II. Parameters to Monitor in the Trauma Patient – The Ideal.

Patient monitoring devices may be considered as extensions of the veterinary clinician's senses. Many of the parameters outlined above have been used for years, without the term “monitor” being used. In this report, several patient monitoring methods have been discussed, and their advantages weighed. It is hoped that judicious use of some of these monitoring methods may aid the veterinary clinician in diagnosis and treatment of his trauma patients.     

Biomarkers in the assessment of acute and chronic kidney diseases in the dog and cat

In both human and veterinary medicine, diagnosing and staging renal disease can be difficult. Measurement of glomerular filtration rate is considered the gold standard for assessing renal function but methods for its assessment can be technically challenging and impractical. The main parameters used to diagnose acute and chronic kidney disease include circulating creatinine and urea concentrations, and urine‐specific gravity. However, these parameters can be insensitive. Therefore, there is a need for better methods to diagnose and monitor patients with renal disease. The use of renal biomarkers is increasing in human and veterinary medicine for the diagnosis and monitoring of acute and chronic kidney diseases. An ideal biomarker would identify site and severity of injury, and correlate with renal function, among other qualities. This article will review the advantages and limitations of renal biomarkers that have been used in dogs and cats, as well as some markers used in humans that may be adapted for veterinary use. In the future, measuring a combination of biomarkers will likely be a useful approach in the diagnosis of kidney disorders.     

Intraoperative nociception-antinociception monitors: A review from the veterinary perspective

ObjectiveTo review monitors currently available for the assessment of nociception-antinociception in veterinary medicine.Databases usedPubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar. The results were initially filtered manually based on the title and the abstract.ConclusionsThe provision of adequate antinociception is difficult to achieve in veterinary anaesthesia. Currently, heart rate and arterial blood pressure are used to monitor the response to a noxious stimulus during anaesthesia, with minimum alveolar concentration-sparing effect and stress-related hormones used for this purpose in research studies. However, since none of these variables truly assess intraoperative nociception, several alternative monitoring devices have been developed for use in humans. These nociceptive-antinociceptive monitoring systems derive information from variables, such as electroencephalography, parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) response, sympathetic nervous system response and electromyography. Several of these monitoring systems have been investigated in veterinary medicine, although few have been used to assess intraoperative nociception in animals. There is controversy regarding their effectiveness and clinical use in animals. A nociceptive-antinociceptive monitoring system based on the PNS response has been developed for use in cats, dogs and horses. It uses the parasympathetic tone activity index, which is believed to detect inadequate intraoperative nociception-antinociception balance in veterinary anaesthesia. Nonetheless, there are limited published studies to date, and cardiovascular variables remain the gold standard. Consequently, further studies in this area are warranted.     

Application of Campylobacter molecular classification and typing techniques in veterinary medicine: old-established methods and new perspectives

In this review the application and usefulness of Campylobacter genotypical classification and typing in veterinary medicine will be discussed.While there is a large area of overlapping applications between the veterinary and the medical field, several differences exist, as the spectrum of veterinary pathogens is different from the human and contaminated food of healthy animal origin may cause disease in man. In general, genotyping in the veterinary field can be applied in three different areas: (a) purely diagnostic purposes for classification of Campylobacter species and subspecies, (b) typing methods useful for monitoring or surveillance of animals as well as food products of animal origin, and (c) typing methods that can be applied during outbreaks and for source tracing. In addition, typing methods applied in areas (b) and (c) should be distinguished in regard to local short-term and global long-term epidemiology, respectively. While a whole plethora of discriminative typing methods are available, classification tools of certain species and subspecies are still missing. Perspectively, as the genomes of many relevant Campylobacter species have now been sequenced, this will help to identify several species specific loci, the products of which should be available to develop easy and fast applicable diagnostic tools. Global cooperation, sharing of strains and databases should close the currently existing gaps in Campylobacter identification tools.     

Thromboelastography: a tool for measuring hypercoagulability, hypocoagulability, and fibrinolysis

Objective: To describe the technique of thromboelastography (TEG) and review the applications of this coagulation test in humans and small animals. Data sources: Data sources included scientific reviews and original research publications. Human data synthesis: TEG in humans has been used for documentation of hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable states and has been shown to be beneficial in patient management. Veterinary data synthesis: Clinical evaluation of TEG in veterinary medicine is limited; however, recent reports have documented evidence of hypercoagulability in dogs with parvovirus and protein‐losing nephropathy. Additionally, many of the research models may be relevant to veterinary patients. Conclusions: TEG provides information about coagulation that is not available through routine coagulation tests. The application of TEG monitoring to veterinary patients shows promise; however, prospective clinical studies are needed.     

