抗同翅目昆虫的相关基因及其转基因抗虫植物研究进展

植物抗虫基因工程为控制害虫的危害提供了新的途径。目前,对同翅目害虫具抗虫活性的基因有三种来源,(1)植物:如植物凝集素基因、番茄抗线虫基因Mi等;(2)微生物:如异戊烯转移酶抗性基因;(3)动物:如来自一些昆虫的蛋白酶抑制素基因。其中一些基因已被成功地转入植物体内,并且获得的转基因抗虫植物对同翅目害虫的生长、发育、繁殖能力等方面都具有一定的抑制作用,表现出这些抗虫基因在防治这类害虫中的应用潜力。雪花莲凝集素可通过人工饲料或转基因作物进入昆虫体内,并通过营养级传递于天敌,进而对天敌造成直接或间接的影响。     

Identifying proteins with insecticidal activity: use of encoding genes to produce insect-resistant transgenic crops

Crops resistant to insect attack offer an alternative strategy of pest control to a total reliance upon chemical pesticides. Transgenic plant technology can be a useful tool in producing resistant crops, by introducing novel resistance genes into a plant species. This technology is seen very much as forming an integral component of a crop management programme. Several different classes of plant proteins have been shown to be insecticidal towards a range of economically important insect pests from different orders; in some cases a role in the defence of specific plant species against phytophagous insects has been demonstrated. Genes encoding insecticidal proteins have been isolated from various plant species and transferred to crops by genetic engineering. Amongst these genes are those that encode inhibitors of proteases (serine and cysteine) and α-amylase, lectins, and enzymes such as chitinases and lipoxygenases. Examples of genetically engineered crops expressing insecticidal plant proteins from different plant species, with enhanced resistance to one or more insect pests from the orders Lepidoptera, Homoptera and Coleoptera are presented. The possibility of ‘pyramiding’ different resistance genes to improve the effectiveness of protection and durability is discussed and exemplified. The number of different crop species expressing such genes is very diverse and ever-increasing. The viability of this approach to crop protection is considered. © 1998 SCI.     

Development of the Multi-nucleocapsid Nucleopolyhedroviruses (MNPVs) Infectious to Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) as Microbial Control Agents

A number of the members of the Noctuidae (subfamily Plusiinae) are polyphagous insects that infest a variety of economically important crops world-wide. These hosts include but are not limited to cotton, vegetable and field crops and also such specialty crops as mint. Many of these crops require multiple applications of chemical pesticides to protect them from various loopers and other economic pests. One proposed alternative to the use of chemical pesticides to protect these crops is the development of insect-specific viruses of the family Baculoviridae. Hundreds of these viruses of the genus Nucleopolyhedrovirus have been isolated, many from economically important Lepidoptera. The advent of the discovery that some of these viruses may have a broad host range increased the interest in the development of them as microbial agents throughout the world. The broad host range (over 30 species in some cases) provided the possibility to control not only one species, but a complex of lepidopterous pests infesting specific or multiple crops. From the 1960s to the present, extensive basic and applied research has been conducted on the multi-nucleocapsid (MNPV) forms within which a broad host range appears to be characteristic. Of these, the virus isolated from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica (Speyer) (AcMNPV) has been the most studied, particularly as related to microbial control. Two of the viruses isolated from loopers have been registered in the USA. Although efficacy has been demonstrated for loopers, there is a paucity of data on the other important species that may simultaneously infest looper hosts. Because of their relatively slow action, the viruses will probably be used in integrated programs with chemical pesticides applied during critical periods of high population pressure. Further research needs to be conducted to establish efficacy for other hosts, improved production methods either in vivo or in vitro, increased field persistence as related to timing and frequency of applications, and finally the utility of genetically engineered MNPVs as microbial pesticides. The potential of these organisms has been demonstrated and new developments are being made to increase the overall efficiency and economics of their use. These improvements can only increase interest in use of the baculoviruses in pest management systems for loopers and other pests.     

