人粪与不同原料配比对厌氧发酵产气影响

为提高人畜粪便和农作物秸秆资源化有效利用提供科学依据,研究了人粪与各种不同原料混合发酵的产气效率。试验通过自行研究设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以人粪、牛粪、鸡粪和玉米秆为消化原料,以常温厌氧发酵池的底物为接种物,在总固TS质量分数为8%条件下,进行批量厌氧消化试验,研究人粪分别与牛粪、鸡粪和玉米秆按不同比例（干物质质量比为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1）混合发酵的产气速率、累积产气量的变化。结果表明,在25℃恒温条件下,人粪与3种原料的混合发酵,均能正常产气,均能在厌氧发酵开始后的5～14d达最大产气速率,在30d左右各自的累积产气量均能达到总产气量的87%～92%,其中人粪与牛粪的混合产气效率最好,各组物料的3种配比的平均累积产气量分别为26713、21281和21227mL,各组物料的最优配比的最高产气速率分别为1500、1260和1100mL·d^-1。在25℃下,人粪与牛粪混合发酵的最优配比为3∶1,人粪与鸡粪的为1∶1以及人粪与玉米秆的为3∶1,为人粪与不同原料配比的混合厌氧发酵提供了参考依据。     

Composting of Source-Separated Household Organics At Different Oxygen Levels: Gaining an Understanding of the Emission Dynamics

Source-separated household organics were composted in a reactor at three oxygen levels, 16%, 2.5% and 1% in the compost gas. Short-chained fatty acids were initially present in the compost material, and were also produced during the mesophilic phase at all three oxygen levels. This indicated that partial anaerobic conditions existed. No NH₃ emissions occurred during the mesophilic phase due to acidic conditions. Composting at 2.5% and 1% O₂ concentrations prolonged the mesophilic phase and reduced the microbial activity as compared to 16% O₂. This led to delayed and decreased emissions of NH₃. Nitrous oxide was not formed during thermophilic conditions. Methane, which was measured at 2.5% and 1% O₂, was only found during thermophilic conditions. The emission of methane indicates that anaerobic conditions occurred during the thermophilic phase. The main reactions regulating pH during composting were outlined involving the ion species VFA, NH₄⁺/NH₃ and CO₂/HCO₃^?/CO₃^2?.     

A Model for Temperature Dependency of Thermophilic Composting Process Rate

To suit the purpose of composting, an optimal control of the composting process will be advantageous. Modeling may be useful for predicting how a composting process will proceed, both for the purpose of dimensioning a process plant and for planning the process runs. It may also be applicable for process control. If an applicable mathematic model can be created from a reasonably simple theoretic basis, it may have advantages compared to an empirical model. An equation for the temperature dependency of decomposition rate is proposed for modeling thermophilic composting processes. The equation is derived from a simple chemical model, including enzyme activity applying the Arrhenius equation.     

基于微生物发酵的废弃菜叶无害化处理及腐熟安全性评价

[目的]探讨添加微生物菌剂的废弃菜叶无害化处理及腐熟安全性,解决发酵过程中污染环境、提高发酵堆体孔隙度、通气量、温度上升慢等问题。[方法]以废弃菜叶为原料,以玉米秸秆、牛粪等为辅料,采用调控发酵原料的碳氮比、微生物菌剂种类、发酵堆体的水分及温度等方法。[结果]优化了废弃菜叶微生物发酵原料的最佳配比:废弃菜叶、玉米秸秆、牛粪、发酵菌剂的重量比100∶4∶2∶0.25;建立了一套废弃菜叶微生物发酵腐熟度指标评价体系,即发酵堆体温度≥50℃,持续3～5 d, pH值小于等于8.0,电导率小于等于2.0 mS/cm,E_4/E_6比小于等于2.5,C/N比小于20,发芽指数GI大于80;发酵产物的全氮、有机质、碱解氮、速效钾等养分及安全限量指标均符合行业标准。[结论]废弃菜叶微生物发酵终产物的pH值、电导率、E_4/E_6值、C/N值、GI等理化指标和生物指标均符合腐熟度指标,并达到蔬菜栽培基质的肥力及安全限量指标要求。     

