解磷微生物及其在盐碱土中的应用研究进展

解磷微生物能够将土壤中难溶性磷酸盐转化为可供植物吸收利用的磷,在提高土壤有效磷含量、缓解植物盐碱胁迫损伤及修复盐碱土中表现出良好的应用前景.本文从解磷微生物的研究及应用现状入手,综述了盐碱土中解磷微生物的分离、解磷机制,同时阐述了盐碱耐受性和解磷能力关系及其在盐碱土修复中的应用进展,以期为利用耐盐碱解磷菌缓解植物盐胁迫...     

Species of Inorganic Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria in Red Soil and the Mechanism of Solubilization

INTRODUCTION The insoluble phosphates which can not be directly absorbed by plants are the mai forms of inorganic phosphate in soil. These kinds of phosphates can be solubilized by several species of bacteria which are widely spread in soil especially in rhizosphere where70% of the bacteria are capable of solubilizing inorganic phosphate.     

Water Leachates of Nitrate Nitrogen and Cations from Poultry Manure Added to an Alfisol Udalf Soil

Water, Air, & Soil Pollution - The paper summarizes results of chemical analyses of fog and rime water samples. The samples were collected at Milesovka, the Czech meteorological observatory....     

Availability of Cadmium and Zinc as Affected by the Use of Reactive Phosphate Rock,Lime, and Chicken Manure on an Indonesian Acidic Upland Soil under Field Conditions

We assessed cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) availability when applying reactive phosphate rock (RPR) in combination with lime and chicken manure on Indonesian acidic upland soils. Maize plants were grown on unamended soil and soils treated with several combinations of 2 tons dolomite ha^–1, 2 tons of chicken manure ha^–1, 1 ton ha^–1 of RPRL (reactive phosphate rock containing 4 mg Cd kg^–1 and 224 mg Zn kg^–1), and 1 ton ha^–1 of RPRH (RPR containing 69 mg Cd kg^–1 and 745 mg Zn kg^–1). In addition to its positive effect on plant yield, application of RPR in combination with chicken manure did not result in toxic Cd concentrations. Although liming is effective to reduce plant Cd concentrations, it results in more soil Cd accumulation and more plant Zn deficiency. Cadmium and Zn concentrations in shoots and grains can be predicted well from amounts extracted from the soil by 0.5 M ammonium (NH₄) acetate + 0.02 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) at pH 4.65.     

Ryegrass Utilization of Nutrients Released from Composted Biosolids and Cow Manure

Use of composts as soil amendments to enhance crop growth requires a knowledge of rates and amounts of nutrients released. A greenhouse study was conducted using ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as a test plant to evaluate this release from composts. The experimental design consisted of four blocked replicates in a complete factorial with two types of compost (wastewater treatment plant biosolids and cow manure), four application rates (1, 2, 5 and 10 percent of weight of sand), and three fertilizer treatments (0, 100 mg N/kg mixture, and 100 mg P/kg mixture). Rye-grass top growth was harvested after 21 days. The regrowth was harvested three additional times. Roots were recovered after the fourth harvest. Total N uptake was significantly and positively affected by the total amount of N supplied by the compost or compost plus N fertilizer (r² values ranged from 0.992 to 0.999). Initial N uptake depended on the mineral N concentration in the compost and was higher from biosolids than from cow manure compost. Biosolids compost contained 10 times more mineral N and this N was primarily taken up in the first two harvests. Cow manure compost, however, provided N gradually over the entire 84 day test. In addition to N, both composts also supplied P, K, and other major and minor nutrients essential for plant growth.     

Extraction and Analysis of Soil Solution of Phosphate Rock and Acid Treated Soil

Abstract

Increasing basic phosphate rock (PR) rates and acid loads were applied to an acidic sandy soil in a laboratory experiment. ‘Total’ amounts of potentially toxic elements in the soil and PR samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry after acidic, microwave digestion. Soil solution was extracted from wet soil by centrifugation with a speed corresponding to the suction power exerted by plants at the conventional wilting point. Addition of PR generally decreased rather than increased metal concentrations in the soil solution because of its pH elevating, immobilizing effect. Except for Pb, the extreme acid treatment compensated for the immobilizing effect of PR. Release of Cd (expressed as soil solution concentration in percentage of the total amount in soil+PR) was generally highest among elements at every treatment, and Cr was the least mobile metal. The one‐time, high rate of PR application did not make a direct environmental risk probable.     

