生物质炭醋糟复配物代替草炭对辣椒幼苗生长的影响

生物质炭的农业利用日益受到关注。针对草炭资源日益耗竭的问题,以药渣炭、木屑炭和猪粪炭为试验对象,配比一定量的醋糟,分析了不同配比生物质炭复合基质对辣椒幼苗生长的影响,探讨了生物质炭复合基质代替草炭基质的可能性。试验结果表明:生物质炭在与醋糟按4∶2、3∶3、2∶4等不同配比混合后,基质的pH大多数在6.0~7.5,基质的通气孔隙有所提高。综合整个幼苗生育期,含20%生物质炭的各复合基质处理的辣椒幼苗株高、茎粗、叶面积、地上部生物量均显著优于对照草炭基质;含20%、40%药渣炭的基质处理的幼苗根表面积、根体积表现较好,在前期与草炭基质无显著差异,后期显著高于草炭基质。药渣炭和木屑炭与醋糟混配基质的壮苗指数优于草炭处理,其中B1A2(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=4∶2∶3∶1)、B1A4(药渣炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)、B2A4(木屑炭∶醋糟∶蛭石∶珍珠岩=2∶4∶3∶1)处理的壮苗指数均显著高于其他处理。综合评价各生长指标,B1A2和B1A4处理基质的表现最好,可代替草炭基质在辣椒育苗上应用。     

Growth of Hedera helix L. Container Plants in Compost Substrates Made with Miscanthus ogiformis Honda Straw and Various N-Sources

Ammonium sulfate or urea were added as N-source to shredded straw of Miscanthus ogiformis ‘Giganteus’ and water was included as control. The combined materials were composted for seven months, and the resulting composts were tested as growth substrates for nursery container plants and compared with fertilized and unfertilized peat substrates. The pH was below recommended level for the compost substrate made with ammonium sulfate and for the unfertilized peat substrate throughout the experiment. Electrical conductivity and concentrations of most nutrients were low and decreased throughout the experiment for all growth substrates. Shrinking of the growth substrates after 4, 12 or 17 months was larger for compost substrates than for peat substrates. Bulk density increased in compost substrates and decreased in peat substrates, while the total loss of C was greater in compost substrates than in peat. Water retention was lower and air volume greater for compost substrate made with ammonium sulfate than for fertilized peat. Algae and mosses did not occur on Miscanthus compost growth substrates in contrast to peat substrates. The shoot length and dry matter of Hedera helix, produced after four and 12 months of growth, and five months following cut back, showed that plants can grow well in compost substrates made of Miscanthus straw and ammonium sulfate or urea. However, the compost substrates could not fully substitute for fertilized or unfertilized peat substrate with respect to dry matter production.     

Variability of Soluble Salts Using Different Extraction Methods on Composts And Other Substrates

Soluble salts represent dissolved inorganic ions in solution and are typically measured in terms of electrical conductivity (EC). Often soluble salt measurements from different studies or laboratories cannot be cross-referenced or there is much confusion when comparing these results. The soluble salts from 13 composts and horticultural substrate materials were extracted using six different methods: saturated medium extract; pour-through, a water displacement method; and water suspensions using various ratios (by volume) of water:substrate (1:1, 1:2, 2;1, 5:1). EC ranged from 0.1 (peat and perlite) to 23.1 dS m^?1 (turkey litter compost). A linear regression model was developed to allow cross-referencing between extraction methods of measurements of soluble salts concentration of the composts and substrates.     

