不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥中氮素损失的控制

以氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁为固氮添加剂,以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料,采用强制通风静态垛堆肥装置进行高温好氧堆肥试验,研究了不同化学添加剂对猪粪堆肥过程中的保氮效果。结果表明,化学添加剂可以显著降低堆肥化过程中氨气的排放率。氢氧化镁＋磷酸、磷酸、磷酸二氢钾＋氯化镁和磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁的氮素损失分别占初始氮的13.15%、11.50%、10.69%和7.59%,与对照相比,各添加剂处理的固氮率为58.27%~75.90%。磷酸二氢钙＋氯化镁处理的氮素损失最少,但堆肥过程中有机物降解受到明显的抑制作用。在堆肥结束时,各添加剂处理的有机物降解率仅为对照处理的58.48%~98.70%。最终堆肥产品的种子发芽指数为69.87%~118.24%,表明所有处理在堆置39 d后均达到腐熟。根据模糊评价的结果,该试验中的磷酸二氢钾和氯化镁是堆肥过程中最佳的固氮材料。     

Mass and Nutrient Losses During the Composting Of Dairy Manure Amended with Sawdust or Straw

Composting has become an increasingly popular manure management method for dairy farmers. However, the design of composting systems for farmers has been hindered by the limited amount of information on the quantities and volumes of compost produced relative to farm size and manure generated, and the impact of amendments on water, dry matter, volume and nitrogen losses during the composting process. Amendment type can affect the free air space, decomposition rate, temperature, C:N ratio and oxygen levels during composting. Amendments also initially increase the amount of material that must be handled. A better understanding of amendment effects should help farmers optimize, and potentially reduce costs associated with composting. In this study, freestall dairy manure (83% moisture) was amended with either hardwood sawdust or straw and composted for 110-155 days in turned windrows in four replicated trials that began on different dates. Initial C:N ratios of the windrows ranged from 25:1 to 50:1 due to variations in the source and N-content of the manure. Results showed that starting windrow volume for straw amended composts was 2.1 to 2.6 times greater than for sawdust amendment. Straw amended composts had low initial bulk densities with high free air space values of 75-93%. This led to lower temperatures and near ambient interstitial oxygen concentrations during composting. While all sawdust-amended composts self-heated to temperatures >55°C within 10 days, maintained these levels for more than 60 days and met EPA and USDA pathogen reduction guidelines, only two of the four straw amended windrows reached 55°C and none met the guidelines. In addition, sawdust amendment resulted in much lower windrow oxygen concentrations (< 5%) during the first 60 days. Both types of compost were stable after 100 days as indicated by CO₂ evolution rates <0.5 mg CO₂-C/g VS/d. Both types of amendments also led to extensive manure volume and weight reductions even after the weight of the added amendments were considered. However, moisture management proved critical in attaining reductions in manure weight during composting. Straw amendment resulted in greater volume decreases than sawdust amendment due to greater changes in bulk density and free air space. Through composting, farmers can reduce the volume and weights of material to be hauled by 50 to 80% based on equivalent nitrogen values of the stabilized compost as compared to unamended, uncomposted dairy manure. The initial total manure nitrogen lost during composting ranged from 7% to 38%. P and K losses were from 14 to 39% and from 1 to 38%, respectively. There was a significant negative correlation between C:N ratio and nitrogen loss (R₂=0.78) and carbon loss (R₂=0.86) during composting. An initial C:N ratio of greater than 40 is recommended to minimize nitrogen loss during dairy manure composting with sawdust or straw amendments.     

不同覆盖措施对鸡粪堆肥氨挥发的影响

采用箱式抽气法对不同鸡粪堆肥体系中氨气挥发释放速率及其影响因素进行了研究.结果表明,鸡粪堆肥的氨挥发强度在堆置后20d内最大.氨挥发速率最高达到0.28 g/(kg·h),覆盖粘土能有效抑制堆体的氨挥发.覆盖处理中铵态氮有累积的现象,铵态氮浓度最高达到6.68 g/kg,导致其pH值和电导率显著高于不覆盖处理.从全氮含量的变化来看,覆盖秸秆和篷布处理的氮素损失率分别为21-79%和19.78%,是对照处理的73.71%和66.91%,表现出良好的保氮效果.     

