A historic account of the invasion of Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in the continental United States, with remarks on their identification

BACKGROUND: Drosophila suzukii is an oriental species first reported outside Asia from Hawaii in 1980. The first confirmed records for the continental United States were made in 2008 in California. The identification of this pest is difficult because very few published resources exist. RESULTS: It has since been recorded in Oregon, Washington, British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Utah, Michigan, Wisconsin, Louisiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and Florida. Males are relatively easy to identify by the black apical wing spots and the single row of combs on the first and second tarsal segment of the fore leg. The male genitalia are also very characteristic and will aid in identifying teneral specimens. Females can be identified by the large ovipositor, which is 6–7 times as long as the diameter of the spermatheca. Immature stages can only be identified by molecular techniques. CONCLUSION: Although this species has been recorded from many US states and Canadian provinces, it has not been established in all of these places, and the main economic damage is restricted to the western part of North America. With the characters laid out in this paper, it should be possible to identify the pest with high certainty. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

6种植物精油对黑腹果蝇行为影响及活性成分研究

黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster 是多种水果生产中为害最为严重的害虫。植物精油可影响多种昆虫的行为。本试验提取了辣椒Capsicum annuum、小香葱Allium cepiforme、韭菜A.tuberosum 、洋葱A.cepa 、薄荷Mentha canadensis及大黄Rheum officinale 的精油,测试了各精油对黑腹果蝇行为的影响并分析了主要化学成分,在此基础上,测试了5种精油中主要化合物对黑腹果蝇行为的影响。结果表明:6种植物精油均对黑腹果蝇表现出一定的驱避活性,活性次序为:薄荷＞洋葱＞韭菜＞大黄＞小香葱＞辣椒。各精油中所含的主要化合物为长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、茴香脑、大黄酸、3-甲氧基苯酚。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑及茴香脑对黑腹果蝇表现出显著的驱避活性,当浓度为62.5 mg/L时,它们对黑腹果蝇的驱避率均高于90%,15.62 mg/L的大黄酸和3-甲氧基苯酚表现出显著的引诱活性,驱避率分别为-87.50%和-117.76%。长叶薄荷酮、草蒿脑、3-甲氧基苯酚具有开发为昆虫驱避剂和引诱剂的潜力。     

Field evaluation of commercial plant extracts against Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophlidae) in raspberry

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) was detected in 2008 in southern Europe and North America and it has spread rapidly throughout the two continents mainly affecting thin-skinned berries and stone fruits which constitute an important, economic and social driver in these regions. This study analyzes the potential control ability of four commercial plant-derived extracts, namely Sophora flavescens (shrubby sophora), Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon), Capsicum frutescens (chili) and Allium sativum (garlic), against D. suzukii, under raspberry high tunnel field conditions. Extracts were applied in a randomized complete block design using spinosad as positive control. As expected, spinosad treatment resulted in a satisfactory control, reducing significantly the number of larvae and adults emerged from treated fruits even ten days after application. Sophora flavescens extract produced a significant reduction of 60.7% in emerged adults, with no reduction in the number of larvae, six days after application. In addition, garlic extract caused significant reduction in the mean number of larvae (over 50%) and emerged adults (over 48%) six days after application. These findings suggest that garlic and S. flavescens affect egg viability and/or larvae development. Tentative explanations about the variability of the results and possible benefits of repetitive treatments are discussed.     

甲醛对果蝇发育和繁殖的影响

甲醛已被广泛用于人们的日常生活中,成为室内环境的主要污染源。为探讨甲醛对动物不同发育阶段的毒性,本文以模式生物果蝇Drosophila melanogaster为对象,研究了饲料中添加不同浓度甲醛对果蝇生长发育的影响。结果显示,当对照组发育至3龄幼虫(孵化后3d)时,与未添加甲醛的对照组相比,饲料中添加0.25%或0.50%的甲醛极显著降低了幼虫的体重(P<0.01),添加了0.50%甲醛的饲料组中发育出来的雌、雄成蝇体重也显著低于对照组,其中雌虫体重的差异达到极显著水平。此外,饲料中添加甲醛,还显著延长了幼虫发育的时间,即从胚胎到化蛹的发育时间、胚胎到羽化的发育时间都极显著长于对照组(P<0.01),而其蛹期变态发育时间在对照组和各实验组之间没有显著差异。饲料中添加甲醛,还极显著降低了果蝇的产卵量(P<0.01)。综上结果表明,饲料中含有甲醛可显著降低果蝇的发育速度,影响果蝇的生长和繁殖力,但对果蝇蛹期变态发育过程没有显著影响。     

六种农药对两种果蝇成虫室内毒力和主要解毒酶活性的影响

为明确田间常用农药对伊米果蝇Drosophila immigrans和海德氏果蝇D. hydei的毒力和解毒机制,采用药膜法在室内测定6种田间常用农药原药对2种果蝇实验种群成虫的LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50),并研究其中3种农药的亚致死剂量(LC_(10)、LC_(20))对果蝇谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)、羧酸酯酶(CarE)、乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)3种主要解毒酶活性的影响。结果表明,乙基多杀菌素对伊米果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.29、0.51和1.51 mg/L;甲维盐对海德氏果蝇的毒力最大,LC_(10)、LC_(20)和LC_(50)分别为0.14、0.36和2.09 mg/L;吡虫啉对2种果蝇的毒力均最低。不同亚致死浓度的乙基多杀菌素处理伊米果蝇24 h后,CarE和AchE活性均显著高于对照,而GST活性在低浓度时显著高于对照;高浓度甲维盐仅对海德氏果蝇AchE活性有显著抑制作用;吡虫啉可抑制伊米果蝇AchE和海德氏果蝇CarE活性。表明伊米果蝇和海德氏果蝇可通过改变3种解毒酶的活性来防御杀虫剂对其造成的影响。     

Influence of edible fruit coatings on Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) oviposition and development

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is a highly invasive vinegar fly recently detected in the United States that severely threatens the viability of soft skinned fruit production. Insecticides mitigate some of this damage, but alternative methods to manage D. suzukii infestation are needed. We tested three edible coatings to determine if they could prevent or reduce oviposition by D. suzukii females or affect immature survivorship and development in two important host crops, blueberry and raspberry. None of the coatings prevented oviposition, but some reduced the number of eggs laid. Two carnauba wax-based coatings, PrimaFresh 45 and Raynox, dramatically reduced survivorship of immature D. suzukii in raspberries, but not in blueberries. Our results suggest that obtaining thorough, even coverage in the field will be essential if edible coatings are to be used as a management strategy for D. suzukii.     

Effects of a Chenopodium-based botanical insecticide/acaricide on Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) and Aphidius colemani (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

UDA-245 is a Chenopodium-based natural insecticide. Forty-eight hours after treatment with this compound, Orius insidiosus (Say) and Aphidius colemani Viereck showed slight contact toxicity at 5 g AI liter(-1). There was no residual toxicity to A colemani. These two beneficials are currently used in commercial flower and vegetable greenhouses for the management of thrips, spider mites, aphids and small caterpillars. In contrast, abamectin and insecticidal soap were toxic by contact to both species. UDA-245 did not reduce the number of eggs laid by treated O insidiosus. The eclosion of these eggs was also not adversely affected by UDA-245. The other two insecticides, abamectin and insecticidal soap had no effect on the emergence of A colemani from treated aphid mummies. However, abamectin decreased the percentage of aphid parasitism by A colemani following a residual treatment. The LC50 for UDA-245 for the two beneficials is slightly over twice the recommended field dose.