不同乳酸菌发酵甘薯渣产物组分分析

为提高甘薯淀粉加工副产物的高值化利用水平,本试验以植物乳杆菌(Lp)、干酪乳杆菌(Lc)、保加利亚乳杆菌(Lb)、戊糖片球菌(Pp)、嗜热链球菌(St)、商业植物乳杆菌(SZ)6种乳酸菌分别对甘薯渣进行发酵,系统分析不同发酵产物的pH值、总酸含量及营养功能成分,并采用灰色理论加权关联度对甘薯渣发酵产物进行综合营养评价,筛选适宜发酵甘薯渣的乳酸菌菌种。结果表明,6种乳酸菌的发酵能力存在显著差异,其中Lb组pH值最低(3.15),Lc组总酸含量最高(27.90);同时,不同乳酸菌对发酵产物中营养功能成分的影响存在显著差异,其中Lb组乳酸含量最高(11.60 mg·mL^-1),SZ组乙酸含量最高(66.99μg·mL^-1),Lb组可溶性膳食纤维含量最高(0.74 g·100 mL^-1),St组总酚含量最高(146.87μg GAE·mL^-1)。与未发酵样品相比,Lc组游离氨基酸总量提高了3.71倍;所有发酵产物中的Mg、Ca、Fe、Zn、Se等矿物质元素含量均显著提高。进一步通过灰色理论加权关联度分析发现...     

搅拌结合pH控制10L发酵罐条件下乳酸菌发酵胡柚汁研究

为了提高10 L发酵罐发酵胡柚汁中活菌数、总酚含量和总黄酮含量,本试验以植物乳杆菌L1(Lactobacillus plantarum L1)和发酵乳杆菌L2(Lactobacillus fermentum L2)为发酵菌种发酵胡柚果汁,考察了摇瓶发酵条件下初始pH值和溶氧对胡柚汁乳酸菌发酵过程以及菌体细胞凝聚性的影响,并对10 L发酵罐发酵放大进行了研究。结果表明,不同pH值和装液量会影响胡柚汁发酵过程中活菌数、总酚含量和总黄酮含量,且胡柚汁发酵过程中乳酸菌细胞有自凝聚能力。在10 L发酵罐中控制搅拌转速为100 r·min^-1并结合pH控制发酵,胡柚汁发酵最大活菌数达到2.86×10¹⁰CFU·mL^-1,总酚和总黄酮最大含量分别达到268 和752 μg·mL^-1,比10 L发酵罐静置发酵分别提高47%、12%和13%,达到摇瓶最佳发酵效果。本研究结果为乳酸菌发酵胡柚汁饮料的规模化生产提供了理论依据。     

Effect of Steeping Corn with Lactic Acid on Starch Properties

Pasting and thermal properties of starch from corn steeped in the presence of lactic acid and at different steeping times (8, 16, 24, 32, and 40 hr) were investigated. Corn kernels were steeped at 52°C with 0.2% (w/v) SO₂ and with and without 0.5% (v/v) lactic acid. The isolated starch obtained by corn wet‐milling was characterized by determining starch recoveries, retrogradation, and melting transition properties of the lipid‐amylose complex by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and pasting properties by the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA). Damaged granules and the starch granule size were determined by using microscopic techniques. Starches from corn steeped in the presence of lactic acid (LAS) were compared with control starch (CS) steeped without lactic acid. Greater starch recoveries were obtained for LAS samples than for CS samples, and practically no damaged starch was present in the former preparations. The presence of lactic acid affected the RVA profiles and steeping time affected the viscosities of the starch suspensions. In general, the RVA parameters of LAS suspensions were lower than those of CS suspensions. No great modification of the thermal properties was observed; only a slight decrease in amylopectin retrogradation and in the melting enthalpy of the amylose‐lipid complex was observed. Hydrolysis of the starch during steeping seems the most probable explanation to the starch modifications produced by lactic acid addition.     

