农业固体废物分类及其污染风险识别和处理路径

防治农业固体废物污染,对保障农民身体健康,维护农业生态安全,促进农村经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。在总结农业固体废物内涵和外延的基础上,探讨农业固体废物的主要来源、分类方法和基本特征,按照来源、毒性、组分和形态对农业固体废物进行了分类,剖析来源单一与类型多样的双重性、潜在污染与重要资源的两面性、周年持续与季节波动的复杂性等农业固体废物的基本特征。识别农业种植固体废物、畜禽水产养殖固体废物、废旧农业投入品和农产品初加工固体废物的潜在污染风险。梳理农业固体废物污染防治、处理利用代表性法规政策,分析农业固体废物全链条运营和监管体系,提出"分类处理、多措并举,统筹兼顾、绿色循环,减量回用、精准处置"的农业固体废物处理利用技术路径与模式。该研究可为指导农业固体废物污染防治和处理利用提供基础支撑和决策参考。     

Environmental impact of radioactive waste management in the nuclear industry

Radioactive wastes from the nuclear industry are classified into low, intermediate and high activity levels, and problems of their storage and release examined in detail. Current means of storage are considered with reference to processing of low and intermediate level liquid waste, processing of high level waste, processing of airborne waste, and ground disposal and processing of solid waste. Release is discussed in terms of effluent release limits, monitoring and the use of permanent records, impact of release to the human environment, impact of release to the material environment, and guides for preventing accidental release. Contamination of the shore of Lake Huron from radioactive fallout is discussed as a particular example. Problems to be solved are identified in three main areas: gaseous wastes, actinide-contaminated wastes, and permanent disposal, and some specific suggestions for study are made.     

云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾特性与管理分析

鉴于当前农村生活垃圾的污染日益突出,且云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾的研究尚处于空白,随机选择了该地区9个自然村,通过访问式问卷调查、现场采样、实验室测试等方法,对当地农村生活垃圾的特性、群众对生活垃圾的认知以及参与管理的意愿进行了调研,以期为农村生活垃圾的管理与处理处置提供理论支撑和技术指导。研究表明：云贵高原农村地区生活垃圾产生量为160g·人-1·d-1;主要组分有厨余类、灰土类、橡胶类、纸类和木竹类;垃圾容重、含水率、灰分、可燃物和热值分别为106kg·m-3、39．16％、19．48％、41．37％和7615kJ·kg-1。此外,云贵高原农村地区群众对生活垃圾的污染性认知主要来自于直观感受,对可回收生活垃圾的认知直接受当地废品回收商的影响,对有毒有害生活垃圾的认知不足;群众对生活垃圾处理处置的支付意愿较好,参与生活垃圾保洁和管理工作的意愿较强,该地区已基本具备开展农村生活垃圾管理与处理的群众基础。     

Synthesis of zeolite from waste lignite ash from Thailand

Almost all the lignite ash from the coal thermal power plants in Maemoa, Lumpang Province, Thailand is disposed of as solid wastes. However, the number of reclaimed sites for the disposal of the wastes is not sufficient to handle the large amount of wastes. Therefore, the development of a technique for the utilization of lignite ash is essential to preserve the environment and to recycle the waste materials. Lignite ash is composed of inorganic compounds mainly present as glasses resulting from fusion during their combustion. The chemical composition of these glasses is similar to that of volcanic glass in nature and changes easily to zeolite-like substances by hydrothermal treatment with an alkali. Henmi (1987) reported the synthesis of hydroxysodalite, a kind of zeolite, from waste coal ash. Zeolites are crystalline, hydrated aluminosilicates with a three-dimensional crystal structure and have the attractive cation-exchange properties in agricultural applications (Ming and Mumpton 1989). In the present study, attempts were made to synthesize zeolitelike substances from lignite ash from Thailand, in order to develop a new method for the disposal of industrial wastes. Although the synthesis of zeolite-like substances from waste coal ash had been reported in different countries after the publication of Henmi (1987), this method was applied for the first time in Thailand for the treatment of lignite ash.     

Heavy metal contents of some solid wastes in Ibadan,Nigeria

The heavy metal contents of some solid wastes produced in residential areas, a market, a cafeteria and the composts in lbadan, Nigeria, were measured. The solid wastes produced in low density areas with higher per capita income showed higher levels of heavy metals. The cafeteria waste showed low levels of some of these metals. The significance of the heavy metal status on Nigerian environment is discussed.     

