蚯蚓粪肥在农业生产中的应用效果及研究进展

蚯蚓粪肥是将经蚯蚓消化有机废物产生的排泄物进行堆肥而制成的有机肥料,故含有丰富的营养物质和有益微生物.近年来,作物生产的应用效果表明,蚯蚓粪肥能改善土壤结构和微生物种群,促进作物生长、提高作物产量和农产品品质,还能增强植物抵抗病虫害能力,降低土壤中有毒重金属对植物危害.本文对蚯蚓粪肥的作用及相关研究进展进行综述,得出了...     

Quality assessment of Pinus radiata production under sustainable nursery management based on compost tea

Pinus radiata is a highly valued conifer because of its timber production and its value as a reforestation plant. To increase production, nurseries currently use a nutritional method based on mineral fertilizers high in macronutrients. This produces individual trees which are unbalanced in size and more likely to suffer infections from phytopathogenic fungi. In this paper, the effect on plant and soil of applying an aerated compost tea (ACT) is compared to a conventional fertilizer. Biometric measures of pines, their nutrient and pigment concentrations, soil physical‐chemical parameters and microbial composition of the rhizosphere along with its enzymatic activity were analyzed. The results reveal that the physical‐chemical parameters of the soil are suitable for plant growth in all the treatments (pH 8, maximum EC of 0.07 dS m^?1 and +239 mV of E_h), and high phosphatase activity was detected in the peat fertilized with aerated compost tea. In addition, the microorganisms developed in peat with ACT showed greater Pseudomonas spp. and fungal diversity. Pines fertilized with compost tea showed greater radicular development, proportionate distribution, higher photosynthetic pigment and total potassium concentrations, a higher yield of PSII and a greater photosynthetic assimilation rate than conventionally fertilized and unfertilized pine plants. Therefore, ACT could be used in the production of forest plants without compromising their productivity.     

Vermicompost from municipal sewage sludge affects growth and mineral nutrition of winter rye (Secale cereale) plants

The aim of the study was to investigate sewage sludge vermicompost application effects on growth and mineral nutrition of winter rye (Secale cereale L.) plants as compared to two initial levels of mineral nutrient availability, pure sand and sand enriched with inorganic nutrients at the optimal level. Addition of sewage sludge vermicompost significantly inhibited rye seed germination at 20 to 50% sand substitution independently on mineral nutrient supplement. Growth inhibition was evident at early stages of plant development. However, at the later stages, sewage sludge vermicompost acted both as mineral fertilizer and plant growth-promoting agent. Significant stimulation of mineral uptake was seen only at high rates of vermicompost substitution (40 and 50%) already causing decrease in shoot dry matter accumulation. Vermicompost substitution resulted in a significant increase of leaf chlorophyll content. Beneficial effect of sewage sludge vermicompost in conditions of optimal mineral supply can result mainly from plant growth-promoting activity.     

蚓粪施用方式对不同品种番茄生长和土壤肥力的影响

肥料的施用方式会影响有机肥料的分解和养分释放过程,且不同作物品种在养分需求方面也各有差异。蚓粪是一种能够改善土壤和促进植物生长的新型替代肥料。采用盆栽试验研究了蚓粪施用方式对不同番茄品种生长和土壤肥力的影响,盆栽试验设置为:两个番茄品种:金棚三号和艾瑞尔;4种施肥方式:单施化肥(CF);蚓粪表施(VS),即蚓粪与盆钵上部8 cm厚土壤混施;蚓粪中施(VL),即蚓粪均匀平铺紧邻8 cm处下方;蚓粪全土混施(VM),即蚓粪与所有土壤混合。结果表明:相比全土混施,蚓粪表施和中施更能增加番茄的茎叶生物量并且促进其对氮、钾的吸收;与单施化肥相比,蚓粪的效果更依赖于施用方式,蚓粪表施和全土混施比中施更能提高土壤pH和有机碳含量。在盛花期,无论番茄品种,土壤有效磷、速效钾含量都在蚓粪表施时最高;而在收获期,蚓粪表施和全土混施的有效磷含量高于中施处理。相比蚓粪中施和全土混施,表施降低了艾瑞尔的土壤矿质氮含量。总之,蚓粪的集中施用如表施和中施,能促进番茄生长及养分吸收,并且在不同品种之间效应一致。     

Do Compost and Vermicompost Improve Macronutrient Retention and Plant Growth in Degraded Tropical Soils?

