不同肥力土的土壤颗粒分布及其磷素吸附—解析规律

采用干筛法和培养实验,研究了不同肥力土的颗粒分布以及不同颗粒对磷素的吸附、解析规律。结果表明,在所筛分的5个粒径中,土以>5 mm、2～5 mm和0.25～1 mm 3个颗粒为主,随着土壤肥力提高,0.25～1 mm和1～2 mm两个粒径的土壤颗粒有明显增加。土壤颗粒由小到大变化,颗粒中磷素含量呈现由高到低的变化趋势。高肥力土壤和低肥力土壤相比,0.25～1 mm和1～2 mm两个粒径中的磷素含量分别增加40%和43%,差异达显著水平。土壤颗粒愈小对磷的吸附量越高。与土壤原样相比,<0.25 mm和0.25～1 mm两个粒径的颗粒对磷的吸附量高于土壤原样的,而1～2 mm、2～5 mm和>5 mm土壤颗粒对磷的吸附则小于土壤原样的。随着土壤颗粒径变大,磷的解析率增加。总体看来,高肥力土使中等大小土壤颗粒增多,对磷的吸附量有所减少,但对磷的解析量增大,这有助于提高磷肥的有效性,但也增加了磷素径流损失的风险。     

Use of mathematical modeling and its inverse analysis for precise assessment of pesticide dissipation in a paddy environment

The extrapolability of the lysimeter test as a dissipation simulator in an actual paddy field was evaluated using mathematical models and their inverse analyses for predicting pesticide fate and transport processes in paddy test systems. As a source of experimental data, a four-year comparative experiment in lysimeters and paddy fields was conducted using various paddy pesticides. First, the dissipations for various active ingredients in granule pesticides under submerged applications were statistically compared using simple kinetic modeling. Second, the dissipation pathways, unobserved experimental components, and effect of the experimental setting were evaluated using a higher tier mathematical model with a novel inverse analysis protocol. Finally, owing to experimental constraints, the unobtainable parameters were extracted from the laboratory container test before being transferred to compare the outdoor experimental data under different formulation types.     

旱地保护性耕作地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型

在田间试验和对现有径流模型及土壤水分平衡模型改进的基础上，建立了适用于保护性耕作的地表径流和土壤水分平衡模型。该模型以日为步长，根据气象数据、土壤水分状况、作物生长发育及耕作管理措施，模拟不同耕作管理体系下地表径流和田间水分平衡的变化。针对保护性耕作的特点，主要对径流曲线数字(USDA—Curve Number)法进行了改进，在PERFECT模型的基础上增加了坡度和降雨强度两因素的影响，从而使模型较全面地考虑了残茬覆盖、耕作、坡度及降雨强度等多种因素对径流的影响；采用简单实用的Priestley—Taylor公式计算潜在蒸散量，并考虑作物覆盖与残茬覆盖对土壤蒸发与作物蒸腾的影响。通过田间径流试验和根层有效贮水量测定数据的验证，证明了地表径流和土壤水分的模拟值与实测值比较接近。     

Application of the InVEST model for assessing water yield and its response to precipitation and land use in the Weihe River Basin,China

With realizing the importance of ecosystem services to society, the efforts to evaluate the ecosystem services have increased. As the largest tributary of the Yellow River, the Weihe River has been endowed with many ecological service functions. Among which, water yield can be a measure of local availability of water and an index for evaluating the conservation function of the region. This study aimed to explore the temporal and spatial variation of water yield and its influencing factors in the Weihe River Basin (WRB), and provide basis for formulating reasonable water resources utilization schemes. Based on the InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model, this study simulated the water yield in the WRB from 1985 to 2019, and discussed the impacts of climatic factors and land use change on water yield by spatial autocorrelation analysis and scenario analysis methods. The results showed that there was a slight increasing trend in water yield in the WRB over the study period with the increasing rate of 4.84 mm/10a and an average depth of 83.14 mm. The main water-producing areas were concentrated along the mainstream of the Weihe River and in the southern basin. Changes in water yield were comprehensively affected by climate and underlying surface factors. Precipitation was the main factor affecting water yield, which was consistent with water yield in time. And there existed significant spatial agglomeration between water yield and precipitation. Land use had little impact on the amount of water yield, but had an impact on its spatial distribution. Water yield was higher in areas with wide distribution of construction land and grassland. Water yield of different land use types were different. Unused land showed the largest water yield capacity, whereas grassland and farmland contributed most to the total water yield. The increasing water yield in the basin indicates an enhanced water supply service function of the ecosystem. These results are of great significance to the water resources management of the WRB.     

水分胁迫下小麦TaWSI18基因的电子克隆及生物信息学分析

利用电子克隆和RT-PCR技术,从干旱胁迫的小麦叶片中分离出4条新的具有高度同源性的WSI18基因,即TaWSI18-1、TaWSI18-2、TaWSI18-3和TaWSI18-4(Gene Bank登陆号分别为:KP226849、KP226850、KP226851和KP226852);其开放阅读框均为678 bp,编码225个氨基酸。生物信息学分析表明,该类蛋白具有亲水性,存在多个磷酸化位点,无信号肽结构域及剪切位点,定位于细胞质中,无跨膜结构域;二级结构分析表明,该蛋白α螺旋和无规则卷曲的比例达到90%以上;同源性比较及聚类分析表明,小麦TaWSI18蛋白同无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis,BAN15016)WSI18蛋白和二穗短柄草(Brachypodium distachyon,XP 003569641)LEA3蛋白具有高度的同源性,相似性分别为94%和70%。小麦TaWSI18基因编码蛋白的氨基酸序列的N端存在与LEA蛋白的N端区域高度保守的序列。表明小麦TaWSI18蛋白的性质与LEA3蛋白的相似,说明了小麦的TaWSI18蛋白可能与LEA3蛋白存在相同或相似的功能,为进一步研究其在小麦水分胁迫下的功能奠定基础。