Nitrogen Lost during MSW Composting at Two Facilities in Spain

? The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare nitrogen losses during the composting process developed at two facilities. Both are in Catalonia, which is located in northeast Spain. The research evaluated the effects of process, feedstock content, differences in compost maturity and other factors to explain differences in nitrogen levels. Separation methods and leachate problems were also compared.     

Heat Inactivation of E. coli During Manure Composting

Contamination of food and water by microorganisms from animal manure has become an important issue in public health. Escherichia coli O157:H7 is one of several emerging pathogens of concern. In this research, we studied how the self-heating, thermophilic phase of composting influenced laboratory-grown vs. bovine-derived E. coli O157:H7 mortality, specifically the relationship between temperature, time at temperature, and pathogen survival. Composting experiments were conducted in laboratory-scale bioreactors operated in three temperature ranges: 40°C to 50°C, 50°C to 60°C, and greater than 60°C. We measured the effects of temperature and composting time on E. coli O157:H7 mortality. Laboratory-grown E. coli O157:H7, inoculated into the initial compost material, were not detected after approximately 300 degree days of heating. In several experiments where compost temperatures did not rise above 50°C, an initial decline of E. coli O157:H7 with subsequent regrowth was observed. E. coli O157:H7 in compost materials from infected cattle were not detected after approximately 180 degree days of heating. Numbers of total coliform bacteria declined with temperature similarly to those of E. coli O157: H7. The results of this research provide information for reducing or eliminating E. coli O157:H7 in animal wastes.     

添加剂在猪粪堆肥过程中的作用研究

添加剂是指为了加快堆肥进程和提高堆肥产品质量,在堆肥物料中加入的微生物、有机或无机物质。本文通过室内培养与室外堆肥试验,研究不同添加剂对猪粪发酵过程中臭味及氮素损失的影响。结果表明,使用本研究中所采用的添加剂与发酵工艺,可以减少猪粪发酵中氨的挥发、氮素损失与猪粪的恶臭。75%含水量的猪粪经过20d的发酵,可达基本腐熟程度。添加剂可以优化堆肥过程的环境条件,提高微生物活性;加快堆肥的腐熟;减少氮素损失,保持养分含量;调节堆肥中各种营养元素的含量,提高堆肥质量。     

露天鸡粪好氧堆肥氮素的径流及淋洗损失

在露天自然条件下对鸡粪进行好氧堆肥,系统研究了堆肥过程中氮素的径流和淋洗损失。结果表明,堆肥期间通过径流损失的氮素只占初始堆肥氮素的3‰~6‰,其中无机氮与有机氮约各占50%,径流中总氮浓度在不同时间和降雨量条件下差异较大,浓度平均在20 mg/L左右;氮素表现出很强的空间移动性,堆肥期间氮素至少能够迁移至150 cm土层,对当地地下水安全构成了严重威胁;堆肥过程中可能有35%~65%的氮素会通过氨挥发损失;用秸秆覆盖堆体能显著降低堆肥氮素的径流损失,而添加沸石减少堆肥氮素损失的效果不显著。     

Passively Aerated Composting of Straw-Rich Pig Manure: Effect of Compost Bed Porosity

