Yard Waste Composting: Studies Using Different Mixes of Leaves and Grass in a Laboratory Scale System

Composting has become a widely used method of recycling yard wastes such as leaves and grass. However, very little information is available on the chemical changes that occur during the composting of different mixtures of leaves and grass. In this study, three different mixes of leaves and grass were composted at approximately 60% moisture in a temperature controlled laboratory scale system. The mixes, which consisted of all leaves (Mix 1); 2/3 leaves + 1/3 grass (Mix 2); and 1/3 leaves + 2/3 grass (Mix 3), had initial C:N ratios of 48, 30 and 22, respectively. The compost process was monitored by measuring the rate of CO₂ evolution, pH, stability, the degree of humification and changes in polysaccharide, carbon, nitrogen and organic matter content. Results showed that the greater the grass content of the mix, the higher the initial pH and the faster the rate of CO₂ evolution, organic matter loss and nitrogen loss. After 43 days of composting, Mixes 1, 2 and 3, lost, respectively 61%, 74% and 78% of the cellulose, 57%, 79% and 82% of the hemicellulose and 40%, 49% and 42% of the acid-insoluble organic matter. Humification indices and stability tests indicated that composts produced from the three mixes were well humified and stable.     

倒仓破碎对缩短发酵周期后生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响

为了满足日益增长的垃圾处理发展的需要,解决城市生活垃圾产生与消纳、处理之间的矛盾,以北京市南宫堆肥厂垃圾堆肥工艺和密闭隧道发酵仓为研究对象,以马家楼转运站筛分出的15-80mm粒径垃圾作为堆肥原料,以14d高温隧道发酵（不倒仓不破碎）→21d后熟化发酵→21d最终熟化发酵工艺为对照,以8d高温隧道发酵（不倒仓不破碎）→12d后熟化发酵→12d最终熟化发酵工艺为处理1,8d高温隧道发酵（第3d倒仓破碎1次）→12d后熟化发酵→12d最终熟化发酵工艺为处理2。通过不同发酵阶段采样和各类指标的测定,探求缩短堆肥发酵周期后倒仓破碎工艺对于生活垃圾堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明,处理1产品的腐熟度较差,处理2与对照处理的堆肥产品腐熟度差异不明显。将高温隧道发酵时间由14d缩短为8d,并且第3d倒仓破碎1次,后熟化与最终熟化时间分别由21d缩短为12d,可以在保证堆肥产品品质的基础上显著提高堆肥效率,使南宫堆肥厂的垃圾处理能力得到大幅提高,该成果为南宫堆肥工艺优化的实施和改进及其推广应用提供了技术支持。     

Amendment of Acidic Coal Refuse with Yard Trimmings Compost and Alkaline Materials: Effects on Leachate Quality and Plant Growth

Establishment of vegetative cover on coal refuse stabilizes the pile surface and reduces off site deposition of acidic sediments and drainage water. Direct revegetation through the use of by-product amendments would eliminate the need for topsoil cover and provide a beneficial use for by-product materials. This 8 month greenhouse study investigated yard trimmings compost, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) by-product, and agricultural limestone (ag-lime) amendments for direct revegetation of hyper-acidic coal refuse and their effects on leachate and plant quality. Pots (30 cm tall × 15 cm diam) of coal refuse were amended with five rates of compost (0 to 200 g kg^?1), with and without sufficient agricultural limestone (ag-lime) to raise refuse pH to 7, and planted with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata). Compost increased leachate pH from <2 to 4.4, decreased specific conductance from >17 to <5 mmho cm^?1 (due to large decreases in Al, Fe, and S), and decreased leachate concentrations of several trace elements. The pH increase from ag-lime greatly reduced leachate Al, Fe, and S and largely masked any effects of compost addition. Because no plant growth occurred with compost only, after 2 months FGD (200 g kg^?1) was added to the upper 1/3 depth of compost-amended coal refuse. The FGD increased refuse pH to the range 4.2 (no compost) to 5.7 (200 g kg^?1 compost), decreased leachate Al and Fe, increased leachate B, and allowed vigorous growth of orchardgrass. When combined with FGD, compost increased downward movement of Ca and Mg. Although compost addition decreased plant growth at the first harvest due to N immobilization, application of mineral N fertilizer alleviated this problem in subsequent harvests. Compost did not increase orchardgrass growth when combined with ag-lime. With FGD, however, compost increased orchardgrass growth to levels above that for ag-lime and compost, in spite of increased plant tissue B.     

