土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

为了探索土壤环境因素对致病性尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)存活和生长繁殖的影响,通过设定环境温度、土壤含水量和土壤p H等,研究了这些因素对尖孢镰刀菌西瓜专化型(FON)和黄瓜专化型(FOC)生长繁殖的影响。结果发现,致病性尖孢镰刀菌在21℃~30℃范围内能快速繁殖,而在45℃条件下则无法生长;土壤含水量为20%时该菌繁殖速度最快,而含水量为5%时则受到明显抑制;p H 4~5.5的偏酸性土壤适宜尖孢镰刀菌繁殖,而p H为中性或以上土壤均不利于该菌生长。结果表明,高温、干旱和碱性是减轻土壤中致病性尖孢镰刀菌繁殖的有利环境因素,通过创造相应环境条件,可以控制枯萎病的发生或蔓延。     

Compost Effect on Greenhouse Cucumbers and Suppression of Plant Pathogen Fusarium Oxysporum

Three windrows were constructed from a mixture of horse manure and soiled bedding collected from four equestrian centres in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, where stables were bedded with hemlock, spruce, and fir wood shavings. Composting was accomplished by turning the windrows twice a week during the first four weeks and once a week for eight additional weeks. At the end of 12- week composting period, windrows were combined and allowed to cure for three months. The cured compost was tested for the ability to promote cucumber (cv Enigma) seedling growth, supply micronutrients, and suppress mycelial growth of plant pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis cucumerinum (FORC). The heights and dry weights of cucumber seedlings grown in 20% compost in sawdust were significantly greater than those grown in sawdust alone. When fed with nutrient solutions lacking micronutrients, seedling grown in 20% compost gave significantly greater height, dry weight, and chlorophyll concentrations compared to seedlings grown in sawdust alone. The analysis of extractable micronutrients indicated that manganese, followed by zinc and boron, were the predominant micronutrients in horse manure compost. Both iron and molybdenum concentrations were present in less than one ppm and copper was present just above one ppm. There was a significant correlation (r² = 0.83) between in vivo chlorophyll measurements by SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter and the in vitro chlorophyll measurement by spectrophotometer. Thus in vivo measurements of SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter can be used to assess nutrient availability from compost to cucumber seedlings. Horse manure compost also contained bacteria that suppressed mycelial growth of FORC.     

Soil Solarization: Effects on Soil Microbiological Parameters

Soil solarization, obtained by covering soil with plastic films, is a useful practice able to reduce soil pathogen populations. Light plastic films (LPFs) are nowadays widely used especially in open and greenhouse vegetable crop cultivations in Southern Italy, as they are able to raise soil temperature more than 20°C above air temperature. The solarization treatment with LPFs is characterized by a low cost and low environmental impact.

The wide use of these technique causes a concern about the side effect of solarization on soil microbial populations, which are affected the same as plant pathogens by soil heating. As scientific literature pays scant attention to the effect of soil heating on soil microbial parameters, this paper studied the effects of solarization on soil microbial biomass, soil respiration, and soil enzymatic activity in the presence of organic amendments and the soil fumigant dazomet.

Solarization appears to be an effective practice able to control nematodes, even though it may cause serious stress on the soil microbial biomass. In addition, it was demonstrated that the organic amendments exert a protective role keeping soil microbial biomass and enzymatic activities protected from the detrimental effect of heating.     

Synthesis and antifungal activity of novel bisdithiocarbamate derivatives of carbohydrates against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini

Novel carbamic esters possessing a carbohydrate moiety derived from glycerol or D-glucose with two N,N-diethyldithiocarbamoyl groups and a series of bisdithiocarbamic esters having a ketone or an alkyl ester have been synthesized. The in vitro activity of these new compounds was evaluated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lini. Some of the compounds [bis[1,3-S-(N,N-diethyldithiocarbamoyl)]-1, 3-dideoxyglycerol) and diethyl N,N'-(1,3-dideoxyglycer-1, 3-diyl)bis(dithiocarbamate)] were more active for inhibiting vegetative mycelium growth than, respectively, the commercial N, N-diethyldithiocarbamic acid sodium salt and Maneb. The structure activity of these new compounds is discussed.     

