中华鳑鲏空间认知能力的性别差异

选择16尾中华鳑鲏作为研究对象,对鳑鲏鱼类两性间空间认知能力的差异进行研究。试验使用T型迷宫装置,比较经过训练的雌雄个体进入目标位置所需的消耗时间、方向选择的正确率以及达到学习标准所需的训练次数。数据显示,雌性个体组训练前后的消耗时间变化及方向选择的正确率均大于雄性个体组,而达到学习标准所需的训练次数少于雄性组。试验结果表明处于生殖季节的中华鳑鲏,在经过训练后,都能够完成特定的空间认知任务,但两性间在空间认知能力上存在明显差异,生殖期的雌鱼相对雄鱼具有更好的空间学习能力。     

O-acetylation of disialoganglioside GD3 by human melanoma cells creates a unique antigenic determinant

Monoclonal antibody Mab D1.1 recognizes on human melanoma cells a ganglioside antigen characterized by an alkali-labile O-acetylated sialic acid residue. Immunochemical analysis showed that this molecule is an O-acetylated product of the neuroectoderm-associated disialoganglioside GD3. Controlled chemical O-acetylation of purified GD3 resulted in the generation of this same epitope. Lysates of human melanoma cells were found to contain O-acetyltransferase activity capable of generating the antigenic epitope recognized by Mab D1.1. Thus, the addition of a single O-acetyl group to a common cell surface-associated ganglioside can create a potentially tumor-specific antigen.     

Axonal transport of gangliosides in the goldfish optic nerve

Radioactive glucosamine and N-acetylmannosamine injected into the goldfish eye are incorporated into gangliosides that undergo rapid axonal transport to the optic nerve terminals. All ganglioside fractions are labeled. These data provide the first evidence that axonal transport has a role in neuronal ganglioside function and metabolism.     

Spatial orientation by Salamanders using plane-polarized light

Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) can perceive the plane of polarization in linearly polarized light and can learn to use that e-vector direction for spatial orientation in indoor orientation tests.     

Generalized gangliosidosis: beta-galactosidase deficiency

A profound deficiency (10- to 30-fold) of beta-galactosidase activity was found in tissues (liver, spleen, kidney, and brain) from two patients with generalized gangliosidosis; this deficiency is demonstrated as a failure to cleave both p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside and ganglioside GM(1) labeled with C(14) in the terminal galactose. We believe that this enzymic defect is responsible for the accumulation of ganglioside GM(1) and is the fundamental enzyme defect in generalized gangliosidosis.     

How bees remember flower shapes

Bees are able to learn to distinguish between flowers with different shapes or patterns. Some studies have suggested that bees remember only isolated features such as spatial frequency and line angles, rather than the photographic search images that are characteristic of vertebrates. New data indicate that this presumptive vertebrate-invertebrate dichotomy is false; bees can store flower patterns as a low-resolution eidetic image or photograph.     

Loss of hippocampal theta rhythm results in spatial memory deficit in the rat

Rats learned, using distal room cues, to run to a goal on an elevated, circular track starting from any position on the track. The goal was one of eight equidistant, recessed cups set around the track, the goal cup being distinguished from the others solely by its position in the room. After learning, electrolytic lesions were made in the medial septal nucleus eliminating hippocampal theta rhythm in some animals but not in others. Rats without theta rhythm were no longer able to perform the spatial task, whereas rats with undisturbed theta rhythm retrained normal performance. Although rats without theta rhythm could not find their way directly to the goal, they recognized its location when they came upon it by chance. This type of spatial deficit appears similar to that shown by hippocampally lesioned patient H.M. Subsequent tests demonstrated that rats deprived of theta rhythm before training could nevertheless learn the task.     