Using a Biocell to Measure Effect of Compressive Settlement on Free Air Space and Microbial Activity In Windrow Composting

This paper describes the first equipment developed to include compressive loads in a physical model of the composting environment. This new type of composting reactor was named a biological load cell, or biocell for short. Our hypothesis was that the exclusion of compressive settlement in existing physical models may lead to errors if the data is used to design full-scale windrow composting facilities. Municipal biosolids were mixed with three organic amendments (wood chips, straw, and leaves) to yield mixture moisture contents of 55%. Compressive settlement analyses were completed by subjecting the mixtures to loads of 0, 4.3, 8.6, and 12.9 kPa using biocells. The effect of compressive settlement on microbial activity was investigated using the biosolids:leaf mixture under loaded (12.9 kPa) and unloaded conditions. The settlement behavior of all three mixtures was found to fit established soil compaction equations and new equations were developed to represent the vertical free air space (FAS) and bulk density profiles in composting systems. The FAS profiles indicated that existing physical models do not simulate the FAS conditions within a composting matrix and significant differences in microbial activity were observed between loaded and unloaded biocells. The microbial activity differences were attributed to the reduced FAS within the loaded biocells, which, in consequence, lead to lower pore space oxygen concentrations. It proved difficult, however, to simulate the air flow regime within a windrow composting matrix. To further develop the biocells, there is a need to investigate the in-situ stress conditions and natural draft ventilation rates of full-scale windrow systems. While further work is required to perfect the biocells as a physical model of the windrow composting environment, it has demonstrated its potential use for FAS analysis and as a standard bulk density apparatus. Using biocells, it is recommended that FAS curves be developed for a wide range of feedstock recipes. The biocell apparatus could also be developed as a standard bulk density test apparatus. Other important conclusions drawn from the work include: leaves should not be used as a bulking agent; wood chips showed superior bulking properties and are recommended for use in very high (3.7 m) windrows; straw showed intermediate bulking properties and should not be used for high windrows without further investigation; for all materials, compaction occurred rapidly after each incremental load, suggesting that windrow turning will do little to alleviate a low FAS problem associated with an incorrect composting recipe.     

土壤含水量对狗牙根叶片生理生态指标的影响

采用盆栽控水试验,研究了不同土壤含水量（水淹,23%,18%,13%,8%）对我国雅砻江库区重要植物物种狗牙根叶片光合色素、SOD活性、POD活性、脯氨酸和MDA含量变化的影响。结果表明:与对照（23%）相比,狗牙根受到淹水胁迫时叶绿素a,b的含量和光合效率有所下降,丙二醛含量有所升高,但是抗氧化酶活性以及脯氨酸含量的增大提高了植物对淹水胁迫的抵抗力。随着土壤含水量的减少,叶绿素a和b的含量、光合速率、SOD、POD活性和丙二醛含量先升高,随后逐渐降低。SOD和POD活性在8%时存在最低值,分别为33.10U/gFW和3.87U/gFW。Carotenoid/Chlorophyll（Car/Chl）比值在18%时达到最低值0.22,然后增大。脯氨酸（Pro）含量随胁迫程度呈明显的增大趋势,并在8%达到最大值0.31μg/gFW,说明干旱条件时狗牙根通过提高类胡萝卜素和脯氨酸含量来改善渗透调节能力,增强对干旱胁迫的抵抗能力和适应力。但严重的干旱胁迫（8%）导致了植物叶片的损伤。     

Season vs. Nutrition-Dependent Fruit Loading: Effects on Pigment Dynamics of Tomato Leaves

