Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) in Hungary1

During a routine survey which was conducted in three successive years, 1990–1992, in southeastern Hungary, it was found that Meloidogyne spp. are common on a wide host range in fields, glasshouses and polythene tunnels, especially in sandy soil between the Danube and Tisza rivers. Meloidogyne incognita, M. incognita acrita and M. arenaria were recorded to be the most important in glasshouses (at Hódmezóvásárhely, Csongrád, Mindszent, Fábiánsebestyén, Kistelek, Balástya, Szatymaz, Bordány, Mórahalom, Szeged, Apátfalva and Szegvár); M. hapla was found to be the most important species in the field (at Hódmezóvásárhely, Makó, Szeged, Szatymaz, Szentes, Domaszék, Mórahalom, Asotthalom, Bordány, Ulés, Zsombó, Balástya, Kistelek, Csanytelek, Forráskút and Rúzsa). M. thamesi was detected in certain cultivated plants and weed hosts (at Kistelek, Balástya, Rúzsa, and Gyula). Besides the cultivated plants, 41 weed plants, belonging to 34 genera in 22 families, were also found to be hosts for root-knot nematodes in fields and glasshouses. Meloidogyne naasi was found for the first time in Hungary on some grass hosts.     

Cronartium rust sporulation on hemiparasitic plants

Susceptibility of potential alternate host plants to pine stem rusts belonging to Cronartium spp. was artificially tested in Finland during 2012–2013. Forty‐three species representing 11 plant families were inoculated in the laboratory; 34 species (11 families) were inoculated in the greenhouse with aeciospores of Cronartium flaccidum or C. ribicola. Twenty‐one selected species (10 families) were also exposed to natural inoculum of C. flaccidum in the field in two severely affected Pinus sylvestris stands. After 5–8 weeks’ incubation, C. flaccidum sporulated on 17 species (nine families) in the laboratory, 17 species (eight families) in the greenhouse and seven species (five families) in the field. Cronartium ribicola sporulated on three species (three families) in the laboratory or greenhouse. All of the hemiparasitic plants that belong to Orobanchaceae were infected by C. flaccidum, and several species supported rust sporulation when exposed to natural inoculum. Susceptible species belonged to genera Veronica, Euphrasia, Castilleja, Pedicularis, Rhinanthus, Saxifraga, Loasa, Ribes, Tropaeolum, Swertia, Physalis, Nicotiana, Hyoscyamus, Paeonia, Apocynum, Impatiens, Vincetoxicum and Myrica.     

亚洲玉米螟的寄主植物种类

为探明亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)的寄主植物种类,对13科38种植物进行了田间笼罩接虫试验和室内生物测定,并通过组建实验种群生命表分析了不同寄主植物对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响。田间试验结果表明,亚洲玉米螟寄主植物有8科20种,酸模叶蓼是最适宜寄主植物,其次为玉米、谷子、薏苡等;在酸模叶蓼、玉米等11种植物上还发现了第2代幼虫。室内试验结果表明,在室内饲养条件下,亚洲玉米螟能在9科25种寄主植物上完成生活史,其中以向日葵为寄主植物的亚洲玉米螟种群增长最快,其次为玉米。研究表明,亚洲玉米螟的寄主植物共有9科27种,较适宜寄主植物有酸模叶蓼、玉米、谷子、苍耳和葎草,其中在玉米上的生长发育和繁殖最佳。     

取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内可培养细菌的多样性

为明确取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾Phthorimaea operculella幼虫肠道可培养细菌种类组成的多样性及其差异,分别对取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾4龄幼虫的肠道细菌进行分离培养,根据菌落形态和生理生化特征及16S rDNA序列分析对菌株进行分类鉴定。结果表明,从取食马铃薯块茎的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内共分离获得细菌有4门8科10属15种,其中褪色沙雷氏菌Serratia marcescen和乙酸钙不动杆菌Acinetobacter calcoaceticus为优势种,其相对多度分别为17.20%和16.06%。从取食马铃薯叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内共分离获得细菌有4门10科10属16种,其中琥珀葡萄球菌Staphylococcus succinus和乙酸钙不动杆菌为优势种,其相对多度分别为11.86%和15.07%。取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾肠道内相同的可培养细菌有4属5种,分别为褪色沙雷氏菌、深红沙雷氏菌Serratia rubidaea、阿氏肠杆菌Enterobacter asburiae、乙酸钙不动杆菌和琥珀葡萄球菌。表明取食马铃薯块茎和叶片的马铃薯块茎蛾幼虫的肠道内可培养细菌组成结构不同,且优势种存在差异。     