Soil degradation and water pollution are widespread land degradation problems in Southeast Asia. Policy makers are currently faced with the challenge of designing and implementing strategies to maintain soil fertility and avoid off-site effects. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of organic substrate amendments on soil properties, nutrient leaching and the growth of Ipomea aquatica in an acidic degraded soil from northern Vietnam. Plants were grown in an Acrisol in buckets under natural weather conditions for two months. The same amount of nutrients was applied either in a purely synthetic form (mineral fertilizers) or as two alternative organic substrates (three month old compost or vermicompost from buffalo dung) plus additional amounts of synthetic mineral nutrients to ensure the same quantity of NPK. The influence of these respective substrates on the soil's physical and chemical properties as well as plant growth was examined. Both compost and vermicompost led to an improvement in soil properties with an increase in the pH, soil organic matter and nutrient content, compared to soil fertilized with synthetic mineral products. The highest plant productivity was obtained with vermicompost and synthetic fertilizers, with no significant difference between these two treatments. Chemical fertilization, however, is the least effective practice based on the amount of nutrients leached from the soil (about 38% of N and 22% of K, compared to less than 10 and 5% of N and K with organic amendments). P leaching was not influenced by the fertilizer treatments. In conclusion, vermicompost does appear to be a relevant alternative to chemical fertilizers because it leads to similar enhancements in plant growth, at the same time as increasing soil quality and decreasing nutrient leaching.     

Nitrogen Metabolism and Tomato Yield in Response to Organic Fertilization

We assessed the effects of organic fertilization on the response of biochemical and physiological indicators and the yield of saladette-type tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. Five fertilization forms [sand + inorganic nutrient solution (F1); sand + vermicompost tea (F2); a mixture of sand, compost, + vermicompost tea (F3); a mixture of sand, vermicompost, + vermicompost tea (F4); and a mixture of sand, compost, vermicompost, + vermicompost (F5)] and two genotypes (Cuauhtémoc and El Cid) were evaluated. The parameters analyzed were leaf pigments, enzymatic activity of nitrate reductase (NR) in vivo, and yield. A fertilizer source of sand + vermicompost tea resulted in the best assimilation of nitrate (NO₃-), the greatest NR endogenous activity, the second highest foliar concentration of organic nitrogen (N), and the second best yield. In conclusion, for improved tomato cultivation during organic production, treatment F2 produced the maximum organic yield and resulted in more efficient N utilization.     

The effect of earthworms on carbon storage and soil organic matter composition in tropical soil amended with compost and vermicompost

The use of organic matter (OM) amendments is widespread in tropical countries and may be beneficial for soil carbon storage. Interactions between earthworms and OM amendments in tropical soils are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of bioturbation on the quantity and chemical composition of OM in soil amended with compost and vermicompost. Our approach included comparison of soil samples amended with compost, vermicompost or chemical fertilizers in the presence or absence of earthworms during a one-year greenhouse experiment. The soils were submitted to a regular cultivation cycle. After one year, we analysed bulk samples for soil OM elemental composition and characterised its lignin and non-cellulosic carbohydrate components.Our results showed a decrease of the carbon and nitrogen content in soil amended with chemical fertilizers. Vermicompost amendment led to unchanged OC content, whereas the compost amendment increased the soils OC content compared to initial soil. The addition of earthworms reduced OC and N content in soils with organic amendments. This is in contrast to soil amended with mineral fertilizer only, where the presence of earthworms did not have any effect. Bioturbation influenced the lignin signature of the soils, and to a lesser extent the non-cellulosic carbohydrate signature. In conclusion, compost amendment combined with bioturbation influenced the quality and quantity of SOM and as result carbon storage and its biogeochemical cycling in tropical soils. Implications for soil fertility remain to be elucidated.     