Compositional Changes in Composts During Composting and Mushroom Growth: Comparison of Conventional and Environmentally Controlled Composts from Commercial Farms

Samples from conventional and environmentally controlled (EC) composts taken at various stages of composting and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) growth were analyzed for changes in 80 percent ethanol and water extracts, monosaccharides in acid hydrolysates of polysaccharides, lignin concentrations and lignin structural features. The relative lignin content of all composts as measured by the acetyl bromide procedure increased, both during composting and mushroom growth. On the assumption that the absolute amount of lignin remains unaltered during composting and mushroom growth, the relative changes to the polysaccharide concentrations were calculated. Thus, during composting, 70, 53 and 58 percent of the initial wall polysaccharides for conventional, “cold” and “hot” EC, respectively, were consumed by compost microorganisms. During spawn running and fruiting, about 15 percent of wall polysaccharides were utilized from all types of composts. Thus, considerable amounts (17–31 percent) of polysaccharide remained at the end of mushroom production. During composting, there were changes in the degree of condensation and in the extent of oxidation of the lignins in all cases, but the rate and extent of these changes was dependent on the different composting regimes. During mushroom growth, further changes occurred, again with different patterns for the different compost types.     

Characteristics of Composts Derived from Waxed Corrugated Cardboard

The characteristics of 12 composts containing, by volume, spent mushroom substrate (SMS, 50 percent), waste waxed corrugated cardboard (WCC, 0 percent, 25 percent or 50 percent), and/or pulverized wood wastes (WW, 50 percent, 25 percent or 0 percent) were measured during two separate windrow composting periods (12-16 weeks). Supplemental N was added to some of the composts in the form of poultry manure, and/or soybean processing wastes. During the first eight to 10 weeks, composts containing 50 percent WCC tended to reach and maintain the highest temperatures, but subsequently cooled most rapidly. Microbial activity (CO₂ evolution) also was initially highest in these composts but fell by the twelfth week to levels comparable to composts containing lower levels of WCC. The paraffin wax in WCC containing composts was almost completely degraded (>95 percent). After 12 weeks of composting N (1.2-1.6 percent DW), P (0.30-0.55 percent), and K (0.9-1.2 percent) concentrations were within typical ranges and N and P were highest in composts containing 50 percent WCC. KC1 extractable NH₄-N (494 mg-N kg^?1) and NO₃+NO₂-N (281 mg-N kg^?1) were highest and lowest, respectively, in composts containing 50 percent WCC. Electrical conductivity (4.5-8.5mS/cm) and pH (7.5-8.5) were high in all composts and highest in composts with 50 percent WCC. Concentrations of phenolic compounds were highest in composts containing 50 percent WCC, manure, and soybean wastes and were positively correlated with NH₄-N. C:N ratios of all composts were within an acceptable range (18-23:1).     

Rice Growth and Nutrient Accumulation as Affected by Different Composts

Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of four different kinds of compost: pea–rice hull compost (PRC), cattle dung–tea compost (CTC), hog dung–rice hull compost (HDR), and hog dung–sawdust compost (HDS). These types of compost differ in nitrogen composition and in the dry matter yield and nutrient accumulation [nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)], of rice plants. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants were planted in an Oxisol soil. Plants were cultivated in pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, mixed with the four different composts (PRC, 404 g; CTC, 395 g; HDR, and HDS, 450 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM) (N:P₂O₅:K₂O=120:96:72) The residual effect was studied after the crop was harvested. All treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the root, leaf sheath, leaf blade, stalk, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. After the first crop, the dry matter yield and the amount of N, P, and K absorbed from the CTC or HDS treatments were higher than those of the other treatments, at the most active tillering stage. The growth and nutrient accumulation of rice plants given the PRC treatment were higher than those given the CHEM treatment at the heading stage or the HDR treatment at the maturity stage. In the second crop, the dry matter yield from the PRC, CTC, and HDR treatments was higher than from the other treatments. The nutrient accumulation of the rice plants was positively correlated with the dry matter yield. The residual effect of the HDS compost was the least among all four composts.     