Inactivation of Giardia Cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Beef Feedlot Manure By Thermophilic Windrow Composting

Effects of composting manure on viability of Giardia cysts (GC) and Cryptosporidium cysts (CO) were determined in a two-year study with manure from feedlot cattle bedded on barley straw or woodchips. Each year, manure was deposited in 8 m × 2.5 m × 2 m windrows (one per bedding type) on a sheltered concrete pad. On day 0, porous bags containing 100 g of feces from confirmed Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-positive cattle (9 bags per retrieval day in Year 1; 3 per day in Year 2) were implanted in the windrows. Replicate bags were placed on the concrete pads as uncomposted controls. Windrow temperature and water content were measured and compost was turned mechanically twice each week. Fecal bags were retrieved and subsampled for enumerations of total and viable cysts and cysts after 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days in 1998 and after 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 16, 23, 30, 42, 56, 70 and 98 days in 1999. Windrow temperatures (TEMP) exceeded 55°C during the fourth week of composting, and remained above 50°C for 4 wk thereafter in 1999. Bedding material did not affect overall mean temperature in either year, but TEMP was higher with straw than with woodchip from day 10 to day 17 in 1998 (P < 0.05) and on day 16 and day 42 in 1999 (P < 0.10). In 1998, moisture content decreased from 62.2 to 43.2% during composting of woodchip manure and from 67.3 to 39.3% during composting of straw manure. In 1999, moisture content decreased from 61.0 to 31.8% for woodchip and from 64.5 to 28.6% for straw compost. Percentage of viable CO declined gradually over the 31 days in 1998. The following year revealed a rapid decline in viability of GC and CO once compost temperature exceeded 55°C and viabilities of GC and CO were reduced to zero after 42 days (straw compost) and after 56 days (woodchip compost). Exposure of CO and GC to temperatures > 55°C for a period of 15 days appears to be an effective method of inactivating Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium cysts in feedlot manure.     

不同碳氮比下牛粪高温堆肥腐熟进程研究

为有效处理奶牛场养殖粪污,建立以之为原料的牛粪有机肥高效堆肥工艺,本文通过工厂堆肥试验,以牛粪为主料,以蘑菇渣、稻壳为辅料,设置C/N=15、C/N=25、C/N=35三个处理,研究不同碳氮比原料高温堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、EC、C/N和养分等理化指标的变化。结果表明,C/N=25堆体达到的温度最高,达到最高温度所需时间最短且保持65℃以上时间最长。堆肥过程中各处理pH值变化基本一致,均是先升高后降低再升高最后趋于稳定,各处理EC都是先波动上升后在波动中逐渐下降并趋于稳定。各处理堆体在堆肥过程中,C/N也都呈现逐步减小的趋势,并最终保持稳定。至堆肥结束时,各处理C/N分别11.7、15.0和21.3。各处理铵态氮含量逐渐下降,硝态氮含量逐渐增加,至堆肥结束时,铵态氮的损失量分别为80.7%、36.6%和46.7%,硝态氮含量分别增加到0.61 g kg~(-1)、0.50 g kg~(-1)、0.41 g kg~(-1)。堆肥结束时,各处理胡敏酸类、富里酸类等物质成为DOM的主体部分,N1、N3处理发芽指数大于50%但小于85%,N2处理发芽指数大于85%。各处理堆肥全磷、全钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加。因此,牛粪高温堆肥能有效处理奶牛场养殖废弃物,且C/N=25时堆肥效果最佳。     

Changes in Thermophilic Bacteria Population and Diversity during Composting of Coal Fly Ash and Sewage Sludge

The thermophilic bacteria in compost made from coal flyash-amended sewage sludge were isolated and identified using theBiolog system to investigate the effect of coal fly ash on thethermophilic decomposition of sewage sludge during composting. Atotal of 8 species of Bacillus were isolated from thecompost and Bacillus brevis was the dominant speciesduring the entire composting process. The present resultsdemonstrate that the Biolog system is a fast and simple methodfor identifying bacterial species in compost, provided thatoptimum conditions could be achieved for the Bacillusculture. Adding coal fly ash as an amendment did not change thedominant bacteria species during composting, but decreased thepopulation and diversity of thermophilic bacteria species due tothe high alkalinity and salinity. Fewer thermophilic bacteriawere detected in ash-amended sewage sludge compost than insludge compost. There was also reduced metabolic activityobserved in the ash-amended sludge compost from the data ofCO₂ evolution and weight loss. Although ash amendmentdemonstrated a negative effect on the population and diversityduring thermophilic phase, it did not cause any significanteffect on compost maturity.     