蚓粪和益生菌互作对土壤性状、菠菜产量和品质的影响

选取两种益生菌(巨大芽孢杆菌和解淀粉芽孢杆菌)分别与化肥和蚓粪配施,研究了蚓粪和益生菌配施对设施蔬菜地土壤化学性状、酶活性及菠菜产量和品质的影响。结果表明:在等养分条件下与单施化肥相比,蚓粪能够显著提高土壤有效磷含量及p H值,降低速效钾、铵态氮含量及EC值,有利于土壤脲酶、蛋白酶和过氧化氢酶活性的提高,有效改善菠菜品质;与单施蚓粪相比,益生菌与蚓粪配施不仅显著提高土壤硝态氮含量、蔗糖酶活性,还增加了土壤EC值,提高了菠菜可溶性糖、蛋白及维生素C含量,且解淀粉芽孢杆菌配施蚓粪还增加了菠菜产量;而益生菌配施化肥对菠菜产量增加和品质改善效果不及益生菌配施蚓粪效果显著。综合比较两种益生菌和蚓粪配施效果,以蚓粪配施解淀粉芽孢杆菌对土壤性状改善和蔬菜产量、品质提高效果最好。     

Integration of cover crops and vermicompost tea for soil and plant health management in a short-term vegetable cropping system

Short-term vegetable crop production often involves frequent tillage and other farm activities that results in disturbed soil food web communities. A less disturbed soil community would have a more structured soil food web which contains soil fauna higher up in the food web hierarchy, thus higher integrity in soil nutrient cycling. The objective of this study is to examine if strip-till cover cropping and drenching soil with vermicompost tea could improve soil food web structure in a short-term agroecosystem. Two field trials were conducted in Waialua, HI, USA to evaluate the effect of strip-till planting of sunn hemp (SH, Crotalaria juncea) or crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum) cover crops in a zucchini (Cucurbita pepo) cropping system. At zucchini planting, each cover crop plot was split to receive four soil treatments: fertilizer (F, chicken pellet), compost tea (CT), fertilizer plus compost tea (F + CT), and none. Compost tea was prepared from chicken manure based vermicompost aerated overnight in water at 1:10 (v:v). Planting of SH increased bacterivorous nematodes and suppressed plant-parasitic nematodes throughout both zucchini cropping cycles, but did not enhance the numbers of omnivorous or predatory nematodes. Crimson clover did not enhance beneficial nematodes nor suppress plant-parasitic nematodes. Adding CT to F suppressed the key plant-parasitic nematodes only at the initial stage of the zucchini growth, increased percentage of predatory or omnivorous nematodes only toward the end of zucchini crops, and increased the structure index at harvest in the first trial. Zucchini yield was increased by planting of SH but not by drenching of CT. Despite the benefits of CT in improving the soil food web structure, a correlation analysis revealed that zucchini yields were correlated to the reduction in the percentage of fungivorous nematodes at planting, an increase in the percentage of bacterivorous nematodes at harvest, and to reduction in the percentage of plant-parasitic nematodes at harvest.     

蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜生长和品质的影响

基于等养分条件下,本试验研究了蚯蚓堆肥与解淀粉芽孢杆菌X和荧光假单胞菌Y两株不同功能益生菌配施对西瓜生长和品质的影响。结果表明,不论添加益生菌与否,与单施化肥或施用常规堆肥相比,蚯蚓堆肥均促进了西瓜生长,降低了植株枯萎病发病率,增加了西瓜产量,并显著提高了西瓜可溶性固形物、可溶性糖和Vc含量等果实品质指标,其中施用蚯蚓堆肥的Vc含量较常规堆肥提高了15.9%;添加益生菌可不同程度促进西瓜生长和品质的改善,且以蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌的促进作用更为明显。蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌相比于单施蚯蚓堆肥,西瓜产量和可溶性糖含量分别提高了17.3%和15.2%。方差分析结果表明,有机堆肥与益生菌在西瓜蔓长、纵茎、产量、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖含量上存在显著的交互作用。综上所述,蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜促生作用显著,在西瓜的绿色生产中可减少部分化肥的使用。     