Production and Interior Performances of Tropical Ornamental Foliage Plants Grown in Container Substrates Amended with Composts

Three representative Florida composts were mixed by volume with sphagnum peat and pine bark to formulate 12 container substrates. After physical and chemical characterization, the substrates, along with a control, were used to grow containerized Cordyline terminalis ‘Baby Doll’, Dieffenbachia maculata ‘Camille’, and Dracaena fragans ‘Massangeana’ cane. All substrates were able to produce marketable plants, but only five or seven, depending on plant genus, of the 12 compost-formulated substrates resulted in plants comparable or superior to those of the control substrate. The five also had substrate shrinkage equal to or less than the control. Plants were then moved to an interior evaluation site to determine the suitability of compost-formulated substrates in sustaining foliage plant growth under an interior environment. During a six-month interior evaluation, the plants maintained their aesthetic appearances. Based on plant growth parameters and quality ratings as well as substrate shrinkage both in production and interior evaluation, five of 12 compost-formulated substrates were identified to be equal or superior to the control. This study showed that the three composts, after being appropriately mixed with sphagnum peat and pine bark, can be used as container substrates in every phase of tropical foliage plant production and utilization.     

Physicochemical and Microbial Characteristics of Locally Processed Green Waste Composts

Four locally composted green waste composts (GWCs) namely Almukhasib, Growers, Plantex, and Super were screened to determine whether they meet the standards. All composts showed normal physical properties, except for the bad smell from sulfur reducing bacteria in Almukhasib compost, and light brown color Plantex. The germination indexes of the composts comparable to the standard (90%) were 98% for Plantex followed by Growers (77%), and 5% for both Super and Almukhasib. The chemical and physical properties vary considerably as follows: pH 3-10.5 (standard 5-8), electrical conductivity (EC) 0.4-10.2 mScm^?1 (standard 0.04.0 mScm^?1), moisture content (MC) 29-43.7% (standard 35-60%) and water holding capacity (WHC) 92-200%. Wide ranges in the chemical properties were expressed as total nitrogen concentration 5705-16401 mgkg^?1 (standard <500 mgkg^?1), organic matter 17-67.6% (standard 35%). Although, there are significant variations in the concentration of the heavy metals among the tested composts, the concentrations of these metals (Zn, Ni, Pb, Hg, As, Cd, and Cr) were lower than the recommended levels. The average of the bacterial colony forming unit per gram dry weight ranged between 464-2292 cfu/g, whereas the fungal cfu were 14-4308 cfu/g (standard < 1000 cfu/g). The most probable number (MPN) for coliform bacteria was 64-1549 cfu/g dry weight. Aspergillus niger was the predominant fungus recovered from all compost samples (100%) followed by A. fumigatus (50%), A. sparsus (50%), yeasts (50%), A. flavus (37.5%), and the remaining A. restrictus, A. ochraceous, Cladosporium spp., and Penicillium spp. is 25% each. The results showed that the physicochemical properties and microbial contamination of the screened composts were considerably varied and did not meet many of the acceptable limits in Oman, which render them unsafe for handling or unsuitable as direct fertilizer for plant growth or for soil bioremediation, which suggests mixing the composts with vermiculite and soil in order to improve their general characteristics. Therefore, there is evident need for urgent development of proper composting techniques, standard laboratory testing methods for high quality control measures, and adopting strong legislation. The use of certified and high grade mature green waste compost is a priority.     

尕海湿地泥炭土土壤理化性质

泥炭是一种宝贵的自然资源,同时也是重要的生态资源,尕海湿地的泥炭土在涵养水源、储存碳汇方面有着举足轻重的作用。研究采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,对尕海湿地泥炭土土壤的理化性质进行测定。结果表明:尕海湿地泥炭土的平均含水量为122.29%,说明尕海湿地具有较强的蓄水功能;土壤容重平均值为0.478 6g/kg,土壤总孔隙度平均值为78.186%。随着土层加深,土壤容重呈现出增大趋势,而总孔隙度呈现出降低趋势。(2)尕海湿地泥炭土的有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾平均含量依次为302.04,10.37,0.81,13.93g/kg,空间变异程度均属中等水平。随着土层加深,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷平均含量均呈现出下降的趋势,而土壤全钾平均含量呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,说明不同深度土壤中生物量的积累对土壤养分含量有重要影响。     

