植物精油应用于害虫防治研究进展

从植物精油对害虫的生物活性(驱避、拒食、引诱、触杀、熏蒸、抑制生长发育)、植物精油的增效研究,以及植物精油对害虫的作用机理方面综述了植物精油用于植物保护领域防治害虫的研究进展,并展望了植物精油在植物保护中的应用前景。     

特用玉米及其病虫害发生与防治对策

我国玉米种植结构处于调整阶段 ,随着包括高油玉米、优质蛋白玉米、甜玉米和糯玉米等一系列特用玉米的发展 ,玉米病虫害发生危害规律也将随之发生变化。本文就我国玉米生产的现状、特用玉米发展与病虫害发生趋势进行了分析 ,并提出了防治对策。     

黄色灯防治害虫的研究与应用进展

黄色灯防治害虫的原理是利用蛾类昆虫对绿黄波段(500~590nm)光敏感的特性,通过干扰蛾类害虫的日节律达到降低其种群密度的目的。本文简述了黄色灯防治技术在国内外发展及应用状况、黄色灯防治效果的影响因素,以及黄色灯在防治蛾类害虫过程中对植物生理的影响,分析了黄色灯应用中存在的问题,并且对未来黄色灯的发展和应用进行了展望。     

Evaluation of natural diatomaceous earth deposits from south‐eastern Europe for stored‐grain protection: the effect of particle size

BACKGROUND: The use of diatomaceous earths (DEs) provides a promising alternative to the use of contact insecticides in stored‐product IPM. Geographical origin and the physical properties of a given DE may affect its insecticidal activity. In the present study, DE samples were collected from different locations of south‐eastern Europe, and their efficacy was evaluated in the laboratory against Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens) (Coleoptera: Cucujiidae), Sitophilus oryzae (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae). In addition, three fractions comprising particles of different size were obtained from each DE sample and assessed with regards to their effectiveness against the above stored‐product insect pests. RESULTS: DE from the Greek region of Elassona was the most effective against C. ferrugineus and S. oryzae, whereas the DE Kolubara 518, mined in the Serbian region of Kolubara, was the most effective against R. dominica. Smaller particles were more effective than larger particles against the three tested species, although significant differences in the efficacy of fractions containing particles of 0–150 µm and particles with sizes of < 45 µm were not always recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Deposits from south‐eastern Europe appeared to be very effective against the tested species, and therefore this region should be further evaluated as a source of development of commercial products. Particle size is a physical property that should always be taken into account during the DE manufacturing process, as it can strongly influence the insecticidal action of a given product. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of the combined treatment of insecticides and an attractant for the control of Phloeotribus scarabaeoides,a pest of Olea europea

Different insecticides have been tested for the control of the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides Bern. This scolytid can be managed at two points in its biological cycle: in pruned logs, where it excavates reproduction galleries, or in living trees, after emergence from the logs, where it digs feeding galleries. In mortality laboratory bioassays, the efficiency of organophosphorus insecticides has been ranked as follows: chlorpyrifos + dimethoate < formothion < methidathion. Formothion and methidathion, the two most efficient, were sprayed on olive logs together with a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, and a formulation which combined an organophosphorus (fenitrothion) and a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticide. Deltamethrin inhibited the excavation of new reproduction galleries and induced a repellent effect on the olive pest. In contrast, none of the organophosphorus insecticides or the combination, fenitrothion + cypermethrin, were able to control the olive bark beetle. In olive trees, deltamethrin controlled this olive pest without showing the repellent effect observed for logs. Ethylene, a plant hormone, has been reported as an attractant for the olive bark beetle. The use of dispensers which released ethylene increased the number of P. scarabaeoides approaching the treated olive trees, thus favouring its use in a lure-and-trap control system.     

Testing of an integrated regime for effective and sustainable control of invasive Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) comprising the use of natural inhibitor species,activated charcoal,and fungicide

Crofton weed is a major invasive species in China. It exhibits superior growth characteristics and can outcompete with native species via allolepathic effects and modulation of the soil fungal microbiome. The simple removal of invading plants will not ensure restoration of the habitat due to the persistence of allelochemicals and viable seeds in the surrounding soil. An orthogonal experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of three control factors (A, powdered natural inhibitor species to retard growth; B, activated charcoal to absorb allelochemicals; and C, fungicide to reduce fungal modulation effects), applied at three levels, on the growth and competitive ability of Crofton weed against two native species, in a pot‐culture experiment. All treatments reduced all measured growth parameters (P < 0.05) except for a specific leaf area, when compared with control plants. Furthermore, the competitive capacity of Crofton weed was decreased in the treatments while that of the native species was improved. Application to soil of the powdered natural inhibitor species and of activated charcoal significantly inhibited plant growth and competitive ability of Crofton weed (P < 0.05). Application of fungicide was less effective, but significantly reduced the specific leaf area of Crofton weed plants (P < 0.05). The specific combination of factors producing the greatest decrease in plant growth and competitive ability (compared with the control) included the addition of Delavaya toxocarpa powder (37.5 g per kg soil), addition of activated charcoal to soil at a ratio of 1:3 (v/v) (62.5 g per kg soil), and application of fungicide (Thiophanate‐Methyl) (0.28 g per kg soil).     

Effectiveness of cyfluthrin dust treatment for control and protection of shelled maize against infestation by the larger grain borer,Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Tanzania

Abstract

Knockdown, mortality and residual activity of pyrethrins and cyfluthrin were studied on the larger grain borer (LGB), Prostephanus truncatus (Horn). Pyrethrum marc with 0.4% pyrethrins and cyfluthrin dust (0.1% a.i.) when applied on filter paper at 0.72 mg/cm² gave 98.6% and 100% knockdown (KD) respectively after 6 h. Cyfluthrin dust had a faster KD effect with 100% KD compared to 93.1% for pyrethrum marc, ½1/2>h after treatment. After 24 h there was no recovery from KD in both treatments. After 72 h, 23.2% of the LGB had recovered from KD while mortality was 76.8% in the pyrethrum marc treatment. After the same period, cyfluthrin resulted in 100% mortality. Mortality of P. truncatus exposed to different dosages of cyfluthrin dust in shelled maize was less than 100% at dosages lower than 1 part per million (ppm) but was 100% at 1 ppm and higher dosages 3 days after treatment. Progeny emergence was suppressed at all dosage levels above 0.25 ppm compared to a mean progeny of 68.8 in the check after 45 days. Cyfluthrin dust was more residually toxic at 0.5 ppm and higher dosages, with mortality of >90% at 5 months after treatment. This suggests that cyfluthrin dust at 0.1% a.i. mixed with shelled maize at 1 ppm will give protection and control of LGB infestation.