云南省不同海拔区草地贪夜蛾幼虫肠道与粪便细菌多样性

为探明草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda不同海拔种群的幼虫肠道及粪便细菌组成,采用分离培养法、形态特征及16S rDNA测序分析法对云南省5个海拔22个草地贪夜蛾种群的幼虫肠道及粪便细菌进行分离培养、鉴定。结果表明,从不同海拔种群的幼虫肠道和粪便中分别获得可培养细菌4门15科22属45种和4门13科18属36种,优势菌门均为变形菌门和厚壁菌门。不同海拔种群的幼虫肠道和粪便细菌组成均不同,500 m以下、1 001～1 500 m、1 501～2 000 m和2 000 m以上4个海拔种群的幼虫肠道细菌优势属和优势种分别为肠球菌属Enterococcus和铅黄肠球菌Enterococcus casseliflavus,500～1 000 m海拔种群的优势属和优势种分别为克雷伯氏菌属Klebsiella和变栖克雷伯氏菌Klebsiella variicola;500 m以下、500～1 000 m、1 001 m以上海拔种群的幼虫粪便细菌优势属分别为假单胞菌属Pseudomonas、克雷伯氏菌属和肠球菌属,优势种分别为韩国假单胞菌Pseudomonas koreensis...     

Reclaiming saline areas in Khorat Basin (Northeast Thailand): Soil properties,species distribution,and germination of potential tolerant species

The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of native Thai species for reclaiming salt-affected areas in Thailand. Plant species diversity in Nakhon Ratchasima Province in northeast Thailand, and their soil characteristics (texture, electrical conductivity (EC_e), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), and pH) were measured. A total of 19 species in 16 genera of 12 families were found, among which the most abundant species belonged to the Poaceae and Cyperaceae families. The highest values of EC_e were found near the surface (0–20?cm) with an average range between 30–80?dS?m^?1, while lower values in the range of 15–25?dS?m^?1 were found at lower depths (20–100?cm). Soil conditions in the subplots with plant coverage showed lower EC_e and ESP when compared to plots without vegetation. Seeds from the three most frequently occurring species, including Azima sarmentosa, Gymnosporia mekongensis, and Buchanania siamensis, were then tested for germination at different salinities. Seeds of all three species germinated at high salinities, from 25–45?dS?m^?1, with total germination ranging 40–90%. Together with the ability to germinate at high salinities, these native species showed deep, rapid root elongation, likely to escape high surface EC_e levels (approximately the top 30?cm). Planting these species in areas with vegetation coverage would aid successful reclamation of saline areas. Reclaiming salt-affected soils will not only improve local farmer’s economic status, but can also reduce the extent of deforestation, benefiting the entire ecosystem.     

取食不同寄主的草地贪夜蛾肠道微生物多样性分析

为绿色防控草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda,基于16S rDNA和ITS高通量测序分析,对分别取食玉米、小麦以及田间常见杂草婆婆纳Veronica polita的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌和真菌进行物种注释、多样性分析、物种组成分析及功能预测。结果显示,细菌注释共获得20门30纲72目106科164属214种,真菌注释共获得9门23纲46目90科154属237种。厚壁菌门、放线菌门和变形菌门为取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道优势细菌门,子囊菌门和担子菌门为取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道优势真菌门。肠球菌属Enterococcus为取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌共同的优势属,相对丰度分别为70.86%、25.42%和72.02%;丝孢酵母属Tricho-sporon 和帚枝霉属 Sarocladium 为取食玉米的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌的优势属,相对丰度分别为57.28%和17.38%,酵母菌目未分类属、小囊菌属Microascus和丝孢酵母属Trichosporon为取食小麦的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌优势属,相对丰度分别为29.31%、27.01%和15.45%,双足囊菌科未分类属为取食婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌优势属,相对丰度为61.79%。取食小麦的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌群落的多样性最高,取食婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌群落的多样性最高,取食婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌和真菌群落的丰富度最高。取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道细菌群落功能主要与代谢通路相关,取食玉米、小麦和婆婆纳的草地贪夜蛾肠道真菌群落功能主要与基础代谢或生理功能相关。     