风沙土改良剂对白菜生理特性和生长状况的影响

通过盆栽试验,选用泥炭和风化煤作为风沙土改良剂,分析其在不同土壤水分条件下对土壤的改良效果以及对白菜生理特性和生长状况的影响。结果表明,施入8%泥炭明显有利于改良风沙土理化性质,表现为土壤容重、总孔隙度、pH值、全N、碱解N、速效P、速效K明显改善;促进了白菜的生长,表现为白菜的蒸腾速率、水分利用效率、高生长和生物量明显优于对照。尽管施入8%风化煤对风沙土的大部分理化性质得到了明显改善,但白菜的生理和生长指标与对照差异不显著。在8%泥炭处理中,土壤水分充足的条件下同微干旱相比,表现为有利于白菜生理和生长的改善和提高,但8%风化煤处理却表现为土壤微干旱优于水分充足。因此,认为泥炭是风沙土的优良改良剂,施用泥炭有利于提高作物的产量,维持较高的土地生产力。     

Physical and Chemical Properties of Substrates to Cultivate Seedling of Citrus Rootstocks

Abstract

An experiment was carried out to assess the physical and chemical evolution of three substrates and their relation to the vegetative development of seedlings of citrus rootstock, cultivated in containers. The experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions on 27 September 2001 and continued until 120 days after sowing. The experimental design was randomized block in a split‐plot scheme. In the plots, there were tested substrates: two of them were specialized for horticulture (commercial 1 and 2) and a mixture (turf plus carbonized rice husk). In the subplots, there were four citrus rootstocks (Trifoliate orange, “C13” Citrange, “C37” Citrange, and “Rangpur” Lime). The main results showed that the physical characteristic of the substrate that had undergone the most modification during cultivation was the remnant water; the chemical characteristics of the substrate were determined for the proper development of the rootstocks, with high salinity being harmful. The nutrient availability, before and after cultivation, must be adjusted to the capacity of each of the citrus rootstock to absorb.     

Physical and Chemical Changes in Container Media in Response to Bark Substitution for Peat

Physical and chemical properties of container media are important factors in controlling the supply and movement of water and nutrients for nursery plant growth. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the physical and chemical properties and quality of media formulated with systematic substitution of composted pine bark (bark) for sphagnum peat (peat) in the presence of sand. Ten formulations were prepared that contained 40-90% bark, 0-50% peat, and 10 or 20% sand by volume. Increasing the percentage of bark increased the percentage of coarse particles, and linearly decreased the medium-sized particles in media in either 10% or 20% sand. Increasing the percentage of bark in the media significantly decreased water holding capacity, whereas bulk and particle densities and total porosity were influenced by the interaction of bark x peat x sand. Increasing the percentage of bark increased electrical conductivity and total C, P, K, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn. Availability of nutrients were also increased by increasing percentages of bark. Substitution of bark for peat did not influence the pH of the formulated media. Our results suggest that formulated media with 70 to 80% composted pine bark and 10 to 20% peat (V/V) exhibited physical and chemical properties considered optimum for the growth of container nursery plant crops.     

Chemical,Physical and Biological Criteria for Maturity in Composts for Organic Farming

Properties of organic farming composts were examined during the composting process: pH, electrical conductivity, C/N ratio, total N content, NH₄₊ content, NO_3?content, ash content, and organic matter content. In addition to these properties the respiration rate, microbial population counts, hydrolysis of Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA) and the activity of the enzyme amidase were studied. Composts at several stages of maturity were incubated in soil, and their N mineralization rates were measured. The end of the thermophilic stage was characterized by irreversible decrease in pile temperature to under 55°C, followed by stabilization of the chemical properties. This stage in the composting process is also characterized by decrease in CO₂ evolution rate, changes in microbial populations and specific patterns in FDA hydrolysis and amidase activity. Based on this evidence, we suggest that biological parameters can be considered as indicators for compost maturity.     