ABSTRACT

The effect of season on fruit load is drastic when tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum, cv. Dombito) plants are grown hydroponically during winter or summer. In this paper, we report the effect of high (HT) vs. low (LT) temperatures on chlorophyll a and b, pheophytin a and b, carotene a and b, and zeaxanthin, lutein, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, lutein-5,6-epoxide, and violaxanthin dynamics of tomato leaves. Furthermore, based on the assumption that season may prevail over nutrition, we report the effect of normal vs. quarter-normal Hoagland nutrient solution on these pigments' profiles. Chlorophyll concentration was three to four times higher during HT. Chlorophyll loss during LT was more intense for chlorophyll b (chl-b) than for chlorophyll a (chl-a), and the chl-a/chl-b ratio was higher during LT. Chlorophyll concentration was less affected by nutrition and more by season. Nutrition affected chlorophyll concentration more at HT. Pheophytin a (pheo-a) increased intensely with increase of temperature and total solar radiation (SR), while the opposite was observed for pheophytin b (pheo-b). Especially during LT, pheo-b presented an impressive increase opposite to that of chl-a, chl-b and pheo-a. Carotenoid concentration was less affected by nutrition and more by season. Nutrition affected the concentration of carotenes more than that of the other carotenoids, especially at HT. Carotenes a (car-a) and b (car-a) were significantly higher during HT, and the same was true for the concentrations of epoxide-free xanthophylls, zeaxanthin (Z), and lutein. Epoxide-free xanthophylls, car-a, car-b, and pheo-a presented the same pattern of changes during both seasons, and all these pigments were affected positively by the increase of SR and temperature. Concentrations of the mono-epoxides antheraxanthin (A), neoxanthin, and lutein-5,6-epoxide, and of the di-epoxide violaxanthin (V) presented a second group with the same pattern of changes. As opposed to epoxide-free xanthophylls, they were negatively affected by the increase of temperature and SR. In winter, the xanthophyll ratio A+Z/V (i.e, xanthophylls involved in the violaxanthin cycle, as a photoprotective mechanism) showed an impressive increase at the last five weeks (when temperature and SR were increased), when they were two times higher than during the remainder of the period (when temperature and SR were low). In summer, A+Z/V was high during the period of particularly high temperature and SR (weeks 7–11, with an average temperature of 33°C–35°C and SR of 29–32 MJ m^?2) and lower at the last five weeks, when temperature and SR decreased (< 28°C and SR 27 MJ m^?2 respectively).     

C/N对蓝藻好氧堆肥腐熟及无害化进程的影响

为探索和优化脱水蓝藻藻泥好氧堆肥无害化处理工艺参数,利用堆肥反应器,研究了C/N分别为5（T1）、15（T2）和25（T3）的处理对蓝藻藻泥腐熟进程及微囊藻毒素（MC）降解速率的影响。结果表明,堆肥过程中各处理间的pH、总碳量及其形态、总氮量及其形态、总磷含量、总钾含量、种子发芽指数差异显著。与蓝藻自然堆置相比,添加辅料增加堆体C/N可提高蓝藻的腐熟速度。堆肥35d后,T2和T3处理的堆肥成品均已满足有机肥行业标准,种子发芽指数均高于80%;但MC-LR和MC-RR仍有较大的降解潜力,从无害化的角度考虑,蓝藻高温堆肥时间不应少于50d。C/N过高增加了氮素的损失,如何进一步降低氮素的损失,提高堆肥过程中MC的降解将是今后蓝藻堆肥研究的重点。     

降雨条件下灌草配置方式对褐土坡面径流泥沙特征的影响

为探究不同灌草配置方式对褐土坡面土壤侵蚀的影响,通过室内模拟降雨试验,以种植灌木胡枝子(Lespedeza bicolor Turcz.)以及草本紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)的褐土坡面为研究对象,设计3种降雨强度(30,60,90 mm/h)、3种灌草覆盖度(灌草覆盖度比例分别为1∶2(Ⅰ),2∶1(Ⅱ),1∶1(Ⅲ))以及3种灌草空间配置方式(灌木位于坡上(US)、坡中(MS)、坡下(LS)),分析降雨条件下不同灌草覆盖度及不同灌草空间配置交互作用下产流产沙及减流减沙特征。结果表明：(1)坡面产流产沙量在降雨初期大幅度增加,随后增加趋势逐渐减缓,最后趋于稳定。当灌丛位于坡下(LS)且灌草覆盖度为Ⅱ时,产流产沙量显著低于其他灌草配置方式。(2)不同灌草覆盖度减流减沙率大小关系为Ⅱ>Ⅰ>Ⅲ;不同灌草空间配置下减流减沙率大小关系为LS>MS>US。其中最大减流率达61.58%,最大减沙率达93.27%。不同灌草配置方式间的减流率及减沙率具有显著差异。(3)通过双因素方差分析研究灌草空间配置方式对坡面总产流产沙量的显著性和贡献率发现,灌草覆盖度和灌...     