Host plants of Anoplophora glabripennis,a review

Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle) attacks many different broadleaf tree species. Although there is no doubt that A. glabripennis can complete its life cycle on species belonging to various genera such as Acer, Populus, Salix and Ulmus, there is conflicting information about the host plant status of many other species. Plant species may have been listed because of maturation feeding or oviposition, without evidence that A. glabripennis can actually complete its life cycle on these species. In the present review, 34 plant taxa that have been listed as A. glabripennis‐hosts are placed in four different categories based on information available through literature search and by personal communication with experts. The categories are: (I) plant species on which A. glabripennis has been reported to complete its life cycle (from oviposition to emergence of new beetles) under field conditions, (II) plant species on which A. glabripennis has completed its life cycle in laboratory or semi‐field experiments (i.e. plants and beetles reared in cages), (III) plant species on which A. glabripennis has been reported to complete part of its life cycle, and (IV) others. The following genera were placed in category I: Acer, Aesculus, Betula, Cercidiphyllum, Fraxinus, Platanus, Populus, Salix and Ulmus. The species Albizia julibrissin, Corylus colurna, Elaeagnus angustifolia, Fagus sylvatica, Koelreuteria paniculata, Malus domestica, Pyrus bretschneideri and Sorbus aucuparia were also placed in category I, although records on exit holes were limited. These species may be rather poor or unattractive hosts on which A. glabripennis may only incidentally oviposit and/or complete its life cycle or the species may be rather uncommon in outbreak areas thus far and, therefore, not frequently attacked. Elaeagnus angustifolia has also been reported to be resistant. For some of the species listed the host plant status may need confirmation. The list of category I species may also become longer in the future because several of the plant species listed only recently appeared to be true hosts, i.e. supporting completion of the full life cycle of A. glabripennis.     

玉米矮化病株及其根际土壤内线虫的分离与分子鉴定

为探究玉米矮化病的病原,采用Ludox TM悬浮法对从吉林和辽宁采集的玉米矮化病株及其根际土壤和健康株根际土壤分离的线虫进行了鉴定和种群比较,并对矮化病株茎基组织PCR产物进行测序分析。结果表明:玉米健康株根际土壤分离出29属线虫,特有线虫是角咽线虫属Actinolaimus和木盾移线虫属Peltamigratus,矮化玉米病株根际土壤分离出28属线虫,特有线虫为锥线虫属Dolichorus,二者相同的线虫属有27个。矮化玉米病株根际土壤中植物线虫种类和数量明显比健康株根际土壤中高,线虫种群数量差异明显的主要是矮化线虫属Tylenchorhynchus、短体线虫属Pratylenchus和刺线虫属Belonolaimus,病株根际土壤中这3个属线虫总数约占病株土壤分离线虫总数的20.23%、11.27%和10.40%。玉米矮化病株茎基组织中短体线虫属和矮化线虫属数量占优势,2个属的线虫数量分别占测序总数的22%、14%(吉林长岭)和16%、20%(辽宁黑山)。表明玉米矮化病的发生与植物线虫相关,很可能是多种线虫共同引起的病害。     

黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草组成及群落特征,采用倒置W型九点取样法对黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草进行了调查,并进行了区域聚类分析。调查结果表明:从杂草种类来看,黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草共有49种,隶属于17科45属,其中禾本科、菊科、十字花科和石竹科种类最多,分别有10、8、7和6种;从杂草优势度来看,优势杂草有7种,分别为看麦娘Alopecurus aequalis、硬草Sclerochloa kengiana、猪殃殃Galium aparine、牛繁缕Malachium aquaticum、稻槎菜Lapsana apogonoides、荠菜Capsella bursa-pastoris、日本看麦娘A. japonicus,区域性优势杂草有6种,分别为野老鹳草Geranium carolinianum、碎米芥Cardamine hirsuta、大巢菜Vicia gigantea、通泉草Mazus japonicus、菵草Beckmannia syzigachne、委陵菜Potentilla chinensis,这13种杂草是构成黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田的主要杂草,此外还分布有一般性杂草36种;从杂草区域分布来看,江苏省北部稻麦轮作区小麦田物种丰富度最高,有40种,明显高于其它稻麦轮作区小麦田,香农指数和均匀度指数也以该区域最高,分别为2.63和0.71,辛普森指数则以山东省临沂库灌稻麦区最高,为0.27。聚类分析结果表明,黄淮海地区稻茬小麦田杂草群落可以划分为4组,河南省南部稻麦轮作区和山东省临沂库灌稻麦轮作区杂草群落结构相似构成1组,河南省北部沿黄稻麦轮作区和山东省沿黄稻麦轮作区杂草群落结构相似构成1组;江苏省北部稻麦轮作区和山东省济宁滨湖稻麦轮作区各自单独成组。     