Comparison of methods to assess dog owners' therapeutic compliance

Objective To compare different methods for assessing the compliance of veterinary clients administering medication to their dogs.
Procedure Thirty-one owners whose dogs were prescribed amoxycillin-clavulanate, twice and thrice daily, for a duration of five to seven days were recruited from three Sydney veterinary hospitals. Compliance was assessed by electronic monitoring devices, return medication counts, client self-reports and veterinarians' estimation of likely compliance.
Results Electronic monitoring showed owners administered on average 84% (range 7 to 104%) of prescribed medication to their dogs. Both return medication counts and client self-reports tended to overestimate therapeutic compliance when compared with electronic monitoring. When questioned, the majority of owners (71%) claimed perfect compliance with the prescribed regimen. No correlation was found between veterinarians' estimates of owner compliance and that assessed electronically.
Conclusion Electronic monitoring provided valuable information on dose timing and variation, but proved costly and difficult to employ in veterinary practice. Simplicity and low cost of return medication counts makes this method attractive for use in veterinary compliance studies. Client self-reports reliably detected some noncompliers and permitted identification of individual problems or errors. For practical purposes a combination of return medication counts and client self-reports may have merit in future veterinary compliance studies.     

The application of exhaled breath gas and exhaled breath condensate analysis in the investigation of the lower respiratory tract in veterinary medicine: A review

The analysis of biomarkers in exhaled breath (EB) and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) may allow non-invasive and repeatable assessment of respiratory health and disease in mammals. Compared to human medicine, however, research data from EB and EBC analysis in veterinary medicine are limited and more patient variables influencing concentrations of EB/EBC analytes may be present. In addition, variations in methodologies between studies may influence results. A comparison of the approaches used in veterinary research by different groups may aid in the identification of potentially reliable and repeatable biomarkers suitable for further investigation. To date, changes in acid-base status and increased concentrations of inflammatory mediators have been the main findings in studies of pulmonary disease states in animals. Whilst these biomarkers are unlikely to represent specific and sensitive diagnostic parameters, they do have potential application in monitoring disease progression and treatment response.     

Blood gas analysis.

Evaluation of both arterial and central venous blood can be valuable in monitoring the critically ill veterinary patient. The traditional approach, which concentrates on arterial blood analysis only, may miss important aspects of oxygen delivery to tissues, especially in patients with poor perfusion. The advances that have resulted in affordable bedside blood gas analyzers have created a clinical situation in which blood gas analysis should be an integral part of critical care monitoring. Following basic principles of interpretation, blood gas analysis, which has traditionally been viewed as a complex method of monitoring, should become more useful. Assessing both the arterial and central venous samples should result in more efficient and higher quality care for veterinary patients.     

兽药产品批准文号管理新要求及常见问题解析

介绍了近年来文号管理相关制度和技术标准的主要变化，对文号审查中新兽药监测期、比对试验目录产品技术评审标准、特殊产品生产线要求等问题进行了解析。整理汇总了受新制度和技术标准影响的兽药品种，以期为兽药生产企业申请兽药产品批准文号提供参考。     

Quality of equine veterinary care: Where can it go wrong? A conceptual framework for the quality of equine healthcare,based on court cases against equine practitioners in The Netherlands

Quality control and client satisfaction are topics of considerable current interest in both human and veterinary healthcare. Crucial to this discussion is a proper definition of ‘quality of care’. This study applied, to (equine) veterinary care, a conceptual framework designed for assessing the quality of human healthcare and featuring structural deficiency, procedural inadequacy and disappointing outcome as key elements. This was done using court cases against equine practitioners as a yardstick for client dissatisfaction. Applying a system for evaluating the quality of healthcare may be a good way of monitoring and improving (equine) veterinary services, particularly once reliable indices for client satisfaction have been validated.     

分子印迹技术在兽用抗生素残留分析中的应用进展

随着规模化养殖业发展,兽用抗生素大量使用,不合理甚至违法添加使用导致的残留现象已成为威胁动物源食品安全的重要因素,迫切需要建立灵敏可靠的残留分析方法。从复杂的生物样品中提取纯化微量的残留药物是制约兽药残留检测方法建立的关键。分子印迹技术具有特异性强、灵敏度高、操作简便等优点,在兽药残留检测研究中得到越来越多重视。文章主要综述了分子印迹聚合物的最新制备方法及在兽用抗生素残留分析中的最新研究进展。     

Molecular genetic methods in the veterinary clinical bacteriology laboratory: current usage and future applications