Soil Quality Dynamics Following Long-Term Application of Poultry Manure and Sewage Sludge on Grassland

Organic manures can complement or even replace mineral fertilization of a pasture within a sustainable production system. In this article, an evaluation is made of the changes occurring in some properties related to soil quality after 7 years of applying two types of organic manures, poultry manure (PM) and sewage-sludge pellets (SP), compared those produced by normal mineral fertilization and a control. Both organic manures were effective for improving the quality of the soil surface horizon; however, PM appeared more effective in accumulating organic matter and improved more soil properties than did SP. The PM in particular improved soil aggregation, microbial development, and carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) storage in the form of organic matter. On the other hand, SP lowered soil pH and increased β-glucosidase activity. The soil water-storage capacity and conservation also increased with the application of both organic manures.     

Isolation of a Phytase-Producing Bacterial Strain from Agricultural Soil and its Characterization and Application as an Effective Eco-Friendly Phosphate Solubilizing Bioinoculant

In the present study, we isolated from agricultural soils, a Bacillus strain designated SD01N-014, expressing high-level extracellular phytase activity and investigated its potential to be used as a soil phosphate-solubilizing bioinoculant to improve soil phosphorus (P) availability and thus enhance plant growth. Soil inoculation test showed that being as an inoculant, SD01N-014 substantially enhanced soil P nutrition. Pot experiments showed that when applied to soils, SD01N-014 is capable of colonizing maize seedling roots, increasing plant-available P levels in the rhizosphere and promoting seedling growth. High tunnel trials with different vegetable plants demonstrated that SD01N-014 as a soil inoculant greatly promoted plant growth and was positively correlated with inoculum sizes. Together, these results indicate that SD01N-014 holds promising potential as a cheap, viable and eco-friendly alternative to chemical P fertilizers for increasing soil fertility and crop production in sustainable farming.     

Nutrient Mineralization from Nitrogen- and Phosphorus-Enriched Poultry Manure Compost in an Ultisol

The combination of inorganic fertilizers and compost is a technique aimed at improving crop growth and maintaining soil health. Understanding the rate of nutrient release from enriched compost is important for effective nutrient management. A laboratory incubation study was conducted for 112 days to study the nutrient mineralization pattern of poultry manure compost enriched with inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizer nutrients in an Ultisol. Compost applied at the rate of either 5 or 10 g kg^?1 was blended with N (50 kg N ha^?1) and P (30 kg P ha^?1). Carbon dioxide evolution and N and P mineralization were measured fortnightly. The bacterial and fungal populations were determined at the mid and end of the experiment. The combination of compost and inorganic N and P increased carbon (C) and P mineralization by 4?8% and 56?289%, respectively, over the application of either compost or inorganic N and P. However, P addition influenced the amount of C mineralized. Inorganic N and P, on the other hand, were better at increasing N mineralization than compost blended with inorganic N and P over a short time. The addition of compost stimulated bacterial and actinomycete populations, while fungal populations were unaffected. Actinomycetes and bacteria had similar and higher relationship trend with C (R² = 0.24) and P (R² = 0.47) mineralization and were key determinants in nutrient mineralization from compost in this Ultisol. Integrating compost with inorganic fertilizers improves nutrient availability through the growth and activities of beneficial microorganisms.     