Occurrence and diversity of fungal pathogens associated with water hyacinth and their potential as biocontrol agents in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia

Water hyacinth poses serious socio-economic and environmental problems in Ethiopia. To integrate fungal pathogens into water hyacinth management, a survey was conducted in the Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Based on morphological characterization and DNA sequencing, 25 fungal species were identified that belong to nine genera. Alternaria tenuissima, A. alternata, Aspergillus niger, Phoma sp., Curvularia trifolii, Mucor fragilis, M. racemosus, A. fumigatus, Fusarium oxysporum, and F. equiseti were the most common fungi detected. However, their occurrence was influenced by water wave action, temperature, season, and altitude. Among the fungal pathogens, A. alternata, A. tenuissima, F. oxysporum, F. equiseti, and Neofisicoccum parvum were highly pathogenic to water hyacinth. Alternaria alternata and A. tenuissima did not cause disease symptoms on ecologically important plant species (e.g. Noug, Tef, and Coffee). Application of the fungal pathogens on water hyacinth plants also showed 11%–67%, 22%–72%, 15%–55%, and 12%–50% reduction in fresh weight, dry weight, plant height, and root length of water hyacinth, respectively. This study suggests that fungal species have the potential to control water hyacinth biologically and provides baseline data for biological control efforts in the future.     

Experience of polyphagous alien pests of protected crops in Great Britain1

It is government policy in Britain to prevent the introduction of alien pests and to eradicate any of economic importance as soon as possible, should they be found in Britain. In recent years a series of polyphagous pests have been introduced into glasshouses in Britain, including Liriomyza trifolii and L. huidobrensis, Frankliniella occidentalis, Opogona sacchari, Bemisia tabaci and Spodoptera littoralis. Of these, only F. occidentalis is no longer subject to eradication and is now established in Britain. The measures taken to eradicate these pests are discussed. Emphasis is given to the unusual technical problems presented by each pest. These problems include the differing pest life histories and the tolerance of pesticides. Crop husbandry and pesticide approval can affect the choice of eradication strategy. Where possible, the eradication strategy is integrated with biological control.     

Annual and herbaceous perennial native Australian plant species are symptomless hosts of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest of Western Australia

Resistant annual and herbaceous perennial plant species were identified as key hosts which allow Phytophthora cinnamomi to persist on severely impacted black gravel sites within the Eucalyptus marginata (jarrah) forest of southwest Western Australia. Of the annual and herbaceous perennial plant species present on black gravel sites, 15 out of 19 species were found to be hosts of P. cinnamomi, and 10 of these were symptomless hosts. In particular, the native annual Trachymene pilosa and the two native herbaceous perennials Stylidium diuroides and Chamaescilla corymbosa were commonly found to be hosts of the pathogen. Species from 12 new genera including three from new families (Crassulaceae, Droseraceae and Primulaceae) are reported for the first time to be hosts of P. cinnamomi. The species from which P. cinnamomi was recovered were the native species: Chamaescilla corymbosa, Crassula closiana, Drosera erythrorhiza, Hydrocotyle callicarpa, Levenhookia pusilla, Paracaleana nigrita, Podotheca angustifolia, Pterochaeta paniculata, Rytidosperma caespitosum, Siloxerus multiflorus, Stylidium diuroides and Trachymene pilosa, and the introduced annual weeds Hypochaeris glabra, Lysimachia arvensis and Pentameris airoides.     