Straw-rich manure from organic pig farming systems can be composted in passively aerated systems as the high application of straw results in a compost bed with good structure and porosity. The passively aerated composting process was simulated in one-dimensional reactors of 2 m³ for straw-rich manure with compost bed densities of 1100, 700 and 560 kg m^?3. Temperature profiles over the reactor height were monitored online and ammonia emissions were measured periodically. The composition of the compost bed over the reactor height was determined at the end of the composting process. The composting process strongly depends on the density of the compost bed. At a density of 1100 kg.m^?3, the porosity of the bed is too low to initiate natural convection, and aerobic degradation fails and anaerobic conditions may lead to emissions of methane and odorous compounds. At a density of 560 kg.m^?3, the porosity of the bed is high and the high rate of natural convection will keep the temperature low thereby preventing the removal of pathogens and weeds. Best results were observed at a density of 700 kg.m^?3 for which aerobic degradation and drying were adequate and temperatures were high enough to kill pathogens and weeds. On basis of the Ergun equation, which describes the airflow in porous media with internal heat generation, this corresponds to a compost bed permeability of 7×10^?8 m². It was also shown that it is possible to compost animal manures with a low C/N ratio without significant emissions of ammonia. This can be established by trapping the initial ammonia emissions in a straw filter, which is placed on top of the compost bed. Ammonia absorbed in the straw filter and in the compost bed were removed by nitrification and denitrification. The passively aerated composting system results in a compost bed which is highly heterogeneous with respect to temperature, oxygen level and its composition. It is proposed that in this way a highly diverse microbial community in the compost bed is established which can perform various microbial conversions. The extensive composting system is most promising for on-farm production of an organic fertilizer from straw-rich manure, since the costs of the process and the level of ammonia emissions were low.     

牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态与微生物生理群的动态变化和耦合关系

在强制通风静态垛装置中研究了牛粪堆肥化中氮素形态和微生物生理群的动态变化。在堆制的56d里,根据堆温变化分阶段采集堆肥样品,测定各种氮素组分的含量和氮素微生物生理群的数量。结果表明,堆肥过程中,总氮减少了21．6％;有机氮是堆肥中的主要氮素形态,其含量降低了19．1％;氨基酸态氮和氨态氮的含量分别降低了20．9％和86．4％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别降低了2．2％和5．2％;氨基糖态氮和硝态氮含量分别增加了147％和79％,在有机氮和总氮中的比例分别增加了2倍和1．3倍。氨气的挥发占总损失的63％,高温期的释放量占总挥发量的69％。堆肥中氨化细菌数量较高,在高温期大幅度增加,其数量变化与堆肥中氨气和氨态氮含量都呈极显著正相关关系。在堆肥过程中,硝化细菌数量总体较小,在降温期增加幅度较大;反硝化细菌数量逐渐增加,堆制结束时达到堆肥初期的2．45倍;固氮菌数量总体增加1．8倍,其中降温期数量较多。堆肥过程中存在的反硝化作用,是氮素损失的另一个重要原因。     

Chemical Amendments and Process Controls To Reduce Ammonia Volatilization During In-House Composting

Composting inside high-rise, caged layer facilities can produce atmospheric ammonia (NH₃) concentrations exceeding standards for human and poultry health. Control measures that reduce NH₃ volatilization are necessary for in-house composting to be sustainable. Due to differences specific to in-house composting — low carbon to nitrogen ratios of composting material, continuous manure addition, and frequent turning — it is not known whether NH₃ control measures used previously for poultry manure will work. The objectives of this study were to evaluate various amendment and process controls on NH₃ produced during simulated in-house composting in the lab, and to evaluate select chemical control measures during composting inside a high-rise layer facility. Ten amendments (aluminum sulfate; chloride salts of aluminum, calcium, magnesium, and potassium; gypsum; sodium bisulfate; zeolite (clinoptilolite); straw; and cellulose) and four process controls (moisture; temperature; turning frequency; and particle size) were evaluated in lab incubations in 1 L vessels wherein samples of poultry manure compost were incubated to simulate composting. Vials of boric acid solution were used to capture NH₃ evolved during incubations. With the exception of zeolite and cellulose, all amendments reduced NH₃ capture. Low moisture and temperature also reduced NH₃ capture, although managing temperature and moisture to achieve low NH_g would adversely impact microbial activity and other desired benefits of composting. When evaluated inhouse, aluminum sulfate, calcium chloride and magnesium chloride did not reduce NH evolution from compost measured on three different dates with a gas sensor. Spatial variability along treated segments of windrow apparently masked amendment effects. At the end of a six-week composting cycle, total nitrogen content was higher in compost treated with aluminum sulfate than control or chloride salt treatments. Aluminum sulfate and process controls such as moisture content, carbon source and particle size have potential to reduce NH₃ loss from poultry manure composted inside high-rise layer structures. In-house compost management to reduce NH₃ volatilization must consider the cost of amendments, effectiveness, and impacts on the composting process.     