一株拮抗香蕉枯萎镰刀菌稀有放线菌的分离及鉴定

本研究采用苯酚、干热、SDS和超声波四种不同的预处理方法从五指山原始林区采集的土样中选择性分离得到的702株稀有放线菌,共筛选出4株具有拮抗香蕉枯萎镰刀菌活性的菌株,经过复筛,获得一株高活性的拮抗菌210-1-61。通过对其进行形态鉴定、生理生化特征鉴定和16SrDNA序列分析,结果表明该菌株与M．pattaloongensis JCM12833^T进化关系最近,其16SrDNA序列同源性最高,达98．89％;其形态与生理生化特性也与小单孢菌属M．pattaloongensis JCM12833^T很接近。此外,我们还构建了与该菌株同源性较高的模式菌株16SrDNA序列的聚类分析图,结果发现该菌株与Mpattaloongensis JCM12833^T稳定单独构成一个分支,二者亲缘关系最近,初步鉴定该菌株为Micrombonospora.pattaloongensis。本研究为今后探讨小单孢菌属稀有放线菌对香蕉尖孢镰刀菌具有拈抗活性提供研究实验材料。     

西瓜枯萎病菌生物学特性测定及防治试验

对西瓜枯萎病菌（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｆ．ｓｐ．ｎｉｖｅｕｍ）的生物学特性测定结果表明：病菌生长温度范围１０～３５℃，适宜生长温度２５～２８℃；分生孢子在饱和相对湿度下萌发率为７２．６％，在水滴中达８５．２％；分生孢子的致死温度为５５℃１０ｍｉｎ；病菌生长的ｐＨ值范围在２．３８～１１．４５，最适ｐＨ值为６．６５～９．６９。室内药效测定结果表明：７０％代森锰锌３００倍，４０％灭病威３００倍和５００倍，２５％多菌灵３００倍和抗枯灵５００倍对枯萎病菌菌丝生长有明显的抑制作用。田间防治以嫁接苗的防治效果最好，达９１．２％；其次为１５％粉锈宁１０００倍和５０％ＤＴ６００倍，防效分别为６８．４７％和６５．０５％。     

Screening of fungal strains responsible for strong fungistasis against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in a coffee compost-amended soil

(pp. 817–824)
Disease incidence of crown and root rot of tomato, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici J3 (FOL J3) was significantly lower in a soil (CC-soil) amended with coffee compost and chemical fertilizers (CF) than in a soil (CF-soil) amended with only CF. Germination of microconidia of various plant-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strains was consistently lower in the CC-soil than in the CF-soil, suggesting that the CC-soil possessed a higher degree of fungistasis. When the CC-soil was supplemented with rifampicin and kanamycin, germination of FOL J3 didn't increase, suggesting that the higher degree of fungistasis in the CC-soil may not be of bacterial origin. The substrate-induced respiration inhibition method demonstrated that the CC-soil possessed higher microbial activity and was dominated by fungi. PCR-DGGE analysis showed that the microbial community structure of the two soils was different. Fungal mycelia were isolated from the soils and the effect of the isolates on soil fungistasis was examined. Three isolates, all belonging to F. oxysporum out of 49 showed strongest suppressive effect on the germination of FOL J3 and two isolates suppressed Fusarium crown and root rot disease when they were inoculated into autoclaved CC-soil. These results might suggest that the isolates close to F. oxysporum were responsible for highly fungistatic capability in the CC-soil and were a possible source for disease suppression.     