Fitness costs associated with insecticide resistance

Insects are exposed to a variety of stress factors in their environment, and, in many cases for insect pests to agriculture, those factors include toxic chemical insecticides. Coping with the toxicity of insecticides can be costly and requires energy and resource allocation for adaptation and survival. Several behavioural, physiological and genetic mechanisms are used by insects to handle toxic insecticides, sometimes leading to resistance by constitutive overexpression of detoxification enzymes or inducing mutations in the target sites. Such actions are costly and may affect reproduction, impair dispersal ability and have several other effects on the insect's fitness. Fitness costs resulting from resistance to insecticides has been reported in many insects from different orders, and several examples are given in this mini‐review. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service research on managing insect resistance to insecticides

Insecticide resistance has developed within many classes of pesticide, and over 500 species of insects and mites are resistant to one or more insecticides. Insecticide resistance and the consequent losses of food and fiber caused by failure to control insect and mite pests causes economic losses of several billion dollars worldwide each year. It is the goal of insect resistance management (IRM) to preserve useful pesticides by slowing, preventing or reversing development of resistance in pests. Important aspects of this goal are understanding the development of resistance and monitoring to determine ways to prevent its development. We describe programs specific to missions of the US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, which are designed to characterize insecticide resistance in insects and mites with the goal of managing pests in an ecologically acceptable manner. Resistance management of cotton, potatoes, vegetables, melons, ornamentals, greenhouse crops, corn, stored grains, livestock, honeybees and mites, as well as management of transgenic crops are evaluated. We conclude that IRM is a vital part of stewardship of any pest management product and must be a combined effort of manufacturers, growers, consultants, extension services and grower organizations, working closely with regulators, to achieve logistically and economically feasible systems that prolong the effectiveness of all pest-control products.     

Field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with Orius laevigatus Fieber (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias-Henriot) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse

BACKGROUND: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. Chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of Orius laevigatus (Fieber) and Amblyseius swirskii (Athias‐Henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. As chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against other pests, the side effects of methoxyfenozide (an insect growth regulator against lepidopteran pests) and flonicamid (a selective feeding inhibitor against sucking insects) were studied in both beneficial organisms in a commercial greenhouse. RESULTS: Orius laevigatus and A. swirskii were released at commercial rates (4–5 and 100 m^?2), and a strong establishment and a very homogeneous distribution were reached. One pesticide treatment with the maximum field recommended concentration of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid (96 and 100 mg AI L^?1) was done when they were well established, and their population levels were not affected either immediately or up to 30 days after treatment. CONCLUSION: The results are indicative of no impact of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid on the two natural enemies in the field, and both can be considered as potential alternatives to be included in IPM programmes in sweet pepper. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Towards the construction of a resistance risk evaluation scheme

Pesticide resistance management needs an indication of the risk of resistance developing in pests against pesticide applications. This paper describes an evaluation system for the ranking of these risks. The term pests includes all organisms which are causing economic damage in agriculture, including weeds and plant pathogens. The system distinguishes six broad risk categories. It is based on expert judgement of answers to a maximum of ten questions on crop husbandry, pest biology and pest control. The system has been developed for registration purposes in The Netherlands, and is currently being discussed within the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). ©1997 SCI     

AFLP分子标记技术在昆虫学研究中的应用及展望

扩增片段长度多态性技术（AFLP）已经成为一个普遍应用的分子标记技术,具有集成高效性、高信息量、无需知道序列信息等诸多优点,近年来又在酶切、扩增体系、检测和分析方法等方面不断得到改进,已广泛应用于生物学的各个领域。近十年来,AFLP分子标记技术在昆虫学研究中得到广泛应用,极大地促进了人们对昆虫多样性遗传基础的了解。目前研究人员已经利用该技术绘制了有益昆虫以及农艺学上重要害虫的基因连锁图谱,并对控制相关性状的基因进行了标记以及QTL定位等。本文简要介绍了AFLP分子标记技术在有益昆虫、重要农业害虫、检疫害虫等研究中的应用,并对该技术应用前景进行了简单的展望。     

Gene amplification and insecticide resistance

Pesticide resistance in arthropods has been shown to evolve by two main mechanisms, the enhanced production of metabolic enzymes, which bind to and/or detoxify the pesticide, and mutation of the target protein, which makes it less sensitive to the pesticide. One route that leads to enhanced metabolism is the duplication or amplification of the structural gene(s) encoding the detoxifying enzyme, and this has now been described for the three main families (esterases, glutathione S-transferases and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases) implicated in resistance. More recently, a direct or indirect role for gene duplication or amplification has been described for target-site resistance in several arthropod species. This mini-review summarises the involvement of gene duplication/amplification in the insecticide/acaricide resistance of insect and mite pests and highlights recent developments in this area in relation to P450-mediated and target-site resistance.     