Oomycete species associated with Theobroma cacao crops in Colombia

The study of oomycetes associated with crops is highly important due to the economic losses they might cause. In cacao, the genus Phytophthora has been extensively studied, but little is known about other genera and species of oomycetes associated with this plant. This study aimed to determine the oomycetes’ diversity present in Colombian cacao crops. A total of 146 isolates were obtained from diseased plants and soil in 11 departments. Analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome oxidase subunit I (coxI) sequences was performed along with the assessment of morphological characteristics. Nine species were identified, distributed in four genera: Phytophthora (P. palmivora, 54%; P. nicotianae, 1%), Phytopythium (Phy. chamaehyphon, 15%; Phy. cucurbitacearum, 9%; Phy. vexans, 7%; Phy. helicoides, 1%), Globisporangium (G. splendens, 3%), and Pythium (Py. delicense, 1%; Py. inflatum,1%). Additionally, an unidentified and possibly new species of Phytophthora (5%) and three unidentified species of Phytopythium (3%) were found. This is the first report of Globisporangium, Phytopythium, and Pythium in cacao crops of Colombia and the first report of the species Phy. chamaehyphon in the country. Interestingly, some isolates of Phytopythium spp. were isolated from necrotic leaves and vascular section of stems, which may suggest a role in cacao diseases traditionally associated with Phytophthora. Also, it is proposed that the new species of Phytophthora may be contributing significantly to black pod disease in Colombian cacao crops, and we highlight that the study of P. palmivora is urgent because of its distribution all over the country.     

Diversity and detections of Phytophthora species from trade and non‐trade environments in Ireland

The genus Phytophthora is one of the genera of organisms that poses the most threat to plant health worldwide. Statutory monitoring for Phytophthora species focuses on the species regulated in the European Union and recommended for regulation by EPPO (Plant Health Directive 2000/29 EC and the EPPO A2 List). This research provides details of the Phytophthora species detected from trade and non‐trade environments in Ireland between 2013 and 2015. The results of statutory surveys for the regulated species Phytophthora ramorum, Phytophthora kernoviae and Phytophthora lateralis from 2003 to 2015 are also presented. Testing of more than 11 000 samples was carried out using morphological and/or DNA identification with specifically designed Phytophthora conserved primers. This led to the detection of 19 species and 3 informally designated taxa of Phytophthora, including 8 new records for Ireland. Eight species were found in both trade and non‐trade locations, and three informally designated taxa were also detected. Phytophthora ramorum was found on the most hosts (30 hosts), followed by Phytophthora syringae (6 hosts) and Phytophthora kernoviae (3 hosts). Rhododendron was the host on which Phytophthora species were most frequently detected (12 Phytophthora species). The role of the plant trade in spreading invasive Phytophthora species is discussed.     

Parasitic flowering plants of woody species in Jordan

Parasitic weed occurrence in Jordan was surveyed during the period from 2004 to 2009. Results revealed the presence of seven genera attacking 85 woody plant species belong to 33 botanical families. Parasitic genera were Cuscuta, Orobanche, Cistanche, Plicosepalus, Viscum, Osyris and Cynomorium. Among the most severely parasitized species were Citrus spp., Olea europaea, Vitis vinifera, and Ziziphus spina-christi by Cuscuta monogyna; Amygdalus communis and O. europaea by Orobanche cernua, Orobanche palaestina and Orobanche schultzii,; A. communis, Cupressus sempervirens, O. europaea and V. vinifera by Osyris alba; Casuarina equisetifolia and Haloxylon persicum by Cistanche spp.; Acacia asak, Acacia cyanophylla, Acacia farnesiana, Acacia nilotica, C. equisetifolia, Ficus carica, Melia azedarach, Parkinsonia aculeata, Poinciana gilliesii, Retama raetam, Tamarix pentandra and Ziziphus spp. by Plicosepalus acaciae; A. communis, Crataegus azarolus, O. europaea, P. granatum, R. raetam, and Rhamnus palaestina by Viscum cruciatum; and H. persicum by Cynomorium coccineum. Many of the host species are first time reported while O. schultzii was the first record parasitizing woody plants.     

雷州半岛空中昆虫群落结构特征

为明确东亚迁飞场重要通道—雷州半岛空中昆虫的群落结构特征,于2022年在雷州半岛设立探照灯对夜间昆虫进行诱集及种群动态监测,并采用Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数分析物种多样性。结果表明,诱集昆虫隶属于12目61科126属146种,其中鳞翅目、鞘翅目和半翅目昆虫是诱集量和物种丰富度最多的3大类群,分别占所有诱集昆虫总数的72.37%、11.18%和6.58%。诱集昆虫不仅包括草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda、劳氏黏虫Leucania loreyi和斜纹夜蛾S. litura等多种重要的迁飞性害虫,还包括中华草蛉Chrysoperla nipponensis、黄蜻Pantala flavescens和异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis等迁飞性天敌昆虫。空中昆虫的诱集高峰期主要在6—9月。诱集昆虫的Margalef丰富度指数平均数为6.60,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数平均数为2.68。表明雷州半岛空中昆虫群落物种丰富度和多样性均较高,并证实许多重大农业害虫在迁飞过程中途经雷州半岛。     