快速城镇化地区土地利用动态变化的空间测算分析——以北京市顺义区为例

为深入探索城镇化空间推进的过程及其特征,利用顺义区1992、1999和2009年3期遥感土地利用/覆盖解译数据,采用土地利用动态度和土地利用变化空间分析模型,以及土地利用空间变化率指数,并运用900m×900m网格分析方法,对研究区土地利用空间动态变化和建设用地扩张进行定量、定位分析。研究发现:1)耕地在研究期间减少突出,减少幅度达24.26%,建设用地和林地增加幅度明显,分别上升了15.34%和11.37%;其他土地、水域和林地的动态度相对突出,分别为5.82%,4.16%和2.78%;林地在空间上新增和减少的规模变化最为明显,空间分析模型显示为20.52%;相对于整个研究区而言,耕地和建设用地的空间变化率突出,分别为1.98%和1.21%。2)网格分析显示,由城镇化推动的土地利用变化在1999—2009年间表现突出,在西南部区域呈现集中爆发态势。3)顺义区建设用地扩张呈现出由西南向中西部区域推进的空间特征,其城镇化进程带有明显的"摊大饼"式的特征。     

高校图书馆开展社会服务的思考

高校图书馆在信息资源、空间环境、人才等方面具有显著优势,应充分利用这些优势面向社会开放并开展社会服务。国内高校图书馆已经开展各种形式的社会服务并取得了成绩,图书馆应从中吸取经验,探讨可行的服务模式,深入开展社会服务。     

基于神经网络的农田土壤重金属空间分布分析

以江苏省南通市为研究区,通过野外采样,利用采样点实测数据,在借助神经网络模型进行空间插值的基础上。结合3S技术对农田土壤重金属的空间动态分布进行分析,进而确定农田土壤重金属污染状况。运用Arcgis进行的分析结果显示．在该地区Pb和As造成的污染最严重,其他重金属污染相对较轻,其中南通市区、海门市和启东市重金属富集最严重;南通大部、通州、如东大部分地区含量较少,含量最少的地区是如皋市和海安县。造成这种空间分布变异性的主要原因是经济发达的地区污染源较多而且集中,而经济欠发达区污染源则相对较少而且分散。重金属污染物通过水系导致农田污灌也是重金属产生空间变异性的重要原因。     

Hold your horses: impulsivity, deep brain stimulation, and medication in parkinsonism

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus markedly improves the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease, but causes cognitive side effects such as impulsivity. We showed that DBS selectively interferes with the normal ability to slow down when faced with decision conflict. While on DBS, patients actually sped up their decisions under high-conflict conditions. This form of impulsivity was not affected by dopaminergic medication status. Instead, medication impaired patients' ability to learn from negative decision outcomes. These findings implicate independent mechanisms leading to impulsivity in treated Parkinson's patients and were predicted by a single neurocomputational model of the basal ganglia.     

Neuronal GM1 gangliosidosis in a Siamese cat with beta-galactosidase deficiency

A juvenile Siamese cat with severe, progressive motor disability was shown to have extensive neuronal degeneration caused by accumulation of GM(1) ganglioside. Tissues from brain and kidney were markedly deficient in beta-galactosidase activity. The disease in this cat is thought to be inherited as an autosomal recessive trait, and is strikingly similar to juvenile GM(1) gangliosidosis of children.     

机械制图教学法研究与实践

机械制图是一门培养学生的空间思维和想象能力的课程,在掌握专业技术的同时学会运用图形语言表达设计思想,它的特点是＂图形显示的设计＂,在图形和立体之间变换思维,并紧密结合工程实践。因此,对青年教师的教学是一种挑战,这主要体现在准备教案、教学方法和课堂组织等教学环节。     

Infantile experience with suckling odors determines adult sexual behavior in male rats

Because infant rats learn about odors that elicit suckling, and because certain chemosensory cues that help elicit mating behavior in adults are similar to those that elicit suckling, an experiment was undertaken to assess the influence of suckling-associated odors experienced during infancy on adult sexual behavior. Rat pups lived with and suckled dams whose nipple and vaginal odors were altered with citral, a lemon scent. The rats were weaned and never exposed again, until testing, to citral or females. At about 100 days of age, the males were paired in mating tests with a normal sexually receptive female or with a sexually receptive female that had been treated perivaginally with citral immediately before testing. The males ejaculated readily when paired with citral-treated females but were slow to achieve ejaculation when paired with normal females. These findings implicate an infantile experience as a determinant of adult sexual behavior in a mammal.     