In the last 5 years, numerous molecular methods have been published for the detection and characterization of bacteria in the field of veterinary medicine. PCR has been the most commonly used technology. Although not currently used for clinical veterinary diagnosis, new technologies such as liquid-phase hybridization, real-time PCR, pathogen load determination and DNA/protein microarray have been described and have many possible applications in the clinical bacteriology laboratory because of their sensitivity and efficiency. This review describes the basic principles and application of recently published DNA-based molecular techniques for the purpose of veterinary clinical bacteriological diagnosis. It covers advances in probe hybridization technology, DNA/RNA amplification techniques and other molecular detection methods, including 16S rRNA analysis for bacterial characterization and DNA microarrays for bacterial detection. The review briefly summarizes the application of molecular methods for the diagnosis of specific important bacterial infections of animals, and for other animal pathogens that are slow or difficult to isolate in the clinical bacteriology laboratory. In addition, the molecular detection of antimicrobial resistance genes and of bovine mastitis pathogens is briefly described and current commercially available tests are listed.     

基于非线性混合效应模型分析兽药药代动力学研究进展

利用数学建模分析兽药药代动力学历来已久。兽药药代动力学中应用数学建模和模拟分析可简化和加快兽药研发进程。非线性混合效应模型分析方法是兽药药代动力学建模和模拟的主要方法之一,该方法对临床合理用药、新药研发及评审更高效具有很大意义,同时阐明一些传统药动学无法回答的问题。本文综述了非线性混合效应模型在分析兽药药代动力学主要原理及应用进展,以期望非线性混合效应模型分析方法在我国新兽药研发与评审中应用提供积极有益的参考。     

Lactate: physiology and clinical utility

Objective: To review the physiology of lactate production and metabolism, the causes of lactic acidosis, and the current applications of lactate monitoring in humans and animals. Data sources: Human and veterinary studies. Summary: Lactate production is the result of anaerobic metabolism. Tissue hypoxia due to hypoperfusion is the most common cause of lactic acidosis. Studies in critically ill humans have shown that serial lactate monitoring can be used to assess the severity of illness and response to therapy. Several veterinary studies have also shown lactate as a useful tool to assess severity of illness. Conclusions: Lactate measurement in critically ill veterinary patients is practical and can provide information to assess severity of illness. Further veterinary studies are needed to establish the value of serial lactate measurements for prognostic and therapeutic purposes. Information regarding lactate measurement in cats is limited, and further studies are warranted.     

Chelonian reproductive disorders.

The study of reproductive diseases of chelonians has become increasingly sophisticated in the last decade. Widespread captive breeding has increased the number of reproductive problems presented to veterinarians. Advances in the level of veterinary care have encouraged chelonians owners to seek solutions to problems that may have previously been considered unsolvable. Improved diagnostic imaging, particularly radiography, ultrasonography and endoscopy, have made visualization and diagnosis of reproductive disease easier. Better quality veterinary care has made treatment of chelonian diseases more sophisticated which has lead to improved methods of anesthesia, surgery, and medicine. Concerns over rapidly diminishing chelonian populations and habitat have made the need for study of reproduction a higher priority; veterinary medicine has gained from this research.     

胶体金免疫层析技术在动物病毒性传染病诊断中的应用

自胶体金标记技术问世以来,已在妊娠检测、传染病、毒品、食品安全和兽医等领域得到了广泛的应用.就兽医领域而言,已应用在动物寄生虫、细菌、病毒以及兽药残留检测等方面.论文总结了胶体金免疫层析技术的基本原理和常见的检测抗原、抗体的方法,对胶体金免疫层析技术在动物病毒抗原和抗体检测中的应用进行了详细的介绍,并对该技术在动物病毒...     

A brief review on the laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis

Leptospirosis is a ubiquitous zoonotic disease that may be maintained in either wild or domesticated animal species. These bacteria have been classified into serovars based on their antigenic characteristics and, more recently, into species based on genomic studies. They produce both chronic and acute infections. Chronic infections of serovars in the host species to which they have become adapted can result in long term shedding, providing a source of acute infection for other species. As clinical presentation can vary greatly, diagnosis often depends on laboratory methods. In addition to diagnostic testing, herd health monitoring and screening for international trade purposes are performed at veterinary laboratories. The test method selected varies depending on the samples available and the purpose of testing. An increasing variety of laboratory methods are being described for detection of bacteria and antibodies. In addition to classical methods such as culture, dark-field, microscopy and the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), a variety of polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), competitive ELISA and other rapid serological tests have been described. This review describes the advantages and limitations of these assays together with other factors that may affect results and their interpretation, such as species variation, vaccination and antibiotic administration.     

Precautions when using halothane.

Halothane is a potent inhaled anesthetic that is used extensively in veterinary practice. Certain properties and side effects warrant careful monitoring of patients anesthetized with it and may preclude its use in certain individuals.