汞在泥炭上的吸附特征研究

采用批次法研究了汞在三江平原泥炭、吉林双阳泥炭上等温吸附特征及介质pH值、背景离子浓度的影响。实验结果表明:两种泥炭吸附等温线均同时符合Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程,而与Langmuir方程的拟合效果更好; 在溶液汞浓度相同时,温度升高,泥炭对汞的吸附量降低;在相同的条件下,三江平原泥炭对汞的吸附量大于吉林双阳泥炭对汞的吸附量;两种泥炭对汞的吸附量受pH值的影响明显且都在pH 6.0左右具有最大的吸附量;在酸性条件下,吸附介质的pH值升高利于泥炭对汞的吸附;介质的离子浓度升高,可以使两种泥炭对汞的吸附量迅速降低。     

Microbiological Characteristics of Bare Peat Circles on Flat-Topped Peat Mounds in the North of Western Siberia

Eurasian Soil Science - A destructive peat horizon Tmd of bare peat circles on flat-topped peat mounds in the north of Western Siberia differs from peat horizons (T) of typical peat soils in its...     

Soil Physical Properties and Organic Matter Fractions Under Forages Receiving Composts,Manure or Fertilizer

A field study was conducted to assess the benefits, with respect to soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions of utilizing composts from a diversity of sources in perennial forage production. A mixed forage (timothy-red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and monocrop timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward were fertilized annually with ammonium nitrate (AN) at up to 150kg and 300 N ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, from 1998-2001. Organic amendments, applied at up to 600 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 in the first two years only, included composts derived from crop residue (CSC), dairy manure (DMC) or sewage sludge (SSLC), plus liquid dairy manure (DM), and supplied C to soil at 4.6 and 9.2 (CSC), 10.9 (SSLC), 10.0 (DMC) 2.9 (DM) Mg C ha^?1. Soil samples (0-5cm; 5-10cm;10-15cm) were recovered in 2000 and 2001. Improvements in soil physical properties (soil bulk density and water content) were obtained for compost treatments alone. Composts alone influenced soil C:N ratio and substantially increased soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and mass (+ 5.2 to + 9.7 Mg C ha^?1). Gains in SOC with AN of 2.7 Mg C ha^?1 were detectable by the third crop production year (2001). The lower C inputs, and more labile C, supplied by manure (DM) was reflected in reduced SOC gains (+ 2.5 Mg C ha^?1) compared to composts. The distribution of C in densiometric (light fraction, LF; >1.7 g cm^?3) and particulate organic matter (POM; litter (>2000μm); coarse-sand (250-2000μm); fine-sand (53-250μm) fractions varied with compost and combining fractionation by size and density improved interpretation of compost dynamics in soil. Combined POM accounted for 82.6% of SOC gains with composts. Estimated compost turnover rates (k) ranged from 0.06 (CSC) to 0.09 yr^?1 (DMC). Composts alone increased soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) concentration (μg C g^?1 soil). Soil available C (C_ext) decreased significantly as compost maturity increased. For some composts (CSC), timothy yields matched those obtained with AN, and SOC gains were derived from both applied-C and increased crop residue-C returns to soil. A trend towards improved C returns across all treatments was apparent for the mixed crop. Matching composts of varying quality with the appropriate (legume/nonlegume) target crop will be critical to promoting soil C gains from compost use.     

木质纤维降解复合菌剂促进堆肥腐熟研究

利用工厂化高温好氧堆肥方式,探究了具有高效降解木质纤维能力的微生物复合菌剂分别对纯秸秆和秸秆畜禽粪污混合物堆肥效率的影响。以纯秸秆和猪粪秸秆混合物为原料,设置空白对照、单菌处理和复合菌处理,评估堆肥过程中不同堆体温度、含水量、pH、有机质含量、发芽指数和养分等理化指标的变化对堆体腐熟效率的影响。结果表明,无论何种堆肥原料,相比空白和单菌处理,复合菌处理堆体均升温速率最快,高温期温度最高,后熟期降温最快。堆肥过程中,各处理p H无显著差异,变化趋势基本一致;各处理发芽指数(GI)不断提高,纯秸秆和秸秆粪污混合物为原料的接复合菌处理均在第25天高于接单菌处理,至堆肥结束时,接复合菌处理的发芽指数分别为93.45%和98.67%;随堆肥的进行,各处理有机质含量均处于下降趋势,至堆肥结束时,所有处理的有机质含量均高于450 g/kg;各处理的全氮、全磷、全钾含量在堆肥结束时比堆肥初始均有所增加,至堆肥结束时,以纯秸秆和秸秆粪污混合物为原料的接复合菌处理的总氮和总磷含量均显著高于其他处理。综上,相比于不添加外源菌和添加单一菌株,高效木质纤维降解复合菌剂的添加,能够有效促进堆肥的腐熟,提高堆肥效率...     