Potential Use of a Poultry Manure Digestate as a Biofertiliser: Evaluation of Soil Properties and Lactuca sativa Growth

Anaerobic digestion is a process that is widely used for the treatment of organic wastes. The digestate can be used as a soil amendment or crop fertiliser. The aims of our work were to evaluate 1) the physicochemical composition and pathogen content in a digestate from poultry manure, according to international regulations, and 2) the effect of its soil application on the major chemical and biological soil properties and on the growth of Lactuca sativa. The experiment consisted of two groups of pots(with and without crop). Treatments applied to each group were as follows: low and high doses of digestate and inorganic fertiliser, and no application(control)(low dose: 70 kg nitrogen(N) ha~(-1) and 21 kg phosphorus(P) ha~(-1); high dose: 210 kg N ha~(-1) and 63 kg P ha~(-1)). Soil samples were taken 7 and 34 d(harvest) after treatment applications. Heavy metal and pathogen contents in the digestate were below the upper limit values. Despite the high pH and electrical conductivity values of the digestate, both soil parameters presented acceptable values for crop growth. Although there were no initial increases in total inorganic N and available P in soil with digestate application, an increase in the fresh weight of crop was observed with the high dose application. This is probably associated with the slow nutrient release from the digestate during the development of the crop. Changes in the microbial community were temporary and occurred at the initial sampling stage of the experiment.     

Maize Inbreds' Response to Riecito Phosphate Rock and Triple Superphosphate on an Acidic Soil

Abstract

Tropical acidic soils require large inputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertilizers to sustain crop production. Attempts to use phosphate rock (PR) as a cheaper P source have shown limited success because of low rock solubility. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth and P nutrition of aluminum (Al)‐tolerant maize inbreds fertilized with PR. Twelve Al‐tolerant inbreds from CIMMYT were planted in 2‐kg pots filled with an acidic soil very low in available P and fertilized with 0, 40, or 100 mg kg^?1 of Riecito PR or triple superphosphate (SP). Plant shoots were harvested 35 days after planting, and biomass, root length, P uptake, and soil residual P were determined. Inbreds were able to sustain growth when fertilized with PR. There was indication that various mechanisms were involved in the responses to PR fertilization. Cultivars combining high uptake and conversion efficiencies should improve maize utilization of PR.     

溶磷细菌Enterobacteria sp EnHy-401对盐渍土壤中小麦生长的影响

盆栽试验结果表明,溶磷菌Enterobacteria sp EnHy-401能较好地在盐渍土壤中定植,并对小麦的生长和矿质营养的吸收有促进作用。与对照相比,生长在经接菌处理盐渍土中的小麦,其地上部分和根系的干重增加了28.1%和14.6%,植株中对磷、钙、钾和镁的吸收率分别提高了34.4%3、6.3%、31.5%6、.3%。该菌株所表现出来的对盐渍土壤中磷素有效性的提高、对小麦吸收K+、Ca2+、Mg2+、P等矿质营养的促进作用以及小麦生长与矿质营养元素吸收之间高度的相关性表明,溶磷菌株Enterobacteria sp.EnHy-401对盐胁迫下小麦生长的促进效应主要是通过改善盐渍土中部分矿质营养的供应,增强植株对P、Ca,Mg、K等营养元素的选择性吸收而实现,该效应受到土壤盐分和营养基质的影响。     

Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass Storage Covers to Reduce Ammonia Emissions from Dairy Manure

Manure storages, and in particular those storing digested manure, are a source of ammonia (NH₃) emissions. Installing floating manure covers provide resistance to gas transfer from manure storage surface to air and reduces NH₃ emissions; however, performance can be limited to durability. Biochar and steam-treated wood have strong potential as manure storage covers as they are capable of repelling water, resistant to microbial degradation, and could be applied to crop acreage. An additional benefit of biochars as a cover is their capability of NH₃ sorption trapping TAN (total ammoniacal N) before it is volatilized resulting in further abatement. Installation of permeable manure storage covers is difficult and adding covers with agitators could facilitate implementation. This study measured NH₃ emissions from laboratory scale storages of digested manure with raw wood (white birch, Betula papyrifera), steam-treated wood, wood biochar, and corncob biochar covers. Additional treatments included mixing biomass treatments into manure storages to measure the reduction potential of incorporated biomass. All treatments reduced emissions of NH₃ from the control by 40 to 96%. The highest NH₃ emissions reductions of 96% were achieved with the wood biochar cover. The primary mechanism for treatment was resistance to gas transfer provided by the physical barrier of covers as NH₃ sorption did not correspond to reductions. Covering digested manure storages with any of the treatments can reduce NH₃ emissions; biochar covers are a more effective barrier to NH₃ emissions and are recommended to minimize NH₃ manure storage losses.     

