基于TM影像的内蒙古达茂旗草地景观格局动态分析

基于遥感影像、地理信息系统和地面调查数据,以内蒙古达茂旗为研究区域,对1988年、2002年的TM遥感影像进行综合解译,得到两个时期达茂旗地区景观类型分布图,在此基础上应用景观生态学研究方法,对内蒙占达茂旗景观格局及动态变化进行分析.结果表明:内蒙古达茂旗景观以草地为主体,其中北部以平原丘陵荒漠草原的针茅草原为主体,农田、林地等人工植被面积较小且主要分布在研究区的南部.研究区景观类型多样,景观分布均匀,但各景观中斑块数量多,斑块破碎度较大.与20世纪80年代相比,2002年草地景观面积减少,景观斑块数量减少,破碎度降低,斑块形状更加规则;林地和水域斑块数量减少,面积大幅度下降;沙漠化草地面积增加.     

临泽盐渍化草地景观空间格局的初步分析

采用景观多样性指数、优势度指数、分维数和修改分维数等指标,分析和比较临泽盐渍化草地轻盐区和高盐区的景观空间格局。区域景观空间格局分析结果表明,随着土壤全盐含量的增加,多样性指数随之增加,而优势度指数、分维数和修改分维则降低。说明在土壤盐渍化过程中,缩小了不同斑块间面积的差异,导致斑块形状和空间关系趋于简单。在描述临泽盐渍化草地的景观空间格局方面,修改分维数与景观多样性指数、优势度指数和分线数相比,是一个较为准确和全面的综合指标。对斑块的景观空间格局分析结果表明,同一斑块类型在高盐区的分维数普遍低于轻盐区,说明土壤全盐含量升高使斑块形状的复杂性降低。从轻盐区到高盐区,优势种的耐盐性相对较弱的群落面积减少,并且与周围斑块之间的空间关系趋于简单。与此相反,以相对耐盐植物为优势种的群落面积增加,与其它斑块之间的空间关系复杂化。随着土壤全盐含量的升高,与放牧关系密切的群落面积减少、空间格局多样性程度降低,而与放牧关系疏远的植物群落,其变化趋势恰恰相反。上述研究结果表明,盐渍化草地空间格局的变化既有土壤盐渍化的作用,又有人类活动的影响。     

景观生态分类在草地资源分类中的运用

目前运用的草地分类系统,划分类型较细,侧重于对资源数量与分布的调查,着重于认识资源.针对草地分类系统及草地类型在生态环境建设和资源优化配置运用中存在的问题,将景观生态分类理论引入草地资源分类中,划分草地资源类型,建立草地资源分类的原则、依据和标准,突出景观格局对草地形成及利用的作用,使分类结果更有利于草地资源的优化配置和"3S"技术在区域草地资源调查与规划中的广泛应用.以昭苏县为例,建立该县草地资源分类系统.     

浑善达克沙地景观格局分析——以内蒙古正蓝旗为例

采用20世纪80年代和21世纪初内蒙古正蓝旗草原地面调查资料及2个不同时期遥感信息影像,在该基础上,以草地学、草地生态学和景观生态学为理论基础,综合运用以景观指数为基础的景观格局分析方法对正蓝旗草原景观变化进行了分析.结果表明,正蓝旗总体景观近20年景观破碎度升高,不同景观斑块数量和斑块形状指数大都有不同程度的增加,斑块所占面积的比例变化不大,不呈现规律性.异质性增加,景观状况呈恶化趋势,景观丰富度变化不大,大多数景观的景观多样性、均匀度和景观破碎度升高,优势度减小,优势斑块类型的作用减弱,景观区域平衡化,景观稳定性减弱,景观更加趋于破碎.     

