Biodegradabilities and Microbial Activities During Composting of Municipal Solid Waste In Bench-Scale Reactors

In the design of large scale, in-vessel systems, the biodegradability of the waste, the optimal nutritional conditions, and the length of time required to complete the high-rate phase are important. Because composting is a microbial process, the overall levels and activities of microorganisms influence the rate and extent of degradation. In this study, bench-scale reactors were used to determine the biodegradability of municipal solid waste, primarily office trash, and the effects of nutrient supplementation on biodegradability during six weeks of composting. Supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins, and trace minerals did not increase the biodegradability of the waste. Although the levels of specific microbial subpopulations varied, total numbers of microorganisms did not change significantly.     

Effects of Turning Frequency,Leaves to Grass Mix Ratio and Windrow vs. Pile Configuration on the Composting of Yard Trimmings

Because of proposed bans on the landfilling and incineration of leaves, grass and brush, large-scale composting is fast becoming the primary disposal option for yard trimmings in many states. Few systematic studies have been done to compare the effects of turning regime, feedstock mix ratio, or windrow vs. pile configuration on composting and the characteristics of finished compost. In this study, various ratios of leaves, grass and brush were mixed and composted in two series of windrows; and one set of static piles. One windrow series (#1) was turned seven times every four weeks, while the other windrow series (#2), and the piles, were turned once every four weeks. The effects of the different treatments were examined by measuring compost temperature, oxygen concentration, pH, organic matter and moisture content, volatile fatty acid content, bulk density, stability, humification and seed germination indices, total and available nutrient levels, and particle size distribution. Results showed that turning frequency had little impact on oxygen concentrations, VFA content and temperatures during the composting of yard trimmings in windrows, however, in piles temperatures were substantially higher and oxygen concentrations fluctuated greatly. The composts from all the treatments were stable, (oxygen uptake rates < 0.1 mg O₂/g OM/hr) after 60 days of composting regardless of the turning frequency, mix ratio or configuration. The bulk density inereased much more rapidly in frequently turned windrows than in the other treatments and particle sizes were smaller in these windrows. In most respects however, the final composts (day 136) were remarkably similar and none inhibited Cress seed germination or root elongation. The pH of all the composts, and the soluble salts and nitrate levels in composts made with high levels of grass, exceeded guidelines for greenhouse growth media.     

重金属Cu对堆肥过程中微生物群落代谢和水解酶活性的影响

为了探讨重金属Cu对堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪、麦秸、废菌糠为原料并接种复合微生物菌剂,在静态堆肥条件下,研究了Cu对堆肥过程中温度、微生物群落代谢能力和水解酶活性的变化。结果表明,CK处理（不添加Cu）高温期维持5d（其中55℃以上维持4d）达到无害化的温度要求;添加Cu处理后,L处理（Cu浓度为100mg.kg-1）高温期（〉50℃）只持续4d;H处理（Cu浓度为500mg.kg-1）在整个堆肥过程中只有1d超过55℃,高温期只维持2d,L、H处理均未达到无害化的温度要求。以Biolog方法为主要检测手段并结合聚类分析和主成分分析方法,分析了重金属Cu对堆肥过程中微生物群落代谢能力的影响,结果表明,低剂量Cu能提高微生物群落对聚合物类碳源的转化与利用的能力,高剂量Cu对微生物群落利用中间代谢物和复杂大分子类碳源产生一定的抑制作用。水解酶活性分析结果表明,低剂量Cu对水解酶有一定的激活效应,高剂量Cu对水解酶有一定的抑制效应。     

Effect of Municipal Wastewater as a Wetland Water Source on Soil Microbial Activity