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of accidental insect pest introduction into Switzerland and its implications for plant protection1

The purpose of this study is to assess the characteristics of accidental introduction of pest organisms into Switzerland by means of international plant trade, and to discuss its consequences for the development of plant protection strategies. We found substantial levels of infestation in samples of all producing countries included in the study. Since the use of synthetic pesticides is the main basis of pest control in the ornamental industry, the results of this study indicate that chemical pest control has reached a limit above which no further reduction of pest population levels is possible. The increased pesticide tolerance of many arthropod pests is mainly due to increased levels of resistance to pesticides caused by their excessive use. Therefore, alternative methods supplementing pesticide use are required to develop an optimal pest management strategy for the future. It is proposed that, in the Swiss ornamental production industry, pest monitoring should be the first step in this direction.     

Integrated Pest Management of Pest Mole Crickets with Emphasis on the Southeastern USA

There are at least 70 species of mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae). Some are rare, others are innocuous, and a few are important pests. These soil-dwelling pests damage underground parts of a long list of cultivated plants. Although tillage and flooding are used successfully in some situations to bring these pests to the soil surface and expose them to vertebrate and other predators, chemical pesticides are widely used against them. Knowledge of their life history is used to time application of chemical treatments to save money, but is not used as widely as it might be. Classical biological control has been used against immigrant mole crickets in Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the southern USA. In Florida, three Scapteriscus species from South America cause major damage to pastures and turf and are targets of a classical biological control program. Population levels of two of the pest species have been reduced substantially in Florida by establishment of a tachinid fly (Ormia depleta) and a steinernematid nematode (Steinernema scapterisci) from South America. The nematode also functions as a biopesticide. Managers of pastures and turf in Florida have thus far derived benefit from these classical biological control agents without understanding their function: use of chemicals is reduced when mole cricket populations are lower due to action of these organisms. Future enhancement of the action of O. depleta and of a sphecid wasp (Larra bicolor, which also was introduced from South America) probably will demand deliberate planting of nectar sources for adults of these biological control agents, and the advantage will be to managers who adopt such a strategy. Chemical pesticide use is strongly promoted by a large chemical industry, whereas biopesticidal use has thus far been little promoted and sales have been few. Even managers who do not change their simple strategy of pesticide use in response to damage by mole crickets, and have no knowledge of the differing life cycles of the three Scapteriscus species or of the presence and action of the classical biological control agents, will derive benefit as these biological control agents (and a predatory beetle which has not yet been released) increase their distribution.     

转Bt基因抗虫作物对非靶标生物的影响

迄今为止,已经获得了大量的抗虫转Bt基因作物。尽管这些作物中表达的Bt蛋白只是针对靶标害虫起到杀虫效果,但是抗虫转Bt基因作物是否会对非靶标生物产生影响一直存在争议。本文就抗虫转Bt基因作物对节肢动物群落、非靶标植食性昆虫、天敌和有益昆虫的影响进行了综述。综合评价认为,现有的抗虫转Bt基因作物对非靶标生物是安全的。     

Low pesticide rates may hasten the evolution of resistance by increasing mutation frequencies

At very low pesticide rates, a certain low proportion of pests may receive a sublethal dose, are highly stressed by the pesticide and yet survive. Stress is a general enhancer of mutation rates. Thus, the survivors are likely to have more than normal mutations, which might include mutations leading to pesticide resistance, both for multifactorial (polygenic, gene amplification, sequential allelic mutations) and for major gene resistance. Management strategies should consider how to eliminate the subpopulation of pests with the high mutation rates, but the best strategy is probably to avoid too low application rates of pesticides from the outset.     