Composting for the Treatment of Cattle Wastes

? Livestock farming in England and Wales is estimated to produce an annual figure of 200 million tons of animal excreta, half generated by the dairy cattle industry. In the United Kingdom, the structure of the cattle industry has shifted from large numbers of small dairy farms to fewer but larger units. The national average herd size increased from 26 to 42 and finally to 64 animals in 1965, 1975 and 1985, respectively. The latest census revealed that currently there were 2.44 million dairy cows and 9.45 million other cattle and calves in the United Kingdom (total 11.89 million), third place after France (21.50 million) and Germany (19.51 million) in the EEC countries.     

Hybrid-Dependent Effect of Lactic Acid on Corn Starch Yields

The effect of lactic acid on starch yields of different corn hybrids was determined by wet-milling 18 commercial corn hybrids at three levels of lactic acid. All 18 hybrid samples tested had higher starch yields when lactic acid was added to the steep solution, although the magnitude of the increased starch yields varied between 2.9 and 12.0%. The optimal lactic acid concentration for maximum starch recovery was found to be between 0.55 and 1.67% lactic acid, by wet-milling nine of the same 18 corn hybrids with seven levels of added lactic acid. Between 0.83 and 1.67% lactic acid, the starch yields of eight of the nine hybrids were constant (within ±0.5%). Results showed that the average starch yield across all hybrids decreased with a lactic acid concentration <0.55% and a lactic acid concentration >1.67%.     

Fatty Acid Formation during Composting of Separately Collected Organic Household Wastes

? Recent studies indicate that fatty acids are formed in significant concentrations during the composting of organic household residuals. Their presence may be one major reason for depressed germination and seedling development that often result following application of compost. Experimental results in Sweden indicate that at least five to six months should elapse before low levels of fatty acids for cropping are reached in the composts. Further research on fatty acid formation is recommended.     

PLA沙障对土壤硬度的影响

 为了解新材料聚酯纤维(PLA)沙障对沙丘土壤硬度的影响,通过测定铺设PLA沙障沙丘表层的土壤硬度,并以铺设麦草沙障沙丘及裸沙丘为对照,对比研究各种规格、迎风坡、坡顶及背风坡土壤硬度的差异。结果表明:铺设PLA沙障沙丘表层土壤硬度显著高于麦草沙障沙丘(P<0.001),且2者土壤硬度均显著高于未铺设沙障的裸沙丘(P<0.001);2 m×2 m和1 m×1 m PLA沙障土壤硬度比较接近,均显著小于3 m×3m规格的(P<0.01),而麦草沙障3种规格的土壤硬度差异较小;2种沙障所在沙丘不同部位土壤硬度变化趋势相似,均是迎风坡的最大,坡顶次之,背风坡的最小;PLA沙障及麦草沙障单个障格内的土壤硬度分布都是不均匀的,并且二者的土壤硬度分布规律存在差异。     

N~+注入诱变高自溶度的乳酸菌突变株

通过N+注入方式对乳酸菌唾液链球菌嗜热亚种GS1和德氏乳杆菌保加利亚亚种LD3进行诱变,获得自溶度较高的乳酸菌菌株。离子注入剂量为1×2.6×103～6×2.6×1013时,菌株的存活率曲线呈典型的"马鞍型"剂量-效应曲线,总突变率达到57%～74%。离子注入能量为50keV,最佳注入剂量为4×2.6×1013 ion/cm2,此时,菌体存活率为25%～33%。筛选得到的乳酸菌菌株,自溶度变化幅度在127.98%～-51.96%之间。得到2株自溶度显著提高的突变菌株,分别命名为LD3-A3和GS1-B13,与出发菌株相比其自溶度分别提高了127.98%和115.11%。经5次传代培养,突变株的自溶度和遗传性状比较稳定。结果表明离子注入诱变技术是一种理想的乳酸菌发酵剂菌种选育方法。     