Composting of the Solid Phase of Digestate from Biogas Production: Optimization of the Moisture,C/N Ratio,and pH Conditions

The management of biodegradable wastes is increasing, including the use of waste as a source of energy. Anaerobic digestion involves organic-matter decomposition under anoxic conditions by a microbial consortium, obtaining a source of renewable energy (biogas), mainly constituted of a mixture of carbon dioxide (CO₂, 25–45 percent), methane (CH₄, 55–75 percent), and the digested substrate (digestate). The direct application of digestate into agricultural soils presents several problems. These include agronomic (low concentration of nutrients, high salinity, etc.), economic (cost of transport and handling), and environmental issues (gaseous emissions, nutrient leaching, and pathogen spread). However, it is possible to obtain quality compost from the solid fraction of digestate, and the compost obtained can have good properties for use as container growing medium or for crop production. In this work, an optimized procedure has been developed for composting the solid phase of a digestate obtained from a continuous, anaerobic codigestion of cattle slurry with 84 percent of cattle manure, 7.4 percent of a mixture of maize/silage, and 8.6 percent of peach-juice pulp (fresh-mass basis). The experiment was designed to optimize pH, carbon (C) / nitrogen (N) ratio, and moisture values in order to maximize self-heating activity, using Dewar self-heating tests. A factorial optimization of moisture and C/N ratio was carried out. In the best moisture-C/N ratio treatment, pH optimization was also developed. To predict the optimum conditions of the studied residue related to the increase of temperature per dry matter, a multiple correlation analysis based on moisture, C/N ratio, and pH was developed, which explained 80 percent of the variance in this experiment.     

The Effects of Goat Manure,Sewage Sludge And Effective Microorganisms on the Composting of Pine Bark

This study investigated the cocomposting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge, with or without inoculated effective microorganisms (EM). Composting was done for 90 days and parameters monitored over this period included temperature, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), C/N ratio, inorganic N, as well as tannin content. Changes in temperature, pH and EC during composting were consistent with those generally observed with other composting systems. The parameters were influenced by the feedstock materials used but were not affected by inoculation with effective microorganisms. The highest temperature measured from pine bark-goat manure composts was 60°C but much lower maximum temperatures of 40°C and 30°C were observed for pine bark sewage sludge and pine bark alone composts, respectively. The C/N ratios of the composts decreased with composting time. Ammonium levels decreased while nitrate levels increased with composting time. Tannin levels generally decreased with composting time but the extent of decrease depended on the contents of the composting mixtures. The trends observed showed that temperature, pH, EC, C/N ratio, tannin levels, and inorganic NH₄-N and NO₃-N were reliable parameters for monitoring the co-composting of pine bark with goat manure or sewage sludge. The pine bark-goat manure compost had more desirable nutritional properties than the pine bark and pine bark-sewage sludge composts. It had high CEC, near neutral pH, low C/N ratio, and high amounts of inorganic N and bases (K, Ca, and Mg) while pine bark compost had the least amounts of nutrients, was acidic, and had high C/N ratio and low CEC. The final tannin content of the pine bark-goat manure compost was below the 20 g/kg upper threshold level for horticultural potting media, implying that its use as a growing medium would not cause toxicity to plants.     

果园生草对~(15)N利用及土壤累积的影响

以2 a生红富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用15N同位素示踪技术,研究了种植3种牧草(白三叶、鼠茅草和黑麦草)对苹果植株生长,氮素利用、损失及其在0~60 cm土层残留情况的影响。结果表明:与单作苹果相比,生草栽培后苹果植株总鲜重、新梢粗度、新梢长度及根冠比皆成增加的趋势;苹果植株根长、根长密度及根表面积均以种植白三叶处理最大,其次为种植鼠茅草,最低的为单作苹果;不同处理间氮素利用率差异显著,种植白三叶后苹果植株氮素利用率最高,种植鼠茅草次之,单作苹果最低;生草栽培后15N残留主要集中在0~20 cm土层,且其15N残留量显著高于单作苹果。而在20~40 cm及40~60 cm土层15N残留量则以单作苹果最高,种植黑麦草次之,最低的为种植白三叶;生草栽培后氮素损失率为单作苹果种植黑麦草种植鼠茅草种植白三叶。表明种植白三叶、鼠茅草及黑麦草在促进苹果植株氮素利用的同时,也一定程度上减弱了土壤氮素的损失。     

草炭分解产物对铜、锌吸附的影响

研究了草炭的不同分解产物(水溶性和非水溶性)对棕壤铜、锌吸附作用的影响。结果表明:在一定的pH范围内,草炭水溶性分解产物均不同程度地抑制了铜、锌的吸附,而非水溶性分解产物促进了铜、锌的吸附。吸附等温线试验表明,在不调节pH值的条件下,水溶性和非水溶性分解产物及不同水分条件培养后的分解产物均促进了对铜、锌的吸附。     