Effect of Vermicompost and Chemical Fertilizer on Growth,Herb, Oil Yield,Nutrient Uptake,Soil Fertility,and Oil Quality of Rosemary

Essential oil of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) possesses good olfactory properties and is suitable for use in perfumes, soaps, and fragrances. Field experiments were conducted for 2 years (2003?2005) in an area experiencing a semi-arid tropical climate to study the influence of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer on growth, herb, oil yield, nutrient uptake, soil fertility, and oil quality of rosemary. Results from the experiment revealed that among the seven treatments, the application of vermicompost (8 t ha^?1) + fertilizer nitrogen (N)?phosphorus (P)??potassium (K) (150:25:25 kg ha^?1) produced optimum herbage and oil yield of rosemary compared with control (no fertilizer) and was found to be on par with application of fertilizer NPK 300:50:50 kg ha^?1. Content and quality of oil were not influenced by vermicompost and chemical fertilizers. Furthermore, it was noticed that available N and P were greater in postharvest soils that received vermicompost alone or in combination with inorganic fertilizers than control (no fertilizer) and inorganic fertilizer?treated soil. This study indicates that combined application of vermicompost and chemical fertilizer helps to increase crop productivity and sustain the soil fertility.     

蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施对西瓜地土壤肥力及微生物特性的影响

基于等量养分条件,本试验研究了蚯蚓堆肥与解淀粉芽孢杆菌(X)和荧光假单胞菌(Y)两株不同功能益生菌配施对西瓜地土壤肥力和微生物特性的影响。结果表明,不论添加益生菌与否,蚯蚓堆肥较单施化肥或常规堆肥均提高了土壤速效养分含量,显著增加了土壤微生物生物量和土壤酶活性,其中土壤 NO3–-N 含量较常规堆肥提高了14.7%。益生菌的添加活化了土壤养分,增加了土壤细菌、放线菌、解淀粉芽孢杆菌和荧光假单胞菌数量,降低了土壤真菌数量,同时显著提高了土壤酶活性。各处理比较而言,蚯蚓堆肥配施益生菌在土壤速效养分含量、土壤微生物生物量及土壤酶活性上提升作用最为明显,其中蚯蚓堆肥配施混合益生菌处理(VCXY)的土壤细菌数量和蔗糖酶活性相较于常规堆肥配施混合益生菌处理(CDXY)分别提高了32.0%和14.4%。方差分析结果表明,蚯蚓堆肥和常规堆肥与益生菌在土壤速效磷、速效钾、微生物生物量碳、细菌数量、真菌数量、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性上存在显著交互作用。综上所述,蚯蚓堆肥与益生菌配施可显著促进土壤肥力和微生物活性的改善,可替代部分化肥用于设施蔬菜的绿色生产和土壤培肥。     

蚓粪替代部分化肥对温室黄瓜钾素吸收与产量的影响

【目的】设施蔬菜生产中施用蚓粪能够促进蔬菜生长发育和提高产量与品质,但施用蚓粪替代化肥的最佳比例尚需明确。【方法】以黄瓜为供试材料,以100%化肥（100%CF）处理和不施肥处理（CK）为对照,研究不同比例蚓粪（VM）部分化肥对温室黄瓜植株钾素吸收、果实产量和品质的影响。【结果】与100%化肥处理相比,减施25%化肥处理黄瓜植株钾素含量、生物量和产量并未显著降低;蚓粪替代25%化肥处理植株钾素吸收量、果实产量和品质均得到显著提升,其中产量提高14.51%,植株钾吸收量提高42.27%;蚓粪替代50%化肥处理黄瓜果实硝酸盐含量显著降低,植株钾素吸收量、生物量和产量无显著差异;100%蚓粪处理植株钾素吸收量、生物量、产量、品质均显著降低,其中产量降低了24.25%,果实可溶性固形物含量降低15.59%。【结论】在等养分条件下,蚓粪替代25%化肥,能促进植株钾素吸收,提高产量和改善品质。     