Shifts in ascomycete community of bisolarizated substrate infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici by PCR-DGGE

Substrate samples were artificially infested with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (FOC) and F. oxysporum f. sp. basilici (FOB) in order to evaluate the shift in fungal population by using culture dependent and culture independent methods. Solarization was carried out with transparent polyethylene film during a summer period on a greenhouse located in Northern Italy, in combination or not with Brassica carinata defatted seed meals and/or compost. Biosolarization treatment was carried out in a growth chamber by heating the substrate for 7 and 14 days at optimal (55–52 °C for 6 h, 50–48 °C for 8 h and 47–45 °C for 10 h/day) and sub-optimal (50–48 °C for 20 h, 45–43 °C for 8 h and 40–38 °C for 10 h/day) temperatures. Plate counts and polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses were performed to evaluate the effect of biosolarization on the microbial population. The abundance of FOC and FOB were reduced as a consequence of biosolarization approach, while bacterial population (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and Pseudomonas spp.) were higher compared to control samples during the experiment. PCR-DGGE fingerprints of the ascomycete community obtained from DNA directly extracted from infested substrate samples showed that the use of organic amendments increased the similarity of the fungal population.     

城市生活垃圾堆肥对土壤环境容量的影响

本文分析了不同量的城市生活垃圾堆肥(以下简称垃圾堆肥)施入农田土壤后,土壤理化性状、作物生长效应及重金属在土壤中积累等情况。阐述了垃圾堆肥对土壤环境容量影响因素，为制定垃圾堆肥施入标准提供了科学依据。     

Earthworms disseminate a soil-borne plant pathogen,Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani

Radish plants infested with a soil-borne plant pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani PEG-4, which is resistant to hygromycin B, were placed on the surface of a soil microcosm containing earthworms (Pheretima sp.). The earthworms ate the radish plants and scattered individual casts everywhere in the burrows. The fungal propagules were detected in the gut of the earthworms and in 26 out of 28 casts. These results suggested that the pathogen could survive passage through the alimentary canal of the earthworms and be disseminated anywhere earthworms wandered. The collected casts were incubated in a moist chamber at 28°C for 14 days, which resulted in a decline in the number of the propagules. The effects of the earthworms on the population dynamics of the pathogen were estimated. The earthworms seemed to cause a decline in total propagules of the pathogen in soil, although they expanded its distribution in soil.     

硝/铵营养对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响

通过室内平板培养,研究了不同硝/铵配比的氮源,以及不同的pH对香蕉枯萎病尖孢镰刀菌生长的影响。结果表明: 1）在所有不同硝/铵配比处理中,低pH（pH=4）均抑制尖孢镰刀菌的生长。在相同pH值条件下,100%铵态氮处理中尖孢镰刀菌的生长受到明显抑制,其菌落直径均小于4 cm; 2）在不同浓度铵处理后,尖孢镰刀菌的生长在铵态氮大于5 mmol/L时受到强烈的抑制; 3）通过模拟植物细胞壁被尖孢镰刀菌侵染并穿透的过程中发现,尖孢镰刀菌在100%铵态氮处理下不能穿透赛璐膜。本研究结果说明,铵态氮能够控制香蕉尖孢镰刀菌的生长,并抑制其侵染穿透寄主细胞壁。     

污泥堆肥对盐碱土土壤环境和作物生长的影响

以城市污水处理厂污泥堆肥为研究对象,采用盆栽试验方法研究不同用量(0%,5%,10%,20%)污泥堆肥施入盐碱土后,对玉米、大豆生长情况及土壤环境的影响。结果表明,施用污泥堆肥可降低盐碱土pH值和总盐含量,提高土壤养分及酶活,增加土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮,同时施用污泥堆肥土壤重金属Zn、Cu含量增加,当施用量为20%时,土壤Zn含量超标。另外,玉米和大豆在污泥堆肥施用比例分别为10%和5%时长势最佳,且作物籽粒中重金属含量在国家食品卫生标准范围内。     