景观生态分类在草地资源分类中的运用

目前运用的草地分类系统，划分类型较细，侧重于对资源数量与分布的调查，着重于认识资源。针对草地分类系统及草地类型在生态环境建设和资源优化配置运用中存在的问胚．将景观生态分类理论引入草地资源分类中，划分草地资源类型，建立草地资源分类的原则、依据和标准，突出景观格局对草地形成及利用的作用，使分类结果更有利于草地资源的优化配置和“3S”技术在区域草地资源调查与规划中的广泛应用。以昭苏县为例，建立该县草地资源分类系统。     

呼伦贝尔森林-草原交错区景观持续性分析

以1988、1995、2000和2004年4期的TM遥感影像数据为信息源,利用GIS图像、数据处理功能,获取了呼伦贝尔森林-草原交错区的景观格局空间分布信息,并在此基础上,通过不同尺度下的景观格局特征指数的持续性分析,揭示了该区景观格局动态变化的趋势.研究结果表明:景观尺度下,景观多样性指数与分维数指数的持续性增加,而优势度的持续性降低,说明研究区景观格局正在朝着更为破碎化、复杂化的方向发展;类型尺度下,景观斑块分维数、形状指数、分离度的持续性在以林地、草地、耕地、未利用土地为代表的景观类型中均增幅明显,各类型都呈现出景观斑块形状越来越不规则,分布越来越分散的特征.     

基于CBERS-1卫星图像的塔里木河下游典型区域景观格局分析

基于遥感、地理信息系统和景观生态学研究方法,以塔里木河下游典型区域为研究对象,对塔里木河下游典型区域CBERS-1遥感图像进行目视判读,获取研究区2001年8月、2005年8月2期矢量数据,选取景观多样性指数、景观优势度指数、景观均匀度指数、景观斑块密度、景观廊道密度指数等景观生态指标,对所用指标综合分析,结果表明:1)2001年8月-2005年8月景观类型构成没有发生变化,而且都是以灌丛、低覆盖度草地和荒地占绝对优势,但在研究区内所占比例不同;2)农田面积、斑块数大幅上升,导致草地等景观类型面积下降;3)研究区内除了草地、低覆盖度草地、荒地、沼泽、水域面积减少以外,其他景观类型面积都有不同程度的增加,水域面积减少的原因是水域由大的斑块状改变成线状或带状,但是景观总的连接性还是很差.     

内蒙古多伦县景观格局动态变化分析

根据内蒙古多伦县2000年TM影像和2008年SPOT5影像及地面调查资料,在ArcGIS和ERDAS等软件支持下,获得多伦县2期景观类型数据,并运用景观生态学原理与方法,分析了多伦县2000-2008年景观格局动态变化,以期为多伦县土地资源的合理规划与利用提供决策依据,也为荒漠化治理提供理论依据。结果表明:林地面积增长最快,增长了12.09倍,年变化率为1.51%,优势度指数增加明显,破碎度指数和分维数减小;沙地面积减小最为明显,减小了16107 hm²,占2000年沙地总面积的85.1%,年变化率为0.11%,随着斑块数量的增加破碎度指数呈增加趋势,沙地景观类型重心向西北方向转移21.13 km。草地斑块数呈减少趋势,但是斑块面积增加了36150 hm²,占2000年草地总面积的16.4%。综上所述,表明多伦县生态环境趋于良性发展。     

海西州天然草地资源景观格局现状分析——基于TM影像

为了研究海西州天然草地景观格局现状,利用ARCGIS对海西州天然草地TM影像进行解译,并利用景观格局分析方法进行分析。结果表明:海西州天然草地存在景观破碎度高、斑块形状复杂的问题,说明海西州天然草地利用过度,应该予以补偿。     