Microbial activity levels of two soil materials, excavated from a wetland and irrigated with municipal wastewater effluent or Missouri River water, were compared. The wastewater had twice the electrical conductivity and four times the sodium concentration as river water. We performed activity assays on the soils before leaching, immediately after leaching, and after harvesting plants. Gas chromatography was used to measure carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolved in soil samples incubated for 7 d. Activity was significantly reduced in preleached wastewater–irrigated soils compared with river water–irrigated soils. Immediately after leaching, activity significantly increased and was similar to river water–irrigated soils. Activity decreased slightly after plant harvest in postleached treatments. Increased activity after leaching may be related to decreased salinity and sodicity, which probably lowered osmotic pressure in the soil. Our study demonstrated that soil salinity and sodicity induced by wastewater irrigation decreased microbial activity, which may impact nutrient cycling and glycophytic vegetation communities in wetlands.     

Effect of C:N Ratio on Microbial Activity and N Retention: Bench-scale Study Using Pulp and Paper Biosolids

The effect of C:N ratio on the performance of bench-scale composting systems treating pulp and paper biosolids was investigated. The biosolids used were obtained from the Pine Falls Paper Company located in Manitoba. The biosolids, on a wet basis, consisted of 41% primary biosolids, 21% secondary biosolids, and 39% deinking plant sludge. The biosolids were mixed with bark to achieve an initial moisture content of 60%, resulting in a recipe consisting of 1.09 kg of bark per kg of biosolids on a dry basis. Four reactors (treatments) were run with C:N ratios of 107 (control; no N supplement), 55, 29, and 18. Each treatment was replicated three times. Sulfur coated urea was used as the N supplement. Parameters monitored included C:N ratio, N recovery, material compaction, temperature, qualitative odor observations, and volatile solids reduction. The relative microbial activity was observed in-directly using volatile solids removal and the relative heat generation data. The data showed a strong negative linear relationship between C:N ratio and relative heat generation (r²=0.98) and between C:N ratio and volatile solids removal (r²=0.84 for all four treatments; and r²=1.0 for C:N = 29 to 107). The data also showed a strong nonlinear relation between N retention and C:N ratio (% retention = 101(1-0.92C:N); r² = 0.71; n = 12). Qualitative odor observations and N losses suggested that a C:N ratio of 18 was too low, therefore a performance comparison was made between the C:N-107 and the C:N-29 treatments. It was observed that the mean volatile solids removal was 28.6% higher in the C:N-29 treatments as compared to the C:N-107 control. While this difference is significant from a bench-scale perspective, the authors question the practical significance of the difference and recommend further investigation.     

Effect of High Carbon Ash on Biosolids Odor Emissions and Microbial Activity

Quantitative measurements of odor emissions from biosolids were conducted relating odor units (odor intensity as perceived by people) to chemical odorant concentrations. Chemical odorant emissions from biosolids wereidentified using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry andincluded dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl sulfide (DMS),carbon disulfide (CS₂), ammonia (NH₃), trimethylamine (TMA), and acetone. Odor unit emissions werepositively correlated with DMDS, DMS, CS₂, NH₃,TMA, and acetone emissions, demonstrating that the identifiedodorant emissions are associated with biosolids odor. To control biosolids odor, wood ash containing 32% carbon wasincorporated with biosolids at 1:1, 0.67:1, 0.33:1, and 0.11dry weight ratios. The high carbon ash additions reduced odor unit, DMDS, DMS, CS₂,TMA and acetone emissions when compared to a biosolids control. Although ash addition sometimes reduced NH₃ emissions, reduction was not consistently significant. Using SCREEN3 dispersion model (U.S. EPA) maximum dimethyldisulfide, NH₃, and trimethyl amine concentrations from a 1 ha 21 Mg biosolids application (dry wt.) were estimated to be 29.8, 3.3, and 1.0 times higher than publishedhuman detection limits, respectively, while maximum CS₂,DMS, and acetone concentrations were predicted to be 0.004, 0.01, and 0.04 times below published human detection limits, respectively. High carbon wood ash incorporation with biosolidseliminated DMDS odor and trimethyl amine odor, while wood ash did not significantly reduced the NH₃ odor.     