Municipal Tropical Compost: Effects on Crops And Soil Properties

Three kinds of tropical soils (inceptisol, mollisol and oxisol: USDA) were amended with increasing quantities of municipal refuse compost. Prepared mixtures: 0, 1.2, 2.5, 5, 10 and 25.6 percent (by volume) of compost were utilized as growing substract (without mineral fertilizer) in pot vegetation trials including three successive plantations taking corn as the test plant. Plant yields and heavy metal concentrations were determined. Urban compost effects on soil chemical parameters were evaluated. Corn growth had been significantly enhanced by the presence of urban compost showing no toxic effects. However, this fertilizing effect decreases after successive harvestings. Cadmium and lead concentrations in the plants were found to be under detection concentration limits (0.5 and 5.2 ppm respectively). Concentrations of copper and zinc in the plants increased relative to the amounts of urban compost but never reached toxic concentrations.     

防治蔬菜枯萎病的芽孢杆菌对植物体内酶活性的影响

将拮抗菌制成液体培养,黄瓜、西瓜、青椒经处理后测定其体内几种酶活性的变化研究结果表明,3种植物经5个菌株的液体培养处理后,其多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性比对照均有明显提高,98-Ⅱ和96-Ⅱ使青椒、黄瓜多酚氧化酶活性分别提高477.78％和150.00％;96-Ⅱ和94-Ⅲ使黄瓜过氧化氢酶活性分别提高419.64％和115.66％;94-Ⅱ使西瓜过氧化氢酶活性提高109.24％;98-Ⅰ使黄瓜β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性提高23.90％。拮抗菌处理后诱导植物体内产生一些有益于植物抗病性增强的生理生化反应,是拮抗菌制剂防病的机理之一。     

厚垫料肉鸡粪改良滨海盐土的研究

经过３年施用厚垫料肉鸡粪改良滨海盐土的试验结果表明，此项措施能明显提高土壤有机质和养分含量，改善理化性状，提高脱盐、抑盐能力，提高　土壤肥力．     

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种中Fsr1基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

以尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种为材料,克隆其Fsr1基因的DNA及cDNA全长,并对其进行生物信息学分析。根据镰刀菌中相关基因设计简并引物,结合PCR与RT-PCR技术扩增目的片段,进行氨基酸序列推导后分析。得到结果 FoFsr1基因开放阅读框为2 474 bp,共编码824个氨基酸;FoFsr1基因编码蛋白可能是存在于细胞核中的跨膜亲水蛋白,含有54个蛋白磷酸化位点,不含有信号肽;该蛋白主要含有1个Striatin结构域及7个WD40结构域,二级结构主要由β折叠和无规则卷曲组成,其中不含有亮氨酸拉链结构;同源性分析发现其与丛赤壳菌属中的Fsr1蛋白亲缘关系最近。通过结构分析发现,推测该蛋白可能在细胞周期及细胞凋亡过程中起信号转导与转录调控的作用,从而对病原菌的致病力产生影响。     

Effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on Soil Properties and Vegetables Growth

ABSTRACT

This work investigates the impact of municipal solid waste compost (MSW-compost) application (0, 50, and 100 t/ha) on the growth, and on nutrient and trace elements content in lettuce and tomato plants grown in large, 40-L pots. Our findings showed inhibition of plants’ growth with increasing dose of MSW-compost, compared to plants receiving conventional fertilization. Growth inhibition was associated with a sharp decrease in soil NO₃–N content. On the other hand, a slower decrease in soil NO₃–N content occurred in non-planted pots amended with MSW-compost. These findings provide evidence that N immobilization and/or decreased N mineralization were responsible for inhibited growth by constraining N availability. With regard to the other macro-nutrients, K, P, Mg, Ca, and Fe, their contents in leaves of both crops were maintained at optimum levels. Higher zinc and copper content was measured in leaves of both crops but they did not exceed the optimum range for growth. No accumulation of trace elements was found in the fruits. The content of heavy metals in the tissues of plants grown in MSW-compost amended soil, remained at levels similar to those of the non-amended soil, suggesting that they do not pose a significant risk either for plant growth or public health. The findings of our study suggest that further emphasis should be given on the investigation of the factors regulating N mineralization and availability in order to avoid reductions in crop yield.     