基于航空高光谱影像的青海省玛多县高寒草原景观格局特征分析

景观生态学在草地资源管理、生态安全评价方面已得到广泛应用,开展不同尺度的景观格局特征分析对景观生态过程研究十分重要。获取不同覆盖度草地的景观格局特征是青藏高原草地退化等生态系统演变研究的基础工作之一。从高分辨率遥感的角度提取中小尺度上草地景观格局特征,是开展景观格局尺度分析的有益尝试。本研究通过高空间分辨率的PIS航空高光谱影像,分析不同草地类型的光谱特征差异,开展玛多实验区草地类型精细分类,并从景观异质性、景观优势度和景观破碎度3个景观层次,分析米级分辨率下不同覆盖度高寒草原样地的景观格局特征差异,发现高寒草原样地的景观优势度、景观异质性与草地覆盖度分别呈正、负相关,而破碎度指标则随着高寒草原草地覆盖度的降低出现先升高后降低的现象。     

昭苏军马场草地资源利用优化格局的研究

在全面了解昭苏军马场草地资源现状的基础上,剖析其利用中存在的问题,以景观生态学、草地资源学和生态置换理论为指导,以变革传统的落后生产方式为前提,提出该场草地资源利用的时空优化格局.     

基于GIS的天山北坡荒漠绿洲景观格局变化的研究——以新疆巴里坤哈萨克自治县为例

利用2000和2007年Landsat TM影像资料,采用GIS技术研究了天山北坡荒漠绿洲区巴里坤哈萨克自治县（巴里县）的景观格局变化特征。结果表明,从2000到2007年,巴里坤县的水域和草地面积分别减少623.42和14 566.72 hm2,而未利用地、林地、耕地和居民及工矿用地分别增加9 397.30、3 090.15、259.57和2 443.12 hm2,但主要景观类型是草地和未利用土地的格局基本没有改变。8年内巴里坤县景观多样性指数从0.74增至0.80,均匀度指数从0.35增至0.40,景观构型指数从8.40增至9.40,说明景观多样性略有增加,景观构型逐渐变大,草地破碎度加剧。版块特征变化表现为景观分维数增高,而稳定性指数减小,各个景观类型的相对稳定性为：居民及工矿用地＞水域＞耕地＞林地＞草地＞未利用地,说明草地和未利用土地是目前主要开发利用的景观类型。     

Greater Sage-Grouse and Severe Winter Conditions: Identifying Habitat for Conservation

Developing sustainable rangeland management strategies requires solution-driven research that addresses ecological issues within the context of regionally important socioeconomic concerns. A key sustainability issue in many regions of the world is conserving habitat that buffers animal populations from climatic variability, including seasonal deviation from long-term precipitation or temperature averages, and that can establish an ecological bottleneck by which the landscape-level availability of critical resources becomes limited. We integrated methods to collect landscape-level animal occurrence data during severe winter conditions with estimation and validation of a resource selection function, with the larger goal of developing spatially explicit guidance for rangeland habitat conservation. The investigation involved greater sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) that occupy a landscape that is undergoing human modification for development of energy resources. We refined spatial predictions by exploring how reductions in the availability of sagebrush (as a consequence of increasing snow depth) may affect patterns of predicted occurrence. Occurrence of sage-grouse reflected landscape-level selection for big sagebrush, taller shrubs, and favorable thermal conditions and avoidance of bare ground and anthropogenic features. Refinement of spatial predictions showed that important severe winter habitat was distributed patchily and was constrained in spatial extent (7–18% of the landscape). The mapping tools we developed offer spatially explicit guidance for planning human activity in ways that are compatible with sustaining habitat that functions disproportionately in population persistence relative to its spatial extent or frequency of use. Increasingly, place-based, quantitative investigations that aim to develop solutions to landscape sustainability issues will be needed to keep pace with human-modification of rangeland and uncertainty associated with global climate change and its effects on animal populations.     