氯嘧磺隆对土壤微生物数量,酶活性及呼吸强度的影响

氯嘧磺隆是一类高效广谱除草剂,研究其对土壤微生物的影响对其合理使用具有重要意义。通过室内瓶培养实验研究了不同浓度氯嘧磺隆对土壤呼吸强度、土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:氯嘧磺隆施入土壤2周后,可明显提高土壤呼吸强度,且浓度越大,提高效果越明显;氯嘧磺隆施入土壤1周后,不同浓度氯嘧磺隆处理均可提高土壤细菌和放线菌数量,45 d时表现出抑制作用,60 d可恢复到对照水平;氯嘧磺隆对土壤真菌数量表现为抑制作用,而后恢复到对照水平,45 d时田间施用量可抑制土壤真菌的增殖,但60 d可恢复到对照水平。土壤培养前1周,氯嘧磺对土壤过氧化氢酶、土壤转化酶、土壤脲酶活性均表现出不同程度的抑制作用,且浓度越大抑制作用越明显。之后三种酶表现出一定的激活作用,培养60 d可恢复到对照水平。以上试验结果可为合理施用氯嘧磺隆提供理论依据。     

RFLP法研究接种对农业废物堆肥微生物多样性的影响

用限制性片段长度多态性（Restriction fragment length polymorphism, RFLP）方法研究了在农业废物堆肥一次发酵和二次发酵期间添加黄孢原毛平革菌 （ P. chrysosporium ）对微生物多样性的影响。结果表明,在不同发酵期接种P. chrysosporium对堆肥进程的影响不同。3种典型的限制性内切酶Alu Ⅰ ,Ho Ⅲ和TaqⅠ在分析堆肥细菌微生物多样性的灵敏性上,Hae Ⅲ效果最好,AluⅠ次之,TaqⅠ则并不很适用于分析堆肥细菌微生物多样性。接种黄孢对堆肥细菌群落的影响非常显著且迅速,二次接种可起到巩固一次接种效果的作用。     

Effect of Turning and Vessel Type on Compost Temperature and Composition In Backyard (Amateur) Composting

The vast majority of compost research has focused on commercial-scale composting and attempts have been made previously to adapt that knowledge to amateur composting. However, amateur composting is potentially more variable and thus more difficult to generalize. This experiment used three types of amateur compost vessels and examined the effects of vessel type and turning on the resultant temperature, nutrient concentrations and physical characteristics. The effect of vessel type produced statistically significant differences in temperature as did the effect of turning the vessels. However, for all vessel types, the recorded temperatures remained in the mesophylic range and the temperatures necessary to kill pathogens or weed seeds were not reached. Observations were also made on the influence of vessel type on the physical characteristics of the resultant compost and the management of the vessels. The choice of vessel is important but it is probably more a factor of volume than design; volume appears critical. Turning compost heaps would also appear to be worth considering as there is clearly an increase in temperature, albeit small.     

Microbial Activity of Cu Contaminated Soils and Effect of Lime and Compost on Soil Resiliency

