables. We then compared LAI estimated by allometry with LAI determined by three optical methods (LAI-2000, TRAC and digital hemispherical photography) both before and after corrections for blue light scattering, clumping and non-leafy material. Estimates of stand LAI of Scots pine ranged from 1.52 for hemispherical photography to 3.57 for the allometric estimate based on DBH. There was no significant difference (alpha = 0.01) between the allometric LAI estimates and the optical LAI values corrected for blue light scattering, clumping and interception by non-leafy material. However, we observed high sensitivity of the optical LAI estimates to the various conversion factors, particularly to the clumping factor, indicating the need for caution when correcting LAI measured by optical methods.     

彩叶植物在城市园林中的应用研究——以山东省菏泽市为例

彩叶植物具有丰富多彩的叶色,在城市园林中能够丰富植物景观的色彩,美化环境。该文对菏泽城市园林中的彩色叶植物应用与技术进行研究分析,从彩叶植物的造景方式、色彩构图、景观层次等方面进行分析评价,总结了菏泽城区应用较多的彩色叶植物的种类,通过调查研究对彩叶植物在菏泽市园林景观中的应用情况以及出现的问题进行分析,并对菏泽市彩叶植物的应用与技术发展提出了建议。     

Use of middle infrared radiation to estimate the leaf area index of a boreal forest

The leaf area index (LAI) of boreal forest can be estimated using reflected radiation recorded by satellite sensors. Measurements of visible and near infrared radiation are commonly used in the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) to estimate LAI. However, research, mainly in tropical forest, has demonstrated that LAI is related more closely to radiation of middle infrared wavelengths than of visible wavelengths. This paper derives a vegetation index, VI3, based on radiation from vegetation recorded at near and middle infrared wavelengths. For a boreal forest canopy, the relationship between VI3 and LAI was observed to be much stronger than that between NDVI and LAI. In addition, the LAI estimated using VI3 accounted for about 76% of the variation in field estimates of LAI, compared with about 46% when using the NDVI. We conclude that information provided by middle infrared radiation should be considered when estimating the leaf area index of boreal forest.     

Photosynthesis and canopy characteristics in genetically defined families of silver birch (Betula pendula)

Net photosynthetic rates (A) of leaves in upper and lower crown layers (A(upper) and A(lower)), leaf area index (LAI), mean tilt angle (MTA), several leaf characteristics, and volume growth were observed in fast- and slow-growing families of a 14-year-old full-sib and half-sib family progeny test of Betula pendula Roth. Each measure of net photosynthetic rate was calculated after correcting measured net photosynthesis for the effects of environmental variables. The differences in A(upper) and LAI among families were significant. The proportions of the total variance assigned to family for A(upper), A(lower) and LAI were 33.64, 28.93 and 54.99%, respectively. The mean A(upper) and LAI of the fast-growing families were significantly higher than those of the slow-growing families, whereas the mean A(lower) of the fast-growing families was significantly lower than that of the slow-growing families. There were also significant differences among families in leaf size, leaf shape, and the ratios leaf fresh weight/area and leaf dry weight/area. Between 27.55 and 54.55% of the total variance in these characteristics could be assigned to the family effect. Volume growth was positively correlated with A(upper) and LAI, but it was most strongly correlated with A(upper) x LAI.