NL-95等3个杨树无性系秋栽试验初报

对NL-95(P.×euram ericanaCL‘NL-95’)、NL-895(P.×euram ericanaCL‘NL-895’)、35杨等杨树无性系秋栽及春栽进行试验,结果表明;秋栽成活率高于春栽:其当年长势也是秋栽比翌年春栽好。因此,从气温、地温、湿度、苗木含水量等因素分析,认为杨树秋栽在苏北是可以推广的一项技术。     

NL-895等杨树新无性系苗期试验

以杨树新无性系NL-895、NL-95、NL-1388、NL-3244、NL-120、NL-3814、NL-220、NL-177、NL-873为试验材料,对其苗期的树高、地径等生长指标进行跟踪测定。结果表明,各杨树新无性系树高总生长量之间差异极显著。NL-895比NL-95、NL-120、NL-220、NL-177高生长速度快,平均高达5.4 m。而NL-3244、NL-3814、NL-1388、NL-873前期高生长较慢,最终平均高达4.9 m。其中NL-95、NL-895、NL-3244,NL-873平均高出62 cm以上。而NL-895、NL-95最高生长量达6 m。各无性系平均增长100 cm左右,其中NL-95、NL-895达106 cm。各无性系地径月平均增长0.7cm左右,其中NL-95、NL-895最高达0.73 cm。同时,NL-95,NL-895抗病性能较好。干形圆满通直。因此,认为NL-895和NL-95各方面指标优异,适宜在本地培育优壮苗。     

皖东圩区几个杨树新品种造林试验

10个杨树品种6 a造林试验表明:NL-895、NL-80351、NL-95、NL-80303、中涡1号等杨树品种造林成活率高、生长量较大、病虫危害较轻,可以在皖东圩区大力推广;中林2001、中林46、天演速生杨、91007等几个品种病虫危害较重,年均胸径生长不足2 cm,皖东圩区不宜发展;欧美杨107造林成活率、保存率高,生长中等,该区属适生范围。     

6个杨树无性系系列对比试验研究

对引进的6个杨树优良无性系系列进行了造林和育苗对比试验。育苗结果表明,6个杨树无性系系列苗木胸径、高度差异极显著,中汉系列苗期表现最优,生长速度顺序为中汉系列、中潜系列、南林95、南林895、351杨、南抗系列。造林结果表明,6年生杨树无性系之间的生长量差异显著,中汉系列、中潜系列、南林95、南林895材积生长表现优异,可在江西省推广应用。     

杨树无性系木材制浆性能的综合评价

以6年生杨树无性系鲁林1号(PopulusבLulin-1’)、I-107(P.×euramericana cv.‘74/76’)和L35 (P.×euramericana cv.‘L35’)为试验材料,对其木材的纤维形态、化学组分、浆料性能和纸张质量进行了研究。结果表明:不同无性系木材的纤维长度、纤维宽度和长宽比存在一定差异,其中鲁林1号的纤维长度和长宽比为1.153 mm和49.5,分别为I-107的98.8%和106.0%,分别为L35的99.74%和99.74%;鲁林1号木材的化学组分中综纤维素和纤维素含量较高,木素和戊聚糖等含量较低,浆料白度及强度性能各项指标优良。此外,鲁林1号的纸张具有较好的抗张指数与耐破指数,总体纸张质量介于I-107与L35之间。综合分析认为,杨树无性系鲁林1号适合配抄各种中高档文化用纸。     

5个南方型杨树无性系苗木耐盐性盆栽试验

[目的]研究盐胁迫对杨树生长及生理指标的影响,开展不同杨树无性系耐盐性比较及评价。[方法]以895杨(Populus×euramericana‘Nanlin 895’)、1388杨(P.×euramericana‘Nanlin 1388’)、3804杨(P.deltoides‘Nanlin 3804’)、110杨(P.deltoides×P.cathayana cl.‘110’)和328杨(P.×euramericana cl.‘328’)5个杨树无性系为材料,采用室内盆栽方法,以无盐处理为对照,对其在不同盐(NaCl)浓度处理(1‰、2‰、3‰、4‰、5‰)土壤下的成活率、生长量、叶片细胞质膜透性、丙二醛含量、光合速率等13项指标进行测定和分析,采用隶属函数法对其耐盐性进行了综合评价。[结果]在土壤盐胁迫下5个杨树无性系的苗高、地径和生物量生长均受到了抑制;苗木成活率、叶片光合速率和叶绿素含量均随盐处理浓度的提高而降低;叶片细胞质膜透性和丙二醛含量随着盐处理浓度的提高而提高。[结论]5个杨树无性系耐盐性存在差异,其顺序为:110杨328杨3804杨895杨1388杨。110杨能耐受3‰左右的土壤含盐量,其它无性系只能耐受2‰左右。     