“The Range Problem” After a Century of Rangeland Science: New Research Themes for Altered Landscapes

The rangeland science profession in the United States has its roots in the widespread overgrazing and concurrent severe droughts of the late 19th century. These drivers contributed to rangeland resource degradation especially in the American Southwest—what E. O. Wooton (1908) called the “Range Problem.” Although logical for the time, the scientific activities and resulting policies that arose out of this catastrophe were based on reductionist experimentation and productionist emphases on food and fiber. After a century of science and policy, there are two additional perspectives that shape our vision for the emphases of the future. First, rangeland landscapes are extremely heterogeneous; general principles derived from scientific experimentation cannot be easily or generally applied without adjusting to the distinct societal and ecological characteristics of a location. Second, rangeland management occurs at spatial scales considerably larger than those that have typically been addressed in range science. Scaling up science results is not a simple, additive process. The leading features of the emerging science are 1) research at landscape scales and 2) over longer time spans that 3) approaches conservation and management practices as treatments requiring scientific evaluation, 4) incorporates local knowledge, 5) is explicitly applied in nature, and 6) is transparent in its practice. We strongly argue for a science that supports resource management by testing hypotheses relevant to actual conservation practices and iteratively applying its findings in partnership with managers in an ongoing, adaptive fashion.     

Are Droppings,Distance From Pastoralist Camps,and Pika Burrows Good Proxies for Local Grazing Pressure?

Grazing is regarded as one of the most important factors influencing rangeland ecosystems. Many previous studies have used indirect measures (proxies) of grazing intensity, such as the distance from congregation areas and the number of herbivore excreta, to estimate effects of grazing on vegetation parameters in rangeland ecosystems. However, little is known about how such proxies reflect the true grazing intensity, and if their suitability is consistent across landscape conditions. We measured grazing intensity based on the amount of plant ramets being grazed in 75 plots positioned across a rangeland landscape in central Tibet. Several grazing intensity proxies (distance from pastoral camp sites, number of yak dung patches (old and fresh), sheep and goat dropping piles, and pika (Ochotona curzoniae) burrows (active and abandoned)) were also measured in each plot. Regression models were used to examine the suitability of these proxies in predicting our measure of real grazing intensity. None of the examined proxies satisfactorily predicted real grazing intensity in our study system. The distance from camp sites was the best proxy for grazing intensity (P<0.001), but it explained only 30% of its variation. Fresh yak dung and active pika burrows explained only 10% and 3% of the variation in grazing intensity, respectively. The suitability of using proxies for grazing intensity did not significantly differ along landscape parameters (elevation, aspect directions, and slope angle) (P>0.05), except that the number of animal excreta and pika burrows functioned better as proxies at low, compared to high, elevation (P<0.05). Our results should be of concern since many studies use proxies to estimate effects of grazing on vegetation dynamics and ecosystem properties. We recommend awareness of potential limitations and suitability of proxies, when real grazing intensity is not measured.     

Fire,Plant Invasions,and Erosion Events on Western Rangelands

Millions of hectares of rangeland in the western United States have been invaded by annual and woody plants that have increased the role of wildland fire. Altered fire regimes pose significant implications for runoff and erosion. In this paper we synthesize what is known about fire impacts on rangeland hydrology and erosion, and how that knowledge advances understanding of hydrologic risks associated with landscape scale plant community transitions and altered fire regimes. The increased role of wildland fire on western rangeland exposes landscapes to amplified runoff and erosion over short- and long-term windows of time and increases the risk of damage to soil and water resources, property, and human lives during extreme events. Amplified runoff and erosion postfire are a function of storm characteristics and fire-induced changes in site conditions (i.e., ground cover, soil water repellency, aggregate stability, and surface roughness) that define site susceptibility. We suggest that overall postfire hydrologic vulnerability be considered in a probabilistic framework that predicts hydrologic response for a range of potential storms and site susceptibilities and that identifies the hydrologic response magnitudes at which damage to values-at-risk are likely to occur. We identify key knowledge gaps that limit advancement of predictive technologies to address the increased role of wildland fire across rangeland landscapes. Our review of literature suggests quantifying interactions of varying rainfall intensity and key measures of site susceptibility, temporal variability in strength/influence of soil water repellency, and spatial scaling of postfire runoff and erosion remain paramount areas for future research to address hydrologic effects associated with the increased role of wildland fire on western rangelands.     