不同植被过滤带对农田径流中泥沙和氮磷的拦截效果与途径

在我国农业面源污染已经成为水环境质量恶化和湖泊富营养化的重要原因,其中氮磷对地表水富营养化的贡献超过了50%。通过浑水冲刷试验,研究了3种禾本科植被过滤带((黑麦草Lolium perenne Linn.)、偃麦草((京草2号)Elytrigia repens(L.)Nevski)、无芒雀麦(Bromus inermis Leyss.)对径流、泥沙以及氮磷的拦截效果,同时分析了3种植被过滤带拦截氮磷的主要途径。结果表明:(1)与裸地相比,3种植被过滤带均能显著提高径流与氮磷的拦截率。3种植被过滤带之间对径流、氮磷拦截率没有显著差异。黑麦草过滤带泥沙流失量显著低于无芒雀麦过滤带;同时径流、泥沙与氮磷拦截率之间存在显著正相关关系,表明植被对径流和泥沙的拦截一定程度上决定对氮磷的拦截量;(2)径流过程中磷的流失量均低于氮的流失量。氮的流失主要以溶解态氮为主,占总氮流失量的90%以上;磷的流失则主要以颗粒态磷为主;(3)植被过滤带拦截氮磷的途径不同,氮主要通过增加土壤入渗的途径来拦截,磷则主要通过植物茎秆基部进行物理拦截;(4)京草2号对氮的拦截效果优于黑麦草和无芒雀麦,而黑麦草则在磷的拦截方面表现突出。因此在植被过滤带的优化设计方面可以考虑黑麦草与京草2号2者混播以达到最佳的拦截吸附效果。     

摘除不适用叶与喷施微肥对烤烟上部叶生理特性及产质量的影响

为优化烤后烟叶的等级结构,提高上部烟叶的工业可用性和烤烟生产效益,以烤烟"豫烟6号"品种为材料,采用田间试验研究了摘除下部6片不适用叶与喷施微肥对烤烟上部叶农艺性状、光合特性、碳氮代谢、烤后烟叶化学成分及经济性状的影响。结果表明,与不摘除下部不适用叶和摘除下部4片不适用叶相比,摘除下部6片不适用叶显著提高了上部烟叶叶面积、叶绿素含量、光合性能、碳氮代谢强度、总氮和烟碱含量,降低了还原糖含量、糖碱比及烤烟产值。与仅摘除下部6片不适用叶相比,摘除下部6片不适用叶条件下喷施微肥进一步促进了烤烟上部叶的生长,显著增加了烤后烟叶的还原糖含量、糖碱比、钾含量和烤烟产值,显著降低了上部叶烟碱含量。摘除下部6片不适用叶联合喷施微肥较不摘除下部不适用叶处理,上部叶叶面积、单叶重、钾含量、钾氯比和上中等烟比例分别提高了10.66%、16.49%、13.43%、18.27%和15.00%。总体来看,摘除下部6片不适用叶联合喷施微肥能促进上部叶开片,提高烤后烟叶的等级结构,改善上部烟叶的品质,增加烤烟的经济效益。     

北京地区等高草篱防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失效果研究

在北京地区自然降雨条件下,研究了狼尾草和野古草两种等高草篱在不同坡度(5%,10%,15%,20%)下对裸露坡耕地水土及氮磷养分流失的影响。研究结果表明,两种草篱均可显著减少径流和土壤流失,并同时显著减少随径流和泥沙的氮磷养分流失,且两种草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果随坡度增加而逐渐减弱。其中,狼尾草草篱对水土及氮磷流失的防治效果显著好于野古草草篱。与无草篱相比,狼尾草可分别减少73%的地表径流和86%的土壤流失,同时减少76%的氮流失和88%的磷流失;与此对应,野古草可减少54%的地表径流和64%的土壤流失,以及55%的氮流失和63%的磷流失。另外,径流量和土壤流失量是影响氮磷养分流失的主要因素。     

Effects of White Clover Inclusion on Turf Characteristics,Nitrogen Fixation,and Nitrogen Transfer from White Clover to Grass Species in Turf Mixtures

Abstract

An irrigated field trial was conducted to test the effects of white clover in three turfgrass species (perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass) on color, clipping yield, and botanical composition and to estimate nitrogen (N)₂ fixation and N transfer from white clover to associated turfgrass species under different N‐fertilization conditions in 1999–2002.