Plastics waste handling practices in solid waste management

In order to see the impact of plastics on the overall solid waste picture, the sources and nature of wastes generated by that industry will be defined. At one end of the spectrum are industrial wastes resulting from plastics formation and from packaging and transfer. Fabrication follows and then the intermediate markets. Finally, there is the consumer. Each step generates a waste stream. The options for disposal or recycle are discussed for each waste source and the economics included are reviewed. The fate of plastics in the environment has been of concern to some, principally because plastics generally do not disappear very fast. Activity in this sector will be discussed. Engineering and other technical input for all waste handling follows economic reality and higher scrap values are resulting in new market potentials for waste plastics. The emergence of energy as a key decision point in environmental concern has highlighted the energy value of waste plastics as fuel. Current activity in this area will be discussed. An increased legislative role in solid waste management is needed. Some of the currently considered legislative practices that help and that hurt the industry's ability to assist in managing the solid waste problem will be reviewed.     

Removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue Dye from Dye-Contaminated Water by Adsorption Using Red Mud: Equilibrium, Kinetic, and Thermodynamic Studies

Utilization of industrial solid wastes for the treatment of wastewater from another industry could help environmental pollution abatement, in solving both solid waste disposal as well as liquid waste problems. Red mud (RM) is a waste product in the production of alumina and it poses serious pollution hazard. The present paper focuses on the possibility of utilization of RM as an adsorbent for removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue dye (RBB), a reactive dye from dye-contaminated water. Adsorption of RBB, from dye-contaminated water was studied by adsorption on powdered sulfuric acid-treated RM. The effect of initial dye concentration, contact time, initial pH, and adsorbent dosage were studied. Langmuir isotherm model has been found to represent the equilibrium data for RBB?CRM adsorption system better than Freundlich model. The adsorption capacity of RM was found to be 27.8?mg dye/g of adsorbent at 40?°C. Thermodynamic analysis showed that adsorption of RBB on acid-treated RM is an endothermic reaction with ?H ⁰ of 28.38?kJ/mol. The adsorption kinetics is represented by second-order kinetic model and the kinetic constant was estimated to be 0.0105?±?0.005?g/mg?min. Validity of intra-particle diffusion kinetic model suggested that among the mass transfer processes during the dye adsorption process, pore diffusion is the controlling step and not the film diffusion. The process can serve dual purposes of utilization of an industrial solid waste and the treatment of liquid waste.     

Seventy Years of Research on Waste Composting and Utilization at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station

? The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven, established in 1875, is the oldest Experiment Station in the nation. Among the many contributions made by scientists at the Station, the development of hybrid corn by Donald F. Jones, and the discovery of vitamins by Thomas B. Osborne stand as hallmarks of science that have received much attention. Since the early 1920's, two issues have been studied in great detail at this Station; maintenance of soil fertility in New England's nutrient impoverished soil and disposal of agricultural and domestic wastes. Since the solutions to these problems are intertwined, the Station has been examining the time honored custom of returning wastes to soil to improve crop production. Even before the current rejuvenation of composting as an option in waste management, the Station expended considerable effort in composting research and its utilization in agriculture. This is a historical review of these efforts.     

中国农村生活垃圾的产生量与物理特性分析及处理建议

中国农村生活垃圾对生态环境的污染日益严重,为给农村生活垃圾的管理提供相应的理论支撑和技术支持,促进"新农村"的建设,该文基于对西部6省18县59村580户农户的现场调研和全国25个省(市)128篇文献调研的数理统计,对中国农村生活垃圾的来源、产生率、产生量、组分、容重、可压缩性等特征进行了全面、系统的归纳总结与分析。结果表明:中国农村生活垃圾产生率介于0.034~3.000 kg/(人·d)之间,中位值为0.521 kg/(人·d),2014年产生量达到1.48亿t,具有来源广泛且分散、产率低、产量高、增长迅速、区域差异显著等特点。生活垃圾主要组分包括厨余类、灰土类、橡塑类和纸类,其湿基质量累计百分比达到了83.61%,区域差异显著;与城市生活垃圾组分相比,具有低厨余和金属、高灰土含量的特点,并逐渐趋于城市化。生活垃圾的容重介于40~650 kg/m~3之间,平均值为263 kg/m~3,可压缩性较好。根据生活垃圾特性,在实施"村收集-镇运输-县处理"管理模式的农村,建议采用压缩式中转站和垃圾车进行收运;在有条件的农村地区,可逐步开展垃圾分类收集,将厨余和灰土从生活垃圾中分离后就地消纳。     

集约化畜禽业粪便资源化对策管见

对集约化畜禽粪便资源化提出四点建议:1.强化农业环境管理,增加对区域环境资源的协调能力,把集约化企业的粪便治理纳入区域生态系统和综合洽理轨道,改变养种脱节状况,充分利用环境自净能力,实现养种互补。2.优化区域资源化技术路线,探寻组合配套技术;优化原则为,优先利用环境容量,粪水和部分粪物就地利用。超负荷部分以商品形式输出,无力输出部分才作废弃物输出。3.以市为单位,建立资源化基金,开拓集资渠道,按治理规划统筹使用,迫使企业纳金尽责,又让其享用行业互助和政府的支持,以保证资金来源。4.组织科技攻关,为猪粪处理和北方冬季粪水利用开辟新路,为深层次利用粪便探索新技术。     