Pest Control in Malaysia's Perennial Crops: A Half Century Perspective Tracking the Pathway to Integrated Pest Management

Leaf eating insect outbreaks of unprecedented severity occurred on oil palms and cocoa in what became Malaysia, from the late 1950s to early 1960s. Growers faced two crucial questions, what to do about the attacks, and what caused them. The tropical climate generally continues suitable for phytophagous insects to realise their large increase capacity, a factor emphasised in the stable agroecosystem of perennial tree crops. Parasitic and predatory natural enemy insects are equally favoured and maintain control. It became increasingly evident that the prime cause of outbreak was disruption of this balance by the introduction of broad spectrum, long residual contact insecticides (bslrcs), with various contributory factors. Patchy pesticide residues would continue to eliminate inherently exploratory parasitic and predatory insects, something worsened by uneven initial application. In these conditions, there is a complete overlap of generations of both pests and enemies, with no evolution of synchronised or otherwise coordinated life cycles (‘continuous generation mode’– CGM). In outbreaks the pests tend to be at a similar lifecycle stage (‘discrete generation mode’– DGM), so that at times a high proportion of an enemy population that may be building up cannot find a suitable host stage. Simply stopping application was often enough to end the vicious circle of treatment and reoutbreak, but also, commonly, there was heavy damage in the meantime. Selective application was developed, involving inherent pesticide characteristics or method of use opposite in at least one aspect to bslrc (i.e. narrow spectrum, short residue life, or non-contact). Large areas were treated, e.g., from the air. Infestations mostly disappeared with only one or a few applications. In that era of the 1960s, chemical application compatible with biological control was known as ‘integrated control’. The bslrcs had been introduced to control other regularly occurring pests (‘key’ pests), limited localised build up of the target pests e.g., from climatic fluctuations (‘occasional’ pest), or as a ‘precaution’. Some species only appeared after disruption started (‘potential’ pest). Development of selective chemical control continued to be for key and occasional pests, aiming at effective kill once decided upon. Census monitoring ensured application only when justified economically, with timing to the most vulnerable stage in the pest lifecycle. Among non-chemical approaches, cultural methods include provision of suitable flora in the ground vegetation for food sources for adult parasitic insects. Reasonably dense ground vegetation cover is grown to suppress rhinoceros beetle damage in oil palm replantings. Other possibilities include dissemination of insect diseases, traps and attractants, and resistant plant types. This fitted ‘pest management’ which by the mid-1970s came to encompass selective chemical use, as ‘integrated pest management (IPM)’. There were similar developments in other parts of the world, and in other perennial tree crops, extended also to short term crops (e.g., rice and vegetables). IPM is not an esoteric methodology awaiting ‘complete knowledge’. It can be applied on the basis of principle and existing knowledge for the most reliable economic control, targetted to encompass any aspect, such as toxicology and environmental effects. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

昆虫内共生菌-昆虫-植物互作关系研究进展

在长期的协同进化过程中,昆虫与其体内的共生菌建立了密切的互利共生关系。昆虫内共生菌不仅能调控宿主昆虫的营养代谢和生殖代谢,还能协助昆虫抵御生物、非生物胁迫,提高昆虫对化学农药的抗性及对寄主植物的适应性等。因此,内共生菌是宿主昆虫生长发育及适应性的重要调控因子。目前,随着组学技术的不断发展,内共生菌在宿主昆虫和寄主植物中的原位功能不断被挖掘,通过对内共生菌-昆虫-植物互作模型的研究,将进一步揭示昆虫内共生菌与昆虫、植物的互作机理,加深对昆虫适应性机制的理解并推进新型害虫防控和靶标技术的研发。本文就昆虫内共生菌的起源、特点、分布和传递,昆虫内共生菌在昆虫-植物-环境互作中的作用,以及昆虫内共生菌研究的方法和新技术等方面进行了综述,并对未来昆虫内共生菌介导的防御效应及昆虫适应性机理等热点问题进行了展望。     

短稳杆菌对苹果食心虫防控效果

苹果食心虫是各地果树主要害虫之一,也是新疆苹果的主要害虫之一。化学农药用于苹果食心虫的防治,成熟的苹果易产生残留,影响苹果质量和苹果的附加值。为了选择可以替代化学农药的安全高效生物杀虫剂,我们以毒死蜱为对照药剂,用短稳杆菌100亿孢子/mL悬浮剂对苹果食心虫进行了药效试验。试验结果表明,短稳杆菌100亿孢子/mL悬浮剂600倍液对苹果食心虫的持续防控效果最好,对苹果树及其他非靶标生物都安全,是苹果食心虫防控领域较理想的推广应用产品。     

Can selective peptides be combined efficiently with agrochemicals? A new approach to insect control