The Effect of Different Compost Compositions on Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Colonization and Nutrients Concentration of Leek (allium Porrum L.) Plant

ABSTRACT

Plant residue material produced compost is an organic fertilizer source and it is commonly used for soil amendments. Also in order to reduce the amount of chemical fertilizers need mycorrhizal inoculation can be used as an agricultural strategy. Thus, the aim of the research is to examine the effect of several residue materials produced compost and mycorrhizae fungi with two growth media on leek plant growth, nutrient uptake, and mycorrhizae spores’ production.

Eight different row organic materials and animal manures were used as compost production during 8 months. Leek (Allium porrum L.) plants were inoculated with Funneliformis mosseae and Claroideoglomus etunicatum with a level of 1000-spore per pot. The leek plant was analyzed for determination of nutrient concentration, root colonization, spore production, and shoot/root dry weight.

The composts were made from domestic waste, animal manure (bovine animal), animal manure (ovine animal), and different plant materials were determined to be the most suitable compost material for plant growth and mycorrhizal spore production compared to the rest of compost material. Mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased leek plant growth and nutrient uptake especially phosphorus (P), potassium (K), copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn). Plants grown in 5:3:2 (volume/volume) growth media was responded better to the mycorrhizal inoculation than grown in 1:1:1 (v/v) growth media. Funneliformis mosseae inoculated plants have higher plant growth and nutrient uptake than that of Claroideoglomus etunicatum inoculation.     

The Effects of Municipal Solid Waste Compost And Compost Tea on Mineral Element Uptake And Fruit Quality of Strawberries

Three levels of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and two application rates of compost tea made with MSWC were applied to strawberries for two years. The highest level of application of MSWC significantly increased the concentrations of most extractable soil mineral elements except for Ni which was increased in the highest compost tea application rate. Despite large differences in soil mineral element concentrations among treatments, plant and fruit uptake were generally unaffected by treatments. Notably however, compost tea applications increased fruit Na levels perhaps due to increased uptake of Na by leaves compared to roots. Generally, the composts and compost teas produced fruit of equal quality in terms of total antioxidant capacity and vitamin C but all treatments failed to provide sufficient N to strawberry plants and all fruit appeared to have leather rot; consequently, yield was decreased.     

蚯蚓粪缓解草莓连作土壤障碍的作用

【目的】土壤灭菌处理已成为草莓生产中土传病害综合管理的重要措施,但是土壤灭菌明显抑制了土壤微生物的活性,影响草莓植株的生长。有机肥中含有大量的生物活性物质,尤其是蚯蚓粪。本研究通过观测连作土壤灭菌后施用不同有机肥对草莓植株地上部和地下部的影响,为减缓草莓植株生长的连作障碍提供有机肥选择。【方法】采用温室盆栽草莓模拟试验,首先在去除土壤化感效应影响基础上设置土壤灭菌和正常土壤栽培两个处理,探讨土壤灭菌对草莓植株不同阶段地上部叶片及地下部根系生长影响,在此基础上以相同连作土壤进行另一个盆栽试验,设置不灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LW)、 加牛粪(LN)、 加蚯蚓粪(LQ)处理,灭菌土壤加无机肥料(LMW)、 加牛粪(LMN)、 加蚯蚓粪(LMQ)共6个处理。调查了不同处理开花前苗期草莓植株地上部叶片及地下部根系的生长状况。【结果】土壤灭菌处理较相应未灭菌处理显著抑制了草莓花前幼苗阶段植株地下部的生长(P＜0.05),在果实成熟期、 盛果期及盛果末期植株生长均存在补长效应。土壤灭菌改变了草莓植株地上部和地下部正常的生长发育进程,植株不同发育阶段根冠比发生变化。无论连作土壤灭菌与否,施用无机肥料处理较施用有机肥处理显著抑制了根系生长(P＜0.05)。在不灭菌土壤上,施用蚯蚓粪处理草莓植株根系总长、 根系总表面积、 根尖数及根叉数与施用牛粪处理差异不显著,但灭菌土壤上,施加蚯蚓粪与施加牛粪相比,显著增加了草莓植株根系总长、 根系表面积及根叉数(P＜0.05)。【结论】蚯蚓粪与牛粪和无机肥料相比具有显著的生物活性。在草莓连作土壤灭菌后施用具有生物活性的蚯蚓粪,可以促进根系生长,缓解土壤灭菌对草莓植株生长发育的影响,是值得推荐的有效措施。     