In vineyards, the long-term use of copper fungicides has increased soil Cu concentrations that can adversely affect the number and activities of soil microorganisms. To better understand this phenomenon and to ameliorate such harmful effects, an incubation experiment was carried out with a sandy loam and a sandy soil to which increasing rates of CuSO₄ were added. By this treatment, the basal soil respiration (7-55%) and decomposition of added vine branches (46-86%) was inhibited. At the application rate of 500 mg Cu kg^?1, soil microbial biomass-C was inhibited (7-66%) in the sandy soil and stimulated (2-10%) in the sandy loam soil. The specific respiration rate was a reliable indicator for Cu stress, and it increased with time and higher Cu concentrations before lime and compost applications. Total number of bacteria and streptomycetes were also strongly inhibited. Fungal population was significantly more tolerant to copper toxicity than the bacteria. A stimulation of fungal population at a dose of 500 mg Cu kg^?1 in both soils was observed. A criterion such as “stimulation” lasting for more than 60 days can also be used as indication of Cu contamination of soils. The order of inhibition (on day 125) at a dose of 500 mg Cu kg^?1 soil was as follows: A. sandy loam soil (pH> 7.0) — fungi < biomass-C < basal soil respiration < bacteria < streptomycetes; B. sandy soil (pH< 6.0) — fungi < basal soil respiration < biomass-C < bacteria < streptomycetes. The application of lime increased soil recovering ability at a moderate rate (for CO₂ production – 22-70% and for biomass-C- 39-156%), but the combination of lime and compost significantly increased soil resiliency (for CO₂ production- 16-518% and for biomass-C- 103-693%). The soil resiliency assessed by number of bacteria in compost treatments was 30-120% in sandy loam soil and 92-700% in the sandy soil. Compost and lime application increased the number of streptomycetes from 52 to 500% in sandy loam soil and from 100 to 700% in sandy loam soil. Fungal population was less increased in sandy soil as compared to sandy loam soil. The ecological dose higher than 5% inhibition of microbial processes and microorganisms appears to be suitable to assess Cu contamination of soils. CO₂ production, biomass-C and specific respiration rate were less sensitive indicators as compared to streptomycetes and bacteria. It appears that compost application effectively promoted the recovery of soil microbial activity and soil fertility of Cu contaminated soils.     

山药连作对土壤微生物群落及土壤酶活性的影响

以山药连作（0 a,1 a,2 a）和轮作（山药—小麦）土壤为研究对象,探讨耕作模式对山药种植地耕层土壤（0—30 cm）微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明:土壤耕层的有机质、全氮、有效磷和速效钾含量随山药连作年限的延长而逐渐降低,而山药—小麦轮作模式则有助于恢复地力。山药连作、轮作的土壤均以细菌所占比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最少;与对照（0 a）相比,细菌、放线菌数量均随着山药连作年限增加呈递减趋势;但放线菌的降幅明显大于细菌,表现出对连作年限更强的敏感性;真菌数量随连作年限呈先升后降的趋势。山药连作可以明显降低土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶的活性,轮作模式则可以激发该三种酶的活性,其中轮作较连作2 a的处理可以明显提高脲酶和蔗糖酶活性,差异分别达显著水平（p < 0.05）和极显著水平（p < 0.01）。说明山药连作会破坏土壤耕层微生物种群结构,并抑制土壤酶活性,轮作可以在一定程度上改善土壤微生物群落结构及酶活性质量。     

不同节水稻作模式对土壤理化特性和土壤酶活性影响研究

针对南方丘陵区季节性干旱现状与目前稻田单一化的连作耕作制度对农田环境造成的不利影响因素,通过4a田间定位试验研究了节水稻作模式下土壤理化性状和土壤酶活性变化规律影响.结果表明,与该区常规稻作模式相比.在试验设计范围内,节水稻作模式下稻田的土壤理化性状明显改善,随着耕种年限增加,土壤容重下降,而孔隙度增加.土壤通透性增强,有效阻止土壤次生潜育化和土壤酸化.提高了土壤pH值;就土壤酶活性而言,节水稻作模式处理酶活性常规稻作模式相比.除转化酶外,其它酶活性均有不同程度的增加,尤其对磷酸酶与脲酶影响最大.     