Nitrogen Loss by Ammonia Volatilization in Cultivation of Olive Orchards Fertilized with Compost

Eurasian Soil Science - This study concentrated on drip-irrigated olive trees on Calcisols, Cambisols, and Luvisols. The olive trees were fertilized with compost spread in bands about 30 cm from...     

不同处理对高含水率奶牛粪便好氧堆肥的影响

针对奶牛养殖场粪便含水率高,堆肥处理成本高的特点,采用以干燥玉米秸秆为调理剂,在较高初始含水率条件下（70%～80%）,进行了强制通风堆肥槽和翻转式堆肥仓的对比试验,并且探讨了晾晒脱水作为预处理对堆肥效果的影响。结果表明,各处理堆体升温迅速,且均在50℃以上维持8～12d,满足堆肥无害化的卫生标准（GB7959—1987）要求。至堆肥结束时,各处理含水率均降至40%以下,C/N均降至20以下,WSOC均低于16g·kg-1,NH4＋-N含量均低于0.4g·kg-1;除采用堆肥槽在初始含水率为65%下堆肥NH4＋-N/NO3--N〉3尚未腐熟完全外,其他处理NH4＋-N/NO3--N均小于0.5,腐熟情况较好;所有处理的GI均大于50%,其中采用堆肥槽在较高初始含水率堆肥和晾晒预处理后堆肥GI已达80%,基本消除了植物毒性。采用较为开放的堆肥槽时,以玉米秸秆作调理剂,在较高的初始含水率条件下堆肥效果更好;以晾晒脱水作为预处理后堆肥,可减少所需调理剂的用量,节约了堆肥的成本。     

锌污染对猪粪堆腐过程中微生物群落的影响

利用Biolog微平板技术,对不同浓度重金属Zn影响下堆料微生物群落多样性进行了研究。结果表明,较低浓度Zn处理（Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1）的堆料升温快,高温持续时间长。微生物群落多样性指数和微生物群落主成分分析（PCA）指标均表明不同浓度重金属处理的堆料微生物群落有明显不同,Zn含量为400mg·kg^-1的堆料微生物活性高,有利于增加群落的丰富度和功能多样性,与Zn含量为1000mg·kg^-1的堆料、对照组堆料起分异作用的碳源主要为多聚物类和糖类。     

牛粪生物炭对土壤氮肥淋失的抑制作用

为了探讨以牛粪为原材料制备的生物炭对土壤氮肥淋失的抑制作用,对牛粪生物炭的结构和元素组成进行了表征和分析,并通过人工模拟土柱氮肥淋失实验,研究了生物炭对淋滤液p H值、铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮累积淋失总量及浓度影响。结果显示:该生物炭具有发达的管状孔洞结构,K,Ca含量比牛粪增加200%和10%;淋滤液p H值随着生物炭比例增加而提高,生物炭5%与对照0%相比,淋滤10天,p H值增幅最大,为12.5%;淋滤30天内,按生物炭0%、2%、3%、4%和5%,铵态氮和硝态氮浓度逐渐降低。淋滤大于40天,生物炭的添加延缓了土壤中硝态氮的淋失时间。生物炭4%~5%,对土壤氮肥淋失的抑制效果最佳,与对照0%相比,铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮累积淋失总量分别减少了16%、32%和32%左右。     