Specific inhibition of RHo(D) antibody by sialic acids

Agglutination of Rh(O)(D) erythrocytes by specific antiserum was inhibited by crude and crystalline N-acetylneuraminic acid, less inhibited by its glycoyl derivative, and weakly inhibited by its degradation product, N-acetyl-mannosamine, and by D-mannose. A brain ganglioside containing neuraminic acid and a Pseudomonas polysaccharide were even more inhibitory. Inhibition was specific for anti-D sera.     

Spectral consequences of photoreceptor sampling in the rhesus retina

Optical transforms were used to compute the power spectra of rhesus cones treated as arrays of image sampling points. Spectra were obtained for the central fovea, parafovea, periphery, and far periphery. All were consistent with a novel spatial sampling principle that introduces minimal noise for spatial frequencies below the Nyquist limits implied by local receptor densities, while frequencies above the nominal Nyquist limits are not converted into conspicuous moiré patterns, but instead are scattered into broadband noise. This sampling scheme allows the visual system to escape aliasing distortion despite a large mismatch between retinal image bandwidth and the Nyquist limits implied by extrafoveal cone densities.     

Magnetic microspheres prepared by redox polymerization used in a cell separation based on gangliosides

A facile method is described for making magnetic microspheres that bind specifically to cell surfaces, in order to separate cells magnetophoretically. Control over the sizes of the spheres is effected by using their magnetic cores as part of a redox polymerization system. The use of the microspheres is demonstrated with a separation involving C-1300 neuroblastoma cells, 10% of which express the ganglioside GM1 in their membranes. The GM1-containing cells were separated with better than 99% purity, while the deficient cells were obtained at least 98% pure. The separation, which was carried out under sterile conditions, required only 6 minutes.     

基于GIS的农田土壤重金属空间分布研究——以山东省泰安市为例

以山东省泰安市为例,研究其农田土壤中重金属的含量与分布状况。采用ArcGIS中地统计分析模块研究土壤中重金属分布的空间变异性,应用Kriging方法进行空间插值作图。结果表明:研究区土壤中的重金属含量除Pb外均已超出当地背景值,土壤重金属含量的变异系数较大的是Ni和Zn,其余重金属变异系数相对集中。空间分布上,Cu的空间相关性较强,Cr、Zn、Ni、Pb和Cr居中,而Hg较弱。插值结果显示,土壤中Cd污染由西向东加重的趋势,高含量区主要集中在东部的新泰市,Pb的污染范围比较广,Cu的含量由东向西逐渐增加,高含量区主要是新泰市,Cr的分布为西部和东部高而中部较低,即高含量区具体到新泰市和东平县,Zn和Ni的高含量区主要集中在东部的新泰市,Hg的分布趋势是由北向南逐渐增加,高含量区集中在南部的宁阳县。     

Mammary carcinoma: enzymatic block in disialoganglioside biosynthesis

The sialyl transferase of disialoganglioside formation is depressed in mammary tumors induced in the rat by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. Specific activities of other glycosyltransferases of the pathway ceramide to monosialo-ganglioside are unchanged or elevated so that the ganglioside GM(1) accumulates and higher gangliosides are depressed. These findings with a solid tumor are critical to an involvement of gangliosides in the cell-surface changes of tumorigenesis.     

Thyroid gangliosides with high affinity for thyrotropin: potential role in thyroid regulation

Thyroid cell membranes contain a multiplicity of gangliosides, some of which inhibit thyrotropin binding to thyroid membranes. The most potent inhibitor is a ganglioside which is present in only trace amounts and appears to have a novel structure. Thyroid gangliosides may play a role in relaying the hormonal message to the thyroid cell.