3个美洲黑杨无性系引种区域化试验初报

从南京林业大学引进895杨、95杨、797杨3个美洲黑杨杂种无性系,在甘肃天水渭河谷地苗期试验的基础上,于当地不同地区建立试验林,进行区域化对比试验。3a试验结果表明:3个无性系生长表现较好,其中以895杨和797杨优势明显,与对照加拿大杨差异极显著,其单株材积平均生长量均超过对照20%~60%,而95杨与对照加拿大杨无显著差异。初步认为,3个无性系可在甘肃省天水地区各杨树栽培区推广应用。     

荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种对杨树氮代谢和矿质元素含量的影响

【目的】探究荧光假单胞菌与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种条件下NL-895杨植株氮代谢及矿质元素含量的响应,在养分代谢水平上揭示溶磷细菌与外生菌根菌互作对杨树生长的影响,为杨树复合菌剂的开发与应用提供理论依据。【方法】对2年生NL-895盆栽菌共接种荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1和红绒盖牛肝菌(Xc),测定氮代谢指标可溶性蛋白质含量、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性以及植株矿质元素含量。【结果】无论JW-JS1或Xc单接种,还是JW-JS1与Xc共接种均能显著提高NL-895杨树叶片可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性以及植株的矿质元素含量,且共接种处理优于各单接种处理。共接种30天后NL-895杨的可溶性蛋白质含量、硝态氮含量和硝酸还原酶活性分别比CK增长20.19%、79.99%和33.08%,共接种90天后增长76.76%、106.62%和34.86%,共接种150天后增长137.99%、50.70%和59.89%,植株内P、Mg、K、Ca、Mn和Zn含量分别比CK增长71.66%、23.67%、49.71%、22.90%、84.57%和151.56%。相关性分析发现,共接种30天后NL-895杨苗高和茎粗与硝态氮含量显著正相关(P0.05);共接种90天后NL-895杨苗茎粗与可溶性蛋白含量显著正相关(P0.05);共接种150天后NL-895杨苗高与硝酸还原酶活性、Mg含量、K含量显著正相关(P0.05),NL-895杨茎粗与P含量显著正相关(P0.05)、K含量极显著正相关(P0.01)。【结论】荧光假单胞菌JW-JS1与红绒盖牛肝菌共接种显著改善NL-895杨的氮代谢功能和矿质元素的吸收从而促进NL-895杨的生长。     

宿迁市引种南方型杨树品种的现状及对策

1972年,泗阳县从意大利引进南方型杨树69、72等种杨;1975年泗阳县又引进南方型速生杨树69杨、72杨、63杨、214杨并试验成功;上世纪80年代末、90年代初,宿迁地区引种南京林业大学"69×63"杂交选育的351杨、35杨栽培成功,直至现在的南林95杨、南林895杨在全市范围的广泛种植,南方型杨树远渡重洋来到中国已经     

不同杨树品种对美国白蛾生长发育和存活的影响

选择青岛地区常见的12个杨树品种,研究不同杨树品种对美国白蛾生长发育和存活的影响。结果表明,美国白蛾幼虫的体重、发育历期、存活率以及成虫产卵量和卵孵化率与所取食的杨树品种有明显的相关性。在供试范围内,107杨、欧美杨卡帕茨、美洲黑杨T66、欧美杨L102、美洲黑杨323为美国白蛾易感寄主,欧美杨w141、美洲黑杨中荷1号、美洲黑杨L35为中抗寄主,南林895杨、南林95杨、美洲黑杨T26、美洲黑杨L324为高抗寄主。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.