糠醛渣添加量对奶牛粪堆肥腐熟及氨气释放量的影响

为解决奶牛场粪污和糠醛渣的贮存及其对环境的污染问题,我们探究不同添加量的糠醛渣对奶牛粪条垛式堆肥腐熟及氨气释放量的影响,以新鲜奶牛粪和小麦秸秆为主料,分别添加质量分数为3%、6%、9%的糠醛渣进行为期35 d的堆肥试验。结果表明,当糠醛渣添加量质量分数为3%~9%时,新鲜奶牛粪和小麦秸秆堆肥的产品的含水率、pH、NH₃释放量分别比对照不添加糠醛渣下降13.86%~20.91%、1.09%~4.37%、12.86%~30.82%,种子发芽指数和C/N分别提高24.35%~43.48%、12.54%~31.22%。综上考虑认为,采用奶牛粪堆肥时,添加质量分数为3%~9%的糠醛渣,可促进堆肥物料的分解转化,加快腐熟速度,降低氨气释放量。     

Compost and Manure Effects on Fertilized Corn Silage Yield and Nitrogen Uptake under Irrigation

Abstract

Dairy manure increases the yields of dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from eroded, furrow‐irrigated soils and may increase corn (Zea mays L.) silage yield from steeper eroded areas under sprinkler irrigation. In a 2‐year field study in southern Idaho on Portneuf silt loam (coarse silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid), the effects of a one‐time, fall application of 29 or 72 Mg ha^?1 of dry manure or 22 or 47 Mg ha^?1 of dry compost on subsequent silage yield and nitrogen (N) uptake from previously eroded, sprinkler‐irrigated hill slopes were evaluated. In October 1999, stockpiled or composted dairy manure was disked to a depth of 0.15 m into plots with slopes from 0.8 to 4.4%. After planting field corn in 2000 and 2001, a low‐pressure, six‐span traveling lateral sprinkler system was utilized to apply water at 28 mm h^?1 in amounts sufficient to satisfy evapotranspiration to 6.4‐×36.6‐m field plots. Yields in 2000 were 27.5 Mg ha^?1, similar among all rates of all amendments and a fertilized control. In 2001, compost applied at oven‐dry rates up to 47 Mg ha^?1 increased yield compared to controls. Silage yield in 2001 increased initially then decreased with increasing manure applications. Where compost or manure was applied, regardless of rate, 2‐year average N uptake was 15% greater than controls. Regardless of treatment or year, yields decreased linearly as soil slope increased.     

Pathogen Inactivation In Cow Manure Compost

During aerobic composting of animal manure, microbial activity within the mixture generates heat and metabolic by-products that inactivate zoonotic pathogens. Although it is recognized that the type and level of microbial activity will vary with the nutrient availability of different compost ingredients, the degree to which these changes could impact pathogen inactivation is of interest. Towards that goal, the purpose of this study was to determine inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes in compost laboratory-scale bioreactor systems formulated to different initial carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratios with cow manure, straw, and cottonseed meal. The C:N ratio did not significantly affect the time to inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes. In contrast, Escherichia coli O157:H7 survived for significantly (P < 0.05) longer periods of time in 40:1 C:N systems than in 30:1 or 20:1 systems even though the cumulative heat exposures were statistically similar in the systems. An increase of pH values to 8 to 9 occurred initially for 40:1 C:N systems, whereas the pH of the 20:1 and 30:1 systems initially declined to 5.5 to 6 before increasing to 8 to 9 after 2 days of composting.     