MSW Compost Application on Tomato Crops in Mediterranean Conditions: Effects on Agronomic Performance and Nitrogen Utilization

A two-year field experiment (2001 and 2003) was carried out in a Mediterranean environment to study the effects of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost application compared with mineral nitrogen (N) fertilization on the agronomic performance and N utilization of a tomato crop, in rotation with durum wheat. The research was conducted in the south of Italy where five N treatments and two soil tillage depths (40-45 cm and 10-15 cm) were compared. The N treatments were: MSW compost at 140 kg ha^?1 (Ncom); mineral N fertilizer at 140 kg ha^?1 (Nmin); MSW compost combined with mineral N fertilizer (Nmix) (70 kg ha^?1 as organic N plus 70 kg ha^?1 as mineral N); mineral N fertilizer at 70 kg ha^?1 combined with two applications of foliar fertilizer (Nfito) (3 kg ha^?1 as hydrolyzed proteins), and an untreated control (Contr). During cropping cycles, growth parameters and plant N status (SPAD readings and petiole nitrate content) were determined; at harvest the marketable, overripe, green fruit, total yield, yield components, quality performance, total and fruit N uptake, and N efficiency were recorded. In addition, at the beginning and at the end of the two-year experiment, soil chemical characteristics and mineral N was measured, allowing for the calculation of the mineral N deficit in the soil. The results of this research indicate that the application of MSW compost to tomato plants can serve as a N source in Mediterranean conditions, especially when MSW compost is combined with mineral N fertilizer and deeper soil tillage is applied. In fact, deeper soil tillage increased total yield 7.0 t ha^?1 compared to surface tillage, whereas soil amended with MSW compost increased total yield compared to the untreated control by approximately 6.4% when used alone and 11.1% when combined with mineral N fertilizer. Nitrogen utilization parameters and Harvest Index varied significantly across years and N treatments. Petiole nitrate content and SPAD readings did not vary between Nmin and Nmix treatments, but they were significantly different from the untreated control. This indicates that plant N status was an effective tool to monitor N supply. After the two-year experiment, the Nmix treatment was statistically not significant in total yield (86.1 and 88.2 t ha^?1, respectively), marketable yield (66.9 and 67.7 t ha^?1) and quality compared to the Nmin treatment. Furthermore, the Nmix treatment ensured the least N deficit in the soil, indicating that MSW applications were effectively used as alternative organic supplements. Finally, the results indicated a positive effect of MSW application on organic carbon content in the soil and did not show any significant increase of the heavy metals at the end of the two-year experiment.     

Effects of combined application of vermicompost and mineral fertilizer on the growth of Allium cepa L. and soil fertility