河南省小麦田杂草组成及群落特征

为明确河南省小麦田杂草的种类组成和群落特征,采用倒置"W"9点取样法对河南省36个区县的小麦田杂草进行了调查。结果表明,小麦田杂草有77种,隶属于20科65属,其中以禾本科、菊科、十字花科为主;优势杂草有10种,分别为播娘蒿、野燕麦、荠菜、猪殃殃、婆婆纳、麦家公、麦瓶草、节节麦、雀麦、硬草;常见杂草有28种,一般性杂草有39种。从杂草区域分布来看,伏牛山区小麦田杂草群落的物种丰富度、多样性最高,杂草有49种,Shannon-Wiener指数最高,为2.94;豫南平原区Pielou指数最小,为0.75,Simpson指数最高,为0.098,优势杂草突出。聚类分析结果表明,河南省小麦田的杂草群落可以划分为3组,第1组为豫北平原区、豫南平原区和伏牛山区的杂草群落,第2组为南阳盆地区和桐柏大别山区的杂草群落,第3组为太行山区的杂草群落。     

A contribution to the knowledge of the Turkish aphid (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) fauna

As a result of the study carried out between 2007 and 2009 in the eastern part of the Black Sea Region of Turkey, 4 genera and 17 species were determined as new records for the Turkish aphid fauna. New recorded species are Aphis arbuti, Aphis cytisorum, Aphis kachkoulii, Cavariella digitata, Chaitophorus kapuri, Chaitophorus longisetosus, Cinara pinivora, Illinoia lambersi, Myzus beybienkoi, Neobetulaphis pusilla, Phyllaphis fagifoliae, Pseudessigella brachychaeta, Schizaphis rotundiventris, Symdobious oblongus, Thecabius lysimachiae, Thelaxes californica and Tinocallis takachihoensis. With these new records, the number of genera increased to 134 and the number of the species in the Turkish aphid fauna amounted to about 480. Since Turkey has a huge range of agricultural crops and a great diversity in its natural flora, research conducted on the Turkish aphid fauna has current and future indications for plant protection.     

黄土高原雨养区不同种植年限紫花苜蓿土壤真菌群落的分布特征

依托布设在黄土高原雨养农业区的长期田间定位试验,以玉米田为对照、不同种植年限紫花苜蓿地(L2003,L2005,L2012)土壤为研究对象,采用真菌ITS高通量测序技术探究不同种植年限苜蓿土壤真菌群落分布与演替特征,为黄土高原苜蓿人工草地的可持续利用提供微生物参数。结果表明:黄绵土共检测到真菌6门24纲73目156科313属,主要包括子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、接合菌门(Zygomycota)、担子菌门(Basidiomycota)。苜蓿土壤和农田土壤真菌群落结构差异显著,随苜蓿种植年限延长子囊菌门相对丰度先降低后升高,接合菌门和担子菌门相对丰度先升高后降低,表现为L2003子囊菌门相对丰度显著高于L2005处理12.42%(P0.05),接合菌门相对丰度显著低于L2005处理153.54%(P0.05)。农田土壤优势属为被孢霉属(Mortierella)、绿僵菌属(Metarhizium)和腐质霉属(Humicola),苜蓿土壤共有优势真菌属为刺孢属(Phaeomycocentrospora)、白僵菌属(Beauveria)和被孢霉属。农田土壤被孢霉属相对丰度显著高于苜蓿土壤62.38%～73.48%(P0.05),随着苜蓿种植年限的延长,土壤促生菌(白僵菌属和绿僵菌属)丰度下降,部分病原菌(镰刀菌属、赤霉菌属)丰度增加。主成分分析发现,丛赤壳属(Nectria)、土赤壳属(Ilyonectria)和镰刀菌属(Fusarium)与第一主成分(PC1)具有较高的相关性,Lectera菌属、支顶孢属(Acremonium)和赤霉菌属(Gibberella)与第二主成分具有较高相关性,与第一、第二主成分相关性较高的菌属均为植物病原菌。