Comparative Assessment of Enzyme Activities and Characteristics during Composting of Two Types of Composts

Characteristics in composts were determined during composting of chitinous source-amended compost (Cscom) and no chitinous source-amended compost (Ncom). At the end of the composting, moisture content, organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (T-N), and carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) decreased in both the composts, whereas the phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) content increased. pH of the compost was adversely changed with electrical conductivity (EC). Enzyme activities declined until the end of composting except phosphatase. In the final-stage, Cscom has higher number of chitinolytic bacteria than in Ncom. One bacterium predominant was isolated and identified as Bacillus licheniformis. Growth of the plant pathogens were suppressed by Cscom and Ncom water extracts, with the suppression being higher in Cscom. Paenibacillus ehmensis, known for high antifungal potential, was isolated from Cscom. From our study, it can be concluded that amendment of chitin material improves the chemical, biological properties, and disease suppression ability of compost.     

草炭与珍珠岩对土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响

[目的]探究基质添加对土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响,为今后土壤种子库应用于植被恢复工程提供有价值的参考。[方法]借鉴日本植被恢复的先进经验,采用温室萌发法探究有机基质(草炭)、无机基质(珍珠岩)及混合基质(草炭与珍珠岩)添加对土壤种子库种子萌发特征的影响。[结果]草炭与珍珠岩混合基质对土壤种子库密度、物种多样性的促进作用更为明显,当混合基质与表土配比为20%和30%时,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和种子库密度分别达到最高值;种子库萌发曲线中,混合基质组的萌发效果明显高于空白组和其他组;种子库密度与土壤因子的多元回归分析中,C,N,P,K元素均对种子库密度影响显著,进一步通过CCA排序法,分析发现大部分植物均对土壤含水率和C,N,P,K等元素有一定程度上的要求。[结论]向表土中添加混合基质作为一种人工措施,能有效地促进种子库密度和物种多样性,可为植被恢复工程提供具有实用价值的参考。     

Effect of Application of Different Types of Organic Composts on Rice Growth under Laboratory Conditions

In the present study, pot experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of the application of two different kinds of composts: pea-rice hull compost (PRC) and cattle dung-tea compost (CTC) on rice growth. These composts differed in their nitrogen composition, as well as in their effect on plant height, number of tillers, dry matter yield and nutrient uptake (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K)) of rice plants. Plants were cultivated in 1/5,000 Wagner pots, which contained 3 kg of soil, completely mixed with the composts (PRC 404 g; CTC 380 g) and chemical fertilizer (CHEM), respectively in the first crop. The residual effect of the composts was studied after the plants of the first crop were harvested. All the treatments were replicated four times, with a randomized complete block design. The nutrient concentrations in the roots, leaf sheaths, leaf blades, stalks, and grain were analyzed at different growth stages. At the most active tillering and heading stages of the plants of the first crop, the number of tillers, dry matter yield and the amount of nutrients absorbed from the CHEM treatment were found to be higher than those in the other treatments. The values of the plant height, straw growth and nutrient uptake of the rice plants with the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the maturity stage. In the plants of the second crop, the values of the plant height, number of tillers, straw and whole plant yield and the N and K uptake from the PRC treatment were the highest among all the treatments at the heading and maturity stages. The chemical fertilizer was a fast-release fertilizer used to supply nutrients at the early stage of rice growth in the first crop. The beneficial effect of the composts on rice growth and nutrient uptake was conspicuous in the second crop, compared with that of routine treatment of chemical fertilizer.