有机无机肥长期定位试验土壤小麦季氨挥发损失及其影响因素研究

氨挥发是肥料氮素损失的重要途径之一,损失率因土壤类型、气候条件、肥料用量、施肥时间和方式等不同而存在很大差异。为了筛选提高氮肥利用率的肥料运筹方式,本文利用长期定位试验平台,采用间歇密闭通气法,研究了有机无机肥长期施用条件下小麦季土壤氨挥发损失及其影响因素。结果表明,不同肥料种类和配施强烈地影响着土壤氨挥发,在150kgN·hm^-2用量下小麦季氨挥发损失量以NK和有机肥处理为最高,分别达到17．89和15．70kgN·hm^-2,占氮肥用量的10．47％-11．93％,显著高于NPK、NP和有机无机肥配施（1／20M）处理。土壤氨挥发速率与气温呈显著正相关,基肥施用后灌水可以有效地降低氨挥发损失。NPK肥料平衡施用或者有机无机肥配施可以减少氨挥发损失。     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

Application of Ground Phosphate Rock to Dimmish the Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Soil Properties

The effects of simulated acid rain retained in soil on the properties of acid soil and its diminishing by application of ground phosphate rock were investigated by using the sorption method.Results show as follows:(1)For yellow brown soil,the effect of simulated acid rain on the properties of soil with a pH value of 5.9 was relatively small,except a great quantity of acid rain deposited on it.(2) for red soil,the effect of simulated acid rain on the properties of soil was significant.With the increase of the amount of acid deposition,the pH value of soil was declined,but the contents of exchangeable H^ ,Al^3 and Mn^2 and the amount of SO4^1- retention were increased.(3) Many properties of acid soils could be improved by applying ground phosphate rock.For example,pH value of soils and the amounts of available P and exchangeable Ca^2 and Mg^2 were increased,and the amounts of exchangeable H^ and Al^3 and SO4^2- retained was reduced.The application of ground posphate rock could effctively diminish the pollution of acid rain to soil.     

长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响

畜禽粪便中含有大量有害物质可能影响农业土壤质量。土壤孔隙结构是反映土壤质量的重要指标。探讨长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响,对于理解畜禽粪便对农业土壤质量影响有重要意义。该文分析稻麦轮作土壤上长期(20年)施用畜禽粪便和化肥土壤孔隙度、孔隙分布、贮水性能及土壤饱和导水率等土壤孔隙结构指标。研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便处理显著改变了土壤孔隙分布和土壤总孔隙度,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤大孔隙和中孔隙的比例分别是施用化肥处理的1.48～1.70倍和1.35～1.75倍;耕层土壤总孔隙度也比施用化肥处理增加7.5%～11.3%。长期施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤贮水性能,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量以及田间持水量分别比施用化肥土壤提高了11.63%～23.98%,12.24%～21.72%和11.08%～16.25%。施用鸡粪和猪粪耕层土壤饱和导水率均大于180 cm/d,分别为施用化肥土壤的2.83倍和2.88倍。土壤有机碳与土壤孔隙结构指标间有极显著的相关关系,表明土壤有机碳在土壤孔隙结构的形成和稳定过程中起着重要作用。本研究结果表明,长期施用畜禽粪便主要是通过提高土壤有机碳来改善土壤孔隙结构特征。     

Chemical Fractionation and Phytoavailability of Heavy Metals in a Soil Amended with Metal Salts or Metal-Spiked Poultry Manure

Chemical fractionation patterns and plant tissue concentrations were used to assess nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium, and lead phytoavailability to maize in a soil amended with metal salts or poultry manure. A sandy loam was treated with 80–400 mg kg^?1 doses of a quinternary mixture of the metal nitrates either directly or as spiked poultry manure. The European Communities Bureau of Reference sequential extraction procedure partitioned the metals among three operationally defined pools in the soil. Metal mobilities were lower in the poultry manure–amended than the metal salt–treated soil, indicating the manure's ability to fix the metals in soil. Pot experiments revealed high metal transferabilities with no apparent phytotoxic symptoms in maize at the doses applied, suggesting some degree of tolerance to the metals. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize increased linearly with metal doses in metal salt–treated soil, but were less phytoavailable in soil amended with poultry manure. Heavy-metal concentrations in maize were reasonably predicted from soil parameters using stepwise multivariate regression models. The findings are useful in the assessment and remediation of heavy metal–contaminated soils.     