微生物菌剂对麦草、鸡粪高温堆肥进程及质量的影响

通过鸡粪与麦草静态高温好氧堆肥,对接种微生物菌剂的堆肥处理与不接种微生物菌剂的常规堆肥过程中温度、碳氮比（C/N）、铵态氮以及种子发芽指数（GI）的变化进行了比较分析。结果表明：与不接种微生物菌剂比较,接种自制微生物菌剂CM和市售的有机废弃物发酵菌曲JM堆肥温度提前3d达到最高温度60℃;接种微生物菌剂CM和JM堆肥经过14d其C/N就由30降为15以下,较不接种提前10d;接种微生物菌剂CM和JM堆肥经过20d其NH4＋-N含量分别达到1.42,1.54g/kg,显著低于对照的2.01g/kg;经过14d的堆肥处理,接种CM、JM菌剂以及不接种的堆肥GI分别为57,48,32。研究表明,接种微生物菌剂CM、JM有助于麦草和鸡粪的快速腐熟,接种CM菌剂较接种JM菌剂有助于堆肥质量的提高。     

Effect of Clay Minerals on Immobilization of Heavy Metals and Microbial Activity in a Sewage Sludge-Contaminated Soil (8 pp)

Background   Aims, and Scope. Reducing heavy metal solubility and bioavailability in contaminated area without removing them from the soil is one of the common practices in decreasing the negative impacts on the environment and improving the soil quality. Therefore, our aim was to study the effect of clay minerals: Na-bentonite, Ca-bentonite, and zeolite applied to a contaminated soil on immobilization of heavy metals, as well as on some soil parameters related with microbial activity. Methods   A soil derived from sewage sludge was incubated with clay minerals of either Na-bentonite, Ca-bentonite, or zeolite for 111 days (d). During the incubation experiment, concentrations of water soluble Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni were measured after extraction of 2 g air-dry soil with 50 ml of H2O for 2 h. After the water extraction, the soil sediment was extracted with 50 ml of 1 M NH4NO3 for 2 h to estimate the exchangeable amounts of heavy metals. Furthermore, soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass C, Corg mineralization, metabolic quotient (qCO2), and inorganic N were also investigated. Results and Discussion   Water extractable and exchangeable forms of heavy metals were changed by incubation and addition of clay minerals. Incubation of soil without addition of clay minerals (control) increased water extractable Cu by 12, 24 and 3.8% of initial content after 21, 62, and 111 d of incubation, respectively. The water extractable Zn decreased by 9% during 62 d of incubation and it tended to increase by 14% at the end of the incubation, as compared with the initial soil. Water extractable Cd decreased by 71, 66 and 33% of initial content, and Ni decreased by 54, 70, and 58%, after 21, 62, and 111 d of incubation, respectively. During the incubation experiment, the exchangeable form of all tested metals was decreased by incubation. The addition of clay minerals led to a significant decrease in water soluble and exchangeable forms of heavy metals during the incubation experiment, resulting in low metal extractability. The reduction in metal extractability was greater due to the addition of Na-bentonite or Ca-bentonite than that due to the addition of zeolite. During the first 3 weeks after addition of clay minerals, the studied biological parameters were not affected. However, as incubation progressed, the addition of Na- or Ca- bentonite led to a significant increase in soil respiration, microbial biomass C, Corg mineralization, and inorganic N; and a significant decrease in qCO2. This result is explained by sorption of heavy metals on Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite and strong reduction of their toxicity. Conclusions   Our results clearly show that the addition of clay minerals, especially of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite, decreased the extractability of four metals during incubation. The decreased metal extractability was accompanied by an increase of soil respiration, Corg mineralization, microbial biomass C, and inorganic N and a decrease of metabolic quotient (qCO2), showing positive effect of clay mineral addition on soil biological parameters. Recommendations and Outlook   The use of Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite is promising tool for reduction the extractability and possible toxicity of heavy metals in sewage sludge-contaminated soil. Therefore, the soils polluted with heavy metals may be ameliorated by addition of clay minerals, especially Na-bentonite and Ca-bentonite.     