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种中FoGAS1基因的克隆与序列分析

采用PCR和RT-PCR的方法,从尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种中克隆得到了FoGAS1基因的DNA及cDNA序列,并运用生物信息学的方法对该基因所编码的氨基酸序列进行分析,预测其编码蛋白质的结构和功能。结果表明,FoGAS1基因全长1 672 bp,其中开放阅读框全长1 623 bp,编码含有540个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,该蛋白分子量为58398.1,等电点pI=4.83,为性质稳定的亲水性蛋白。FoGAS1蛋白为跨膜蛋白,含有22个丝氨酸磷酸化位点,2个苏氨酸磷酸化位点,8个酪氨酸磷酸化位点。该蛋白在C端有一个信号肽结构,为一种分泌蛋白。通过系统进化树分析,该蛋白在不同种属镰刀菌中高度保守。     

Succinic acid inhibited growth and pathogenicity of in vitro soil-borne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum

Abstract

To clarify possible mechanisms of interaction of soil–plant–microbe for fusarium wilt of watermelon, succinic acid was added into the media to test its effect on in vitro Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum in the ecological and biogeochemical cycling of soil–plant–microbe. Results showed that succinic acid decreased the growth and conidia germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. The biomass and the conidia germinating rate were reduced by 10.1–59.8% and 14.4–21.4% respectively. Mycotoxin production and pathogenic enzyme activity by the fungus were suppressed at higher concentrations of succinic acid. Results suggested that succinic acid would not increase the risk of Fusarium oxysporum attacking plants, animals and humans due to its inhibition of fungus in the ecological and biogeochemical cycling of succinic acid in the interaction of soil–plant–microbe.     

Compost Effects on Soil Physical Properties And Field Nursery Production

Field production of ornamental shrubs often results in significant topsoil removal and degradation of surface soil physical properties. Building soil organic matter through compost amendments is one way to ameliorate effects from topsoil removal in woody ornamentals production. We amended field soils with three composts to evaluate their effects on soil physical properties and shrub biomass production. Specifically, we applied either duck manure-sawdust (DM), potato cull-sawdust-dairy manure (PC) or paper mill sludge-bark (PMB) composts to a Plano silt loam soil using two application methods: 2.5 cm of compost incorporated into the top 15 cm of soil (incorporated-only) or 2.5 cm of compost incorporated plus 2.5 cm of compost applied over the soil surface (mulched). We grew three shrub species from liners: Spirea japonicum ‘Gumball’, Juniper chinensis ‘Pfitzeriana’, and Berberis thunbergia ‘Atropurpurea’. Shrub species and soil amendment treatments were established in triplicate in a randomized split plot design. Total soil carbon (TC), bulk density (ρb), aggregate stability, soil moisture retention capacity (MRC), volumetric moisture content (θ_v), and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) were measured over three years (1998 to 2000). We measured above and below ground shrub dry matter production at the end of the first (1998) and second (1999) growing seasons. Mulched treatments resulted in 15%-21% higher TC than the incorporated-only and no-amendment control treatments. Bulk density decreased with increasing TC contents. Greater aggregate stability and the formation of larger aggregates were related to increased TC. Field moisture retention capacity tended to be higher in the incorporated treatments compared to the mulched and nonamended control treatments. Compost amended treatments increased saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_sat) sevenfold over the nonamended control. There were no compost effects on shrub biomass until the second year of growth. Barberry was the only species to respond significantly and positively to compost application. Specifically, mulched DM compost produced 39-42% greater total Barberry biomass than the other compost treatments and the nonamended control. Our findings showed that compost effects on soil physical properties differed among composts and their subsequent effects on shrub growth were species specific.