草原的生态系统服务:IV.降低服务功能的主要因素和关爱草原的重要意义

草原/草地生态系统服务的价值大小取决于草地的自然资本大小和生态系统功能。影响草原生态系统服务功能的最主要因素是,1.改变草地生态系统的用途,2.草地破碎化,3.火,4.草原退化;对它们影响草原生态系统服务功能的原因和机制进行了论述。草原分布广泛,约占地球陆地面积的40%,有40个国家的草地面积占国土面积的50%以上。世界上有17%,即9.38亿人生活在各类草地上并以草地为生,尽管已经证实草原对全世界和全国人民极其重要,但草原提供的生态系统服务———生态服务和产品服务仍没有得到应有的认识和足够的重视。由于生态系统服务的影响深远,健康的草原及其生态系统服务惠及全国和全世界人民;相反,破坏、损失草原自然资本殃及全国和全世界人民。因此,关爱草原,使草原走可持续发展的道路,是全人类共同的责任和义务。     

Understanding Mediterranean Pasture Dynamics: General Tree Cover vs. Specific Effects of Individual Trees

The study investigated the effect of general and homogeneous tree cover on grassland composition on an extensive Mediterranean rangeland with sparse oak trees in central Spain. We analyzed this effect together with other significant factors identified in this type of rangeland: topography and plowing. Data were collected in the 1984 growing season and they form part of a historical database on the characteristics of vegetation and livestock behavior; these data refer to grasslands below and away from the tree crowns of 91 individual trees, located in different topographical positions and in areas that were last plowed at different times. We used multivariate analyses to identify the main compositional trends of variation in pasture communities. The results indicate that the herbaceous community below tree crowns was more similar to that of the lowland areas than to the nearby areas away from the tree. This result supports the idea of tree cover in semiarid rangelands as a factor attenuating the effects on pastures of environmental conditions typical of high and intermediate topographical positions—generally presenting low soil moisture and fertility. Coupled with this, we also found effects of some individual trees related with the way livestock uses them as shelter and resting places. Our results indicate that the role played by dispersed trees in the management of this type of rangeland should be analyzed at two complementary spatial scales: the overall effect of tree cover as a factor acting at landscape scale and the specific effect of some individual trees acting at a more detailed scale.     

高寒草场荒漠化及其控制技术

对高寒干旱区草场荒漠化特征和引发机理的总结，查明了荒漠化草场奶穹的主要原因是气候巨变、不合理农垦、过牧及鼠害等。通过建立牧业生态户，对严重退化草场围封，进行人工补植优良牧草，灭除不可食毒、杂草，消灭鼠害，暖棚养畜；并将木本植物引入草场，设置灌木、半灌木绿篱，探求时空立体型牧场等多项试验措施。经4年治理，提出一套以牧业生态户为单元，防止高寒草场荒漠化，解决青藏高原雪灾问题的畜牧业可持续发展的路子和模式。     

美国草原管理法律法规发展概况

草地资源的立法管理是各国管理草地资源防止草地退化的主要人为调控手段。美国草原立法开始早,立法体系完善,对美国公共草地合理管理做出了巨大贡献。美国草地立法经历了3个阶段:首先是草原立法和管理主要在各州层面上,对公共草地管理作用不大,使西部公共草地处于无序利用状态,草地退化严重;第二是《泰勒放牧法》颁布后,开始了公共草地管理,建立了有照放牧和放牧收费制度;第三是美国草地的多用途管理,出台了与草地资源管理相关的一系列法律,主要是《环境政策法》和《联邦土地政策管理法》,草地资源相关价值受到高度重视。在国家立法规定下,对草地资源的价值进行评估。研究美国草地立法过程和立法思想,对于合理管理中国草地资源具有重要指导意义。