The promotion of organic farming involves curtailing extensive use of mineral fertilizers. The present study was aimed to compare the effects of vermicompost (10 Mg ha^–1), commercial mineral fertilizer (NPK—100:80:80), and their combination on (1) the growth of a major cash crop “onion” (Allium cepa L.) and (2) the changes that may have occurred in the amended soil. The experiment was a randomized complete block design with four replications during the crop‐growing season of 2008/09. Results showed significantly higher plant growth in the combined/mix treatment of vermicompost and NPK, as measured by the vegetative growth of bulbs, number and length of tillers per bulb, and fresh weight of bulbs and by the biochemical characteristics of the onion tillers/leaves (total chlorophyll, caretenoids, protein, and total sugar contents). Comparison of the mixed treatment as compared to the control showed increases in bulb size (54%), total number of bulbs per bed (52%), and fresh weight of all bulbs (198%). The chemical properties and enzyme activity of the amended soil also improved significantly in the combined treatment as compared to the application of vermicompost or the mineral fertilizer alone. Total organic C, microbial biomass C, and sulfate content were significantly higher in the mix treatment, with increases of 60%, 127%, and 126%, respectively, as compared to those of the chemical‐fertilizer‐alone treatment. Similarly, β‐glucosidase, alkaline phosphatase, and dehydrogenase were significantly higher by 145%, 91%, 71%, respectively, in the mix treatment as compared to those of fertilizer‐alone application. This study indicates that application of a combination of mineral fertilizer and vermicompost in the field can positively influence the biological properties and fertility of soils, and support better plant growth, when compared to the application of mineral fertilizer or vermicompost alone. The study suggests that this combined application can reduce the quantity and cost of mineral‐fertilizers application for bulbous‐crop cultivation by 50%, while also sustaining soil biological activity of tropical and subtropical soils.     

Influence of earthworm culture on fertilization potential and biological activities of vermicomposts prepared from different plant wastes

The present investigation was aimed to analyze influence of earthworm culture on nutritive status, microbial population, and enzymatic activities of composts prepared by utilizing different plant wastes. Vermicomposts were prepared from different types of leaves litter of horticulture and forest plant species by modified vermicomposting process at a farm unit. Initial thermophilic decomposition of waste load using cow‐dung slurry was done in the separate beds. The culture of Eisenia fetida was used for vermicomposting in specially designed vermibeds at the farm unit. The physico‐chemical characteristics, enzyme activities (oxido‐reductases and hydrolases), and microbial population (bacteria, fungi, free‐living nitrogen‐fixing bacteria, actinomycetes, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, phosphate‐solubilizing bacteria and fungi) of vermicomposts were found significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of control (without earthworm inoculum). The study quantified significant contributions of earthworm culture to physico‐chemical, enzymatic, and microbiological properties of vermicompost and confirmed superior fertilization potential of vermicompost for organic farming. The agronomic utility of vermicompost was assessed on yellow mustard plant in a pot experiment. Pot soil was amended with different ratios (5%, 10%, 20%) of vermicompost and normal compost (without earthworm inoculum). Effects of these amendments on the growth of Brassica comprestis L. were studied. The significant differences (p < 0.05) in the growth of plant were observed among vermicompost‐, compost‐amended soil, and control. Vermicompost increased the root and shoot lengths, numbers of branches and leaves per plant, fresh and dry weights per plant, numbers of pods and flowers, and biochemical properties of plant leaf significantly, especially in 20% amendment. These results proved better fertilization potential of vermicompost over non‐earthworm‐inoculated compost.     

熏蒸条件下有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长及养分利用的影响

基于田间大棚试验,采用等量养分原则,分析生物有机肥、蚯蚓粪、鸡粪等不同有机肥部分替代化肥对西瓜生长、产量、品质以及养分利用的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,有机肥部分替代化肥均不同程度提高了西瓜叶绿素含量、光合性能、产量及品质,其中以蚯蚓粪与化肥配施效果最佳,其光合性能显著高于单施化肥,产量提高了33.63%,可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及维生素C含量分别增加了14.07%,14.47%和17.52%。有机肥部分替代化肥施肥处理的肥料利用率高于单施化肥,土壤养分元素依存率低于单施化肥,以蚯蚓粪配施化肥作用效果最为显著,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为26.02%,5.67%和29.89%,土壤氮、磷、钾素依存率分别为20.96%,20.32%和31.55%。熏蒸处理的西瓜枯萎病发病率整体低于未熏蒸处理,其中熏蒸条件下蚯蚓粪部分替代化肥施肥处理西瓜发病率最低,仅为4.76%。