Absorption and Toxicity of Copper and Zinc in Bean Plants Cultivated in Soil Treated with Chicken Manure

The interaction between copper, zinc, and chicken manure, whenadded to soil, was studied in a greenhouse setting. Coppersulfate and of zinc chloride at concentrations of 0.5 to 2.0mmol kg^-1 were added separately to pots containing 3.0 kgof dystrophic dark red latosoil (LEd) plus 1,0% (m/m) pH 4.2chicken manure. IAPAR 57 beans were used as test plant andcultivated in the experimental soils for 30 days. Plant growthin terms of dry weight and the concentrations of copper and zincin the aerial part of the plants were determined. Bean plantingswere repeated four times, at four-month intervals. A 20%decrease in dry weight was observed when amounts of copper orzinc equal to or geater than 1.0 or 2.0 mmol kg^-1, respectively, were applied to the soil over an average of fourplantings. For these concentrations, the average amount of metalfound in the plant was 13.4 mg kg^-1 for copper and 224.8 mgkg^-1 for zinc. Chlorosis of the leaves in the bean plantswas also observed. The copper and zinc concentrations in thetreated soil were determined using different extractants. Amongthe solutions evaluated for the extraction of available zinc,1.0 M ammonium acetate, pH 4.8, showed a better correlation withthe metal concentration in the plant. As for copper, the bestcorrelation was found with the Mehlich-1 extractant.     

磷硅肥配施对盐渍土壤水稻生长及养分吸收的影响

针对滨海盐渍化稻田土壤根系易受盐碱胁迫、磷素养分含量及有效性低的问题,采用田间微区试验研究磷肥与硅肥配施对滨海盐渍化稻田土壤水稻根系生长、土壤磷素含量、水稻磷营养、产量及经济效益的作用。试验采用双因素设计,磷肥设2个水平:P1,P_2O_5 64 kg/hm~2;P2,P_2O_5 128 kg/hm~2;硅肥分土施和喷施,土施设3个水平:Si1,SiO_2 0 kg/hm~2;Si2,SiO_2 60 kg/hm~2;Si3,SiO_2 120 kg/hm~2;Si4为叶面喷施SiO_215 kg/hm~2。结果表明,喷施硅肥与低量磷肥配施的P1Si4处理在各生育时期的水稻总根长、总表面积和总根体积均为最高,与P2Si4处理无显著性差异。同时,磷肥配施硅肥可有效提高滨海盐渍化水稻土壤磷素有效性,其中P2Si4处理速效磷含量显著高于P1Si3、P2Si1,分别高出35.16%,27.47%;高磷处理的土壤全磷含量高于低磷处理。且施用硅肥的P1Si3、P1Si4处理的水稻产量显著高于不施硅肥和少量施硅的P1Si1、P1Si2处理,其中P2Si3水稻产量达9 547.5 kg/hm~2;各处理的有效穗数无显著性差异,每穗实粒数P2Si3处理最高,达162.47个/穗。P2Si3处理水稻籽粒中磷积累量最高,且显著高于其他处理,比P1Si3、P2Si1处理分别高出8.46%,9.68%。在低磷或高磷施用条件下,叶面喷施硅肥(P1Si4、P2Si4)处理收入分别达到14 953.6,14 323.2元/hm~2。综上所述,与不施硅肥的处理相比,磷肥配施硅肥可显著促进滨海盐渍化土壤水稻根系生长,提高磷素有效性、水稻产量及经济效益,其中以P1Si4处理(叶面喷硅,P_2O_5 64 kg/hm~2)处理最佳。