Physical Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid) and Starch Composites with Various Blending Ratios

Two‐phase polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and corn or wheat starches at various ratios were prepared by using a laboratory‐scale twin‐screw extruder and compression molding. The blends were characterized for thermal transitions, mechanical properties, and water absorption. Starch and PLA were immiscible polymers, and the thermal behavior of PLA was not affected by starch. Crystallinity of the blends decreased in some degree as starch content increased 20–40%. Tensile strength and elongation of the blends decreased as starch content increased, but modulus increased as starch content increased up to 70%. As starch content increased to >60%, the PLA phase became discontinuous, and water absorption of the blends increased sharply. Blends made from wheat starch gave slightly better mechanical properties than those made from corn starch, and no differences in other properties were observed.     

Composting of Yard Waste and Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge Mixtures

Composting of yard waste and sludge/yard waste mixtures was investigated during laboratory and field testing. A strong correlation between moisture content and windrow peak temperatures was observed. Odors were detected at cocomposting windrows when temperatures exceeded 54°C. The sludge to yard waste mixture ratio was found to affect resulting compost particle size and, consequently, oxygen transport. Compost quality was excellent, with pesticides below detection level and low concentrations of heavy metals.     

高温蛋白酶生产菌BY25不同培养基下产酶差异研究

枯草芽孢杆菌是一种广泛存在于土壤中的产酶细菌,在环境领域也具有广阔的应用前景。本文以一株产高温蛋白酶枯草芽孢杆菌BY25为研究对象,比较添加不同有机氮源的产酶培养基进行发酵时,各处理中枯草芽孢杆菌胞外蛋白酶的组成和产量的差异;并对不同培养基发酵液的粗酶液组分进行酶学性质分析和明胶酶谱检测。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌BY25在不同培养基条件下会出现差异性产酶,产酶培养基中添加麸皮有利于中性金属蛋白酶（(Npr）)的产生,而添加豆饼粉则有利于枯草菌素（(Apr）)的产生。     

生物基可降解聚乳酸沙障的蚀积特征

[目的]分析不同铺设规格生物基可降解聚乳酸(PLA)沙障障格内风蚀稳定凹曲面形态特征、断面轮廓及蚀积效应等指标,为聚乳酸沙袋沙障规格优选提供理论依据。[方法]以内蒙古自治区吉兰泰盐湖周边流动沙垄铺设的0.5 m×0.5 m,1 m×1 m,1.5 m×1.5 m和2 m×2 m规格的聚乳酸沙袋沙障为研究对象,待风季后测量障格内稳定凹曲面蚀积形态,绘制凹曲面形态图并计算蚀积参数等。[结果] 4种规格沙障障格内均能形成稳定的凹曲面,且呈四周高中间低的整体格局。0.5 m×0.5 m,1 m×1 m,1.5 m×1.5 m和2 m×2 m障格内的净堆积强度分别为17.29,7.09,0.61,-8.2 g/cm~2。[结论]障格内稳定的凹曲面形成前,0.5 m×0.5 m和1 m×1 m障格内以堆积为主;1.5 m×1.5 m障格内风蚀堆积近乎平衡;2 m×2 m障格内部在布设初期呈风蚀状态,但稳定凹曲面形成后,仍可控制地表风蚀。     

生物质及其衍生糖类制备乳酸的研究进展

生物质资源是地球上产量最多、分布最广的可再生资源,利用农业废弃物等各种生物质制备高附加值平台化合物对解决能源危机和环境问题具有重要的意义。本文在相关研究现状的基础上,简要总结了发酵法、化学催化法等以生物质及其衍生糖类为底物制备乳酸的工艺方法,并对相应体系进行了分析,提出了这一领域中近期的热点及发展趋势,以期对后续研究提供参考。