集约化畜禽业粪便资源化对策管见

对集约化畜禽粪便资源化提出四点建议:1.强化农业环境管理,增加对区域环境资源的协调能力,把集约化企业的粪便治理纳入区域生态系统和综合洽理轨道,改变养种脱节状况,充分利用环境自净能力,实现养种互补。2.优化区域资源化技术路线,探寻组合配套技术;优化原则为,优先利用环境容量,粪水和部分粪物就地利用。超负荷部分以商品形式输出,无力输出部分才作废弃物输出。3.以市为单位,建立资源化基金,开拓集资渠道,按治理规划统筹使用,迫使企业纳金尽责,又让其享用行业互助和政府的支持,以保证资金来源。4.组织科技攻关,为猪粪处理和北方冬季粪水利用开辟新路,为深层次利用粪便探索新技术。     

Composting Food Processing Waste in the European Economic Community

For more than half a century, large food processing companies, faced with mounting solid waste disposal problems, have opted for landfilling. Other options, concentrating on utilization, are now being increasingly explored. Energy recovery (ethanol and methanol) and fodder production from food processing residuals in some cases are valid solutions. Of the many alternatives to food recovery waste disposal, composting seems to be an effective method. Managed properly, research has shown that composting can produce a nutrient-rich soil amendment; odors can be controlled during the transformation process and in the final product. The process is competitive and cost-effective environmentally, completes the biological chain and returns to the soil what has been taken from it. For these reasons, composting seems to be the best candidate to solve problems connected with food factory waste disposal.     

废弃物到能源的闭环供应链：循环供能、协同运作与可持续性

现代经济生活方式每年产生大量的废弃物,通过耦合收集、加工、运输、发电、供热等独立运行环节,形成整体关联的闭环供应链,实现废弃物到能源的循环利用和可持续发展。该文立足于循环供能与可持续发展两大维度,围绕废弃物回收、资源化处理、多能互补供应、多网络耦合的完整链条,系统分析废弃物到能源闭环供应链的废弃物管理、多能源供应、环境治理协同效应。基于联合国可持续发展目标框架,以全球能源、经济、环境和社会协调发展的重大需求为牵引,整合废弃物到能源闭环供应链的交叉兼容指标,构建涵盖复合维度的可持续性评价指标体系,并从内生风险与外源风险视角,识别刻画不可持续风险。     

Sorption Behavior of Arsenate by Mg-Bearing Minerals at Hyperalkaline Condition: Implications for Oxyanions Sequestration During the Use and Disposal of Alkaline Wastes

The utilization and disposal of alkaline waste materials such as slag and coal fly ash as cement aggregates and raw materials in cement manufacturing can pose environmental and health hazards because these waste materials usually contain elevated concentration of toxic elements. This study examined the possibility of controlling the pore water chemistry of these waste materials in order to induce the secondary mineral formation of Mg-bearing minerals as major sorbing solids for oxyanions during the utilization and disposal of alkaline wastes. The formation of Mg-bearing minerals was examined at ambient temperature and alkaline pH conditions in the Mg?CSi?CAl system. The interaction of Mg-bearing minerals with oxyanions using arsenate as an analog was examined during and after mineral formation. The results revealed that the generated Mg-bearing mineral phases were smectite and brucite in Mg?CSi system and hydrotalcite and serpentine in Mg?CSi?CAl system. Moreover, hydrotalcite, serpentine, brucite, and smectite phases formed under low Si ratio showed high sorption capacity for arsenate, but only high Al content hydrotalcite and serpentine showed substantial irreversible fraction of sorbed arsenate. Hence, the generation of these kinds of hydrotalcite and serpentine phases as scavengers for oxyanions must be considered during the utilization and disposal of alkaline wastes.     

发达国家畜禽废物处理技术与立法

源于集约化畜禽养殖场的大量粪便及废水导致的环境污染问题越来越受到人们的关注,发达国家十分重视畜禽废物的处理技术研究及控制由其引起污染的立法工作。该文在分析畜禽废物管理系统的构成、约束及目标基础上,对发达国家近年来处理技术的发展进行综述,包括还田利用、好氧与厌氧生物处理、存贮、收集与运输、提取新产品及优化模型与决策支持系统等方面,最后对有关畜禽废物管理方面的法规做了介绍。     