Biocontained Mortality Compost Using Liquid Manure

During disease outbreaks, composting has been used to safely dispose of carcasses and infectious solid manure. However, optimized methods have not been established to use liquid manure (> 80% water content, WC) from dairies as the substrate for mortality composting. In April of 2007, a 3×2 factorial study was conducted in wooden compost bins (240 × 240 × 140 cm) lined with 0.5 mm plastic to a height of 50 cm. Three levels (LO, 95 kg; MED, 236 kg; HI, 606 kg wet wt.) of liquid manure (91% WC) were applied to barley straw containing a single calf mortality (avg. wt 130 kg). Compost temperature and carcass degradation were evaluated in each bin over 52 d. As an indication of compost efficiency, viability of 4 types of weed seeds (wild buckwheat, Polygonium convolvulus L, BW; dandelion, Taraxacum officinale, DL; stinkweed, Thlaspi arvense L., SW; and wild oat, Avena fatua, WO) was determined from seeds retained at the laboratory (Control) or from those placed in sealed nylon bags (50 μm pore size) embedded at 3 locations in each bin. Initial C: N ratios ranged from 58:1 (HI) to 68:1 (LO), while initial WC was 64, 52 and 42% for the HI, MED and LO treatments, respectively. Rate of compost heating and peak temperature (58.6 vs. 46.5°C) was increased (P < 0.05) for HI as compared to LO. Rate of temperature decline was lower (P < 0.05) and calf decomposition was visibly superior for HI as compared to LO. Viability of WO was eliminated by all compost treatments, but that of BW increased (P < 0.05) in MED and LO as compared to Control. Although HI did not eliminate BW viability, this treatment showed the the most promise for incorporating liquid manure as a substrate in contained mortality compost.     

Paper Mill Sludge Composting and Compost Utilization

Economically viable and environmentally acceptable methods to recycle organic wastes are needed by the pulp and paper industry. We assessed the potential for composting the Virginia Fibre Corporation's (VFC) combined primary and secondary dewatered paper mill sludge (PMS) and evaluated the suitability of the finished product as a potting soil substitute. Composting treatments were: 1) PMS with no supplemental N (control), 2) PMS + 15 kg N/Mg PMS (dry weight), and 3) PMS + 30 kg N/Mg PMS (dry weight). Composting was conducted for 129 days and treatment effects were evaluated by windrow temperature trends. A container plant growth study employing various particle size fractions and proportions of the control PMS compost and a commercial potting medium (Promix^tm) was conducted in a greenhouse to assess the capability of the compost to support growth of radish (Raphanus sativus L.), snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), and green pepper (Capsicum sp.). Windrow temperatures were lower with no supplemental N than with the N additions during the initial three weeks and were higher with increasing N rate during the last month of composting, which indicated that the unamended sludge may have been N-limited for maximum biological activity. Reduced temperatures in the high N treatments during the midpoint of the composting process may have been induced by ammonia toxicity. However, cured compost chemical properties and stability were not influenced by treatment and were indicative of good quality compost. The lower amount of plant-available water and greater amounts of plant-available nutrients supplied by the compost than the commercial potting medium resulted in less dry matter produced by all plants except green pepper, whose higher nutrient needs were supplied better by the compost than the commercial potting medium alone. Therefore, the paper mill sludge compost may best be used as an organic fertilizer, soil amendment, or supplemental nutrient source for potting media, rather than as a potting medium alone.     

过磷酸钙在病死猪堆肥中保氮效果研究

为研究不同比例的过磷酸钙添加剂对病死猪堆肥过程中氮素转化和保氮效果的影响,本试验将病死猪尸体、水稻秸秆按一定比例混合后,设置未添加(CK)、添加5%(T1)和10%(T2)过磷酸钙3个处理,进行了为期30 d的堆肥发酵试验。结果表明,各堆体大于50℃的高温均能保持10 d以上,满足堆肥无害化的要求;添加初始物料鲜重的5%和10%的过磷酸钙对降低堆肥的p H值,增加堆肥的铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮含量均具有明显的效果。堆肥结束时,T1、T2处理的堆肥产品的总氮含量分别比对照高10.7%、10.1%,保氮效果显著。添加5%过磷酸钙处理的堆肥产品在第14 d时种子发芽指数达101.4%,高于对照,过磷酸钙促进了病死猪堆肥的快速腐熟。在病死猪堆肥中添加适量的过磷酸钙,可以降低堆体氮的损失,在堆肥工程中具有较广阔的应用前景。