Sodium channels have been a major target for the development of insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids. However, insecticides currently available induce resistance and present limited selectivity to insect pests. Molecular and biochemical studies, as well as binding experiments using radiolabelled neurotoxins, have shown that sodium channels expressed in various insect orders must be structurally and pharmacologically different. At least three groups of peptide neurotoxins derived from scorpion venom are highly active on insects and very weakly or practically inactive on mammals. It is proposed that various insecticides are examined for possible cooperative interactions with the peptide toxins highly active on insects, and pairs of ligands are identified that will increase the selectivity not only between mammals and insects but also between different pest and non-pest insects. This is feasible on the basis of the differential allosteric modulations observed between LqhαIT, an α-toxin highly active on insects, and brevetoxin on locust versus cockroach and rat brain sodium channels. Moreover, combination of LqhαIT with the pyrethroid deltamethrin increased the binding of [¹²⁵I] LqhαIT by more than 1.8-fold, and the combined presence of brevetoxin further increased the binding. Such allosteric modulation may provide a new approach to increase the selective activity of pesticides on target organisms by simultaneous application of allosterically interacting drugs, designed on the basis of the selective peptide toxins.     

有机磷类杀虫剂代谢机制研究进展

文章对有机磷类杀虫剂代谢机制的研究进展以及昆虫对此类杀虫剂的相关代谢抗性机制进行了总结,阐述了有机磷杀虫剂的生物代谢途径及相关代谢酶系。在生物体中,有机磷类杀虫剂主要发生氧化代谢、水解代谢和轭合代谢等反应。其氧化代谢主要在细胞色素P450酶系(P450s)的催化作用下进行,其中,最重要的氧化反应是硫代有机磷酸酯类杀虫剂氧化脱硫形成生物毒性更高的有机磷氧化物的反应,以及氧化脱芳(烷)基化的反应;有机磷杀虫剂及其氧化产物在生物体内还可发生水解代谢反应,在对氧磷酶PON1等磷酸三酯酶的催化作用下,水解生成低毒性或者无毒的代谢物;有机磷杀虫剂的轭合代谢主要是在谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GSTs)的催化下进行的。昆虫对有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢抗性与昆虫中参与此类杀虫剂代谢的解毒酶的改变密切相关,其中,与有机磷类杀虫剂代谢相关的P450s基因的过量表达和酶活性增强、丝氨酸水解酯酶的过量表达及基因突变、GSTs基因的过量表达等,均可导致铜绿蝇Lucilia cuprina、桃蚜Myzus persicae等昆虫对二嗪磷和马拉硫磷等有机磷类杀虫剂的代谢抗性。明确有机磷类杀虫剂的结构特点、代谢途径以及昆虫对此类杀虫剂的代谢抗性机制,对掌握有机磷类杀虫剂的毒理学机制,安全有效地使用此类杀虫剂,有效治理害虫对有机磷类杀虫剂的抗药性,以及开发生物选择性好的新型有机磷类杀虫剂,均具有重要意义。     

太阳能光陷阱捕虫器对花生田昆虫的诱捕效果

为建立绿色高效的花生田害虫灯光诱控技术,于2019年在湖北省孝感市大悟县河口镇群建村进行试验,测定光源A（波长365 nm）和光源B（波长390 nm）太阳能光陷阱捕虫器诱捕到的花生田地下害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫的类群和数量,并分析不同光源和天气对太阳能光陷阱捕虫器诱捕效果的影响。结果表明,2种光源太阳能光陷阱捕虫器共诱捕昆虫106 899头,其中地下害虫以丽金龟科和鳃金龟科昆虫居多,分别为53 338头和22 993头;诱捕的天敌昆虫和中性昆虫中分别以步甲科昆虫和水龟虫科昆虫居多,分别为1 495头和4 866头。光源A诱捕的金龟甲总科害虫、叩甲科害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫数量与光源B的诱捕量均差异不显著,但光源A诱捕的蝼蛄科害虫数量显著高于光源B;晴天诱捕的金龟甲总科害虫、叩甲科害虫、天敌昆虫和中性昆虫数量与在阴天的诱捕量差异不显著,但晴天诱捕的蝼蛄科害虫数量显著高于阴天的诱捕量。表明太阳能光陷阱捕虫器对花生田害虫的诱捕效果好,对天敌昆虫和中性昆虫杀伤力小,可作为一种绿色防控手段防治花生田害虫。