自然村生产生活废弃物循环利用模式及其评价研究

农业农村生产生活废弃物循环利用是实现农村人居环境治理、提高资源利用效率的重要途径,对美丽乡村建设具有重要意义。该文以自然村为研究对象,采用层次分析法和模糊评价法相结合的方法,统筹考虑生产生活废弃物循环利用,构建了自然村生产生活循环技术模式评价指标体系,确定各项指标的权重,建立评价方法。以河北邢台市山区某村为例,针对其生产生活废弃物产生特点,构建生产生活废弃物循环利用体系,该村农业废弃物以果木剪枝、生活垃圾、生活污水、人畜粪尿等为主,通过构建以果木剪枝热解+炭基有机肥还田为纽带的循环利用模式,辅以污水处理利用技术,实现了废弃物能源化和就地肥料化利用。通过对该自然村循环利用模式进行实地评价验证,结果表明该自然村生产生活循环技术模式评分结果为优。该文为中国村镇废弃物循环利用技术模式选择、农村人居环境改善和农业绿色发展提供参考和借鉴。     

Utilization of lignocellulosic plant residues for compost formation and its role in improving soil fertility

Globally, urbanization and a steady increase in population generate a huge amount of wastes, which leads to a series of economic, social, and environmental changes, mainly in developing countries. There is an utmost need for efficient management strategies for the beneficial utilization of these wastes into useful products. Among these strategies, composting is gaining attention due to its benefits of solid waste management, such as proper sterilization, and economical and effective bioconversio...     

广东省畜禽粪便污染及综合防治对策

结合广东省畜禽饲养量 ,采用各类畜禽粪便及其污染物的排泄系数 ,估算出畜禽粪便污染物排放总量、污染物流失量。研究发现 :畜禽养殖业的粪尿流失量是工业固体废弃物的 2 1倍 ;COD和NH3 -N的流失量分别是生活和工业废水的COD和NH3 -N排放量的 1 4倍和 1 7倍 ,畜禽粪便造成的环境污染是农村面源污染的主要原因。并提出采用综合防治的思路解决广东省畜禽养殖的污染问题     

Heavy Metal Release from Some Industrial Wastes: Influence of Organic and Inorganic Acids, Clay Minerals, and Nanoparticles

Knowledge about heavy metal release from industrial solid wastes(ISWs) is crucial for better management of their environmental risks. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic acids, clay minerals, and nanoparticles(NPs) on the release of heavy metals from sugar factory waste, ceramic factory waste, leather factory waste, and stone cutting waste. The influence of the extractants on heavy metal release from these ISWs was in the following descending order: citric acid oxalic acid nitric acid≥ sulfuric acid Ca Cl2. Addition of clay minerals and NPs as adsorbents decreased heavy metal release, which was significantly lower in NP-treated wastes than in the clay mineral-treated wastes. On the other hand, the presence of organic and inorganic acids increased heavy metal adsorption by NPs and clay minerals. These results suggest that NPs can be applied successfully in waste remediation,and organic and inorganic acids play an important role in the removal of heavy metals from the studied adsorbents.     

Evaluation of contaminated groundwater cleanup objectives

Uranium tailings are generated as solid and liquid wastes in uranium mining/milling operations. Since most of the uranium deposits in the world have low grades, millions of tonnes of such wastes are produced annually. Often, the uranium tailings are locally disposed of, using sites with suitable conditions to construct tailings basins. The main concern during the operation of a disposal site is the presence of radium in the liquid phase which overflows from dewatered tailings. This barium is precipitated by adding proper chemical reagent. The potential environmental hazards of uranium tailings arise when the disposal site is abandoned after the decommissioning of the uranium mill. Huge amounts of solid waste as small particles of depleted ore remain in place. Top soils are usually for soil stabilization and for controlling radon emissions. Hence water infiltration through uranium tailings presents a potential hazard to underground aquifers. Water plays a dual role by triggering a sequence of reactions and by carrying contaminants away from the wastes sites. The situation is more serious in a country like Canada, where the precipitation rate is higher than the evaporation rate and the water table is about one metre beneath the ground surface. For permanent disposal of uranium tailings, either the hazardous constituents of these wastes have to be isolated from the percolating water, or the subsoils must have acceptable sealing and sorptive characteristics. The first approach is effected by blending proper solidifying reagents with the tailings in order to totally block them from the leaching effects of aggressive pore water. Solid waste treatment may prove costly in additive usage and the blending operation. The leaching of toxic constituents, however, becomes effective so long as the tailings are in a loose form. This is because of the acid-generating properties of the pyrite, a substantial constituent (up to 8% wt) of the tailings. Two types of contaminants tend to leave the solid and migrate to the pore water. These are the heavy metals and the radioactive elements, both of which are hazardous for their toxicity and persistence. The sorptive and neutralizing capacities of the underlying soils have to be carefully examined and measures have to be taken to stop the progression of acidic interstitial water. This paper focuses on three aspects of crucial importance to the permanent disposal of uranium tailings. These are: leaching in uranium tailings, sorption on natural geological barriers, and radium immobilization.