Nitrogen fertilizers significantly increased color ratings in all observations. Grass–white clover mixtures had better color ratings than pure grass at all sampling dates and seasonal averages in unfertilized conditions. Fertilized pure grass plots yielded significantly more than control plots in all turfgrass species. Nitrogen fertilization did not affect clipping yield greatly in turfgrass–white clover mixtures. Nitrogen application significantly decreased white clover percentage in the harvested clippings in second and third year.

Nitrogen fertilization increased tissue N concentration positively in all turfgrass species grown alone. In contrast, N fertilization did not greatly affect tissue N concentration of either turfgrass species or white clover in the mixtures. Nitrogen fixation of white clover was estimated as 24.6, 30.7, and 33.8 g m^?2 year^?1 in perennial ryegrass, Kentucky bluegrass, and creeping bentgrass, respectively. The total estimated N₂ fixation gradually decreased with increasing N fertilization. Nitrogen transfer from white clover to the associated turfgrass varied from 4.2 to 13.7% of the total N that the white clover fixed annually.     

有机物料类型对烟草根际微生物及烟叶产质量的影响

作为土壤微生物重要的碳、氮源,有机物料在调节根际微生物群落结构、改善土壤养分循环、提高作物产质方面发挥着重要作用。本文以常规化肥处理为对照,设定等有效氮条件下水稻秸秆还田、油菜绿肥翻压和饼肥(腐熟)等3种有机物料类型对烟草根际土壤酶活性、微生物功能多样性及烟叶产质的影响,以期为合理施用有机物料来提高烟叶品质提供科学依据。结果表明,稻草还田和油菜绿肥翻压处理显著提升了烟草根际脲酶活性,但对根际过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响;Biolog分析发现稻草还田和油菜绿肥翻压显著提高了烟草生育后期根际微生物群落的代谢活性和功能多样性指数,碳源利用类型差异是引起有机物料处理下烟草根际微生物群落变异的重要因素,其中糖类碳源影响最大。有机物料处理下烟叶化学指标无显著变化,但上中等烟叶比例显著提高,其中稻草还田和油菜绿肥翻压处理下烟叶产值分别比对照提高29.4%、19.8%。本研究表明,植烟土壤上合理采用有机物料部分替代化肥的施肥措施有效改善了烟草根际微生态环境,提升烟叶品质,可作为烟草优质生产的有效栽培措施。     

金露梅与珠芽蓼草粉对模拟瘤胃体外发酵的影响

以6头体重35 kg左右、安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的健康羯羊为瘤胃液供体动物,用持续人工瘤胃装置(RUSITEC),基础日粮混合料为底物进行体外发酵试验,研究添加富含植物次生代谢物的金露梅与珠芽蓼草粉对瘤胃发酵的影响,以筛选天然饲料添加剂。结果表明,基础日粮中添加10%金露梅和10%珠芽蓼草粉与普通基础日粮之间,发酵液pH、甲烷、挥发性脂肪酸的产生量及干物质消失率差异均不显著(P ＞ 0.05),但有降低甲烷产量、提高干物质消化率的趋势。因此,在本试验条件下,添加10%金露梅和10%珠芽蓼草粉对瘤胃发酵的作用不显著,不适合做饲料添加剂。     

关于乔灌草相结合的几个问题

乔灌草相结合方针的提出,是由单纯营造乔木林向乔灌草相结合造林的一个转折,从而将灌草提高到与乔木一样的重要地位。大量调查和观测研究证明,在干旱、瘠薄的侵蚀劣地,乔木生长不良,而灌木具有较强的适应性,并具有较好的生态效益及经济效益。灌木生长快,能在几年内解决烧柴、饲料、肥料、肥料俱缺的问题;灌木有较高的经济价值,有的是重要药材,有的是维生素C含量很高的水果或“笫三代水果”,有的是制取香料兼有观赏价值的灌木,有的是编织条材……。草与灌木有着类似的作用,且收益快,对尽快解决“三料”困难有更好的作用。营造多层次的混交林是今后造林的方向,是乔灌草相结合的必然发展。     

黄土丘陵区退耕还林(草)土壤环境效应

通过采样与分析,研究了上黄试区不同土地利用类型、不同坡地植被恢复措施及不同植被恢复年限的土壤养分状况,结果表明：坡耕地土壤存在不同程度的退化现象,土壤养分,有机质含量较低;坡耕地与不同恢复措施的林地草地相比,速效K、速效N及有机质含量低,pH值则偏高;坡耕地退耕还林还草年限越长土壤改良效益越明显。