Influence of Phosphorus and Carbon on Soil Microbial Activity in a Savannah Agroecosystem of Brazil

The microbial activity of soil plays an important role in the regulation of the transformation of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P). However, the activity of soil microbes is strongly related to the type of land-use system. The present work aimed to compare the microbial activity and metabolic responses of three different land-use systems to P (0 to 600 mg kg^?1 of dry soil) and C additions in an Oxisol of the Brazilian savannah. The land-use systems studied were savannah vegetation (SV), 32-year-old pine plantation (PP), and 11-year-old no-tillage system (NT). The following analyses were carried out: amount of C carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolved, total organic carbon (TOC), total glucose (TG), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and metabolic yields (Y) from P and C additions to the soil. The different land-use systems affected the respiratory activity of microbiota, indicating an increase in SV and a decrease in PP when compared to the SV system under incubation for 17 days. The addition of P resulted in an increase of respiratory activity. The responses were adjusted by the Michaelis–Menten equation for all three land-use systems. The greatest TOC and lowest MBC were observed in NT and PP, respectively, when compared to SV. However, a lower content of TG was observed in NT in comparison to SV. Under bioassay conditions, the results confirm the greater microbial demand for P in PP and SV than in NT. The NT system showed greater metabolic yields when glucose was applied to the soil, suggesting that the response of microbiota in this system depends on easily available forms of C, as shown by the sugar content. The results showed expressive metabolic differences among the systems, suggesting that different soil uses change the dynamic of the responses of soil microorganisms.     

Effect of a Temporal Carbon Gradient on Nitrogen and Phosphorus Dynamics and Decomposition During Mesophilic Composting

Abstract

Excess carbon (C) can immobilize inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) when composting manure and has been used to reduce the moisture content of liquid manure so they can be composted. A mesophilic composting strategy was previously developed and shown to be an effective method to manage liquid manure without the need for excess C. The objective of this study was to determine if a temporal C gradient would sequester more N and P without the need for excess C. The experiment was conducted in bags. All treatments had arctic char manure applied at the same rate (1.28 g N), every 14 days for 112 days. The C source, ground corn stover, was applied in three batch sizes. The 1X treatment applied 70 g of corn stover every 14 days, the 4X treatment applied 280 g of corn stover at days 0 and 56, and the 8X treatment applied 560 g of corn stover once at day 0. All bags had the same amount of C and N added to them by the end of the experiment at a C∶N ratio of 30∶1. As the C to N or P ratio decreased below 20 and 30, respectively, net mineralization occurred, and the time of this occurrence was similar for all C treatments. The concentration of N and P were relatively low until day 91 when NH₄‐N and P and day 105 when NO₃‐N started to increase, after which point mineralization occurred at a rate of about 60 mg N and 4 mg P/kg mass/day. Because the temporal C gradient was not in phase with mineralization, it was not effective at immobilizing N and P. Spatial separation of high carbon zones through layering manure and the carbon source may be an effective way to maintain a long‐term C gradient and capture leaching N and P while minimizing C inputs.     

不同类型粪肥还田对土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响

畜禽粪便作为有机肥还田可以维持和提高土壤有机质、改良土壤,有利于农业可持续发展。不同类型粪肥还田后对土壤生物学性状的影响不同,为探究这一问题,在内蒙古乌兰察布市设置田间试验,包括化肥(F)、羊粪(GM)、猪粪(PM)、牛粪(CM)4个处理,研究其对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物群落的影响。结果表明,施用粪肥较化肥具有增加土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、铵态氮等养分含量的趋势。不同粪肥较化肥处理的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高增幅分别为32.4%、150.4%、26.8%和30.1%。牛粪处理的土壤微生物生物量碳氮显著提高,分别较化肥增加33.2%和33.4%。不同处理在细菌门水平上的优势种群较一致,放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是优势种群。本试验条件下,牛粪处理更能提高土壤微生物生物量碳氮,短期内施用不同粪肥对于提高土壤微生物群落多样性差异不显著,土壤pH、有效磷、铵态氮是影响土壤微生物群落结构的主要环境因子。     

不同种养废弃物还田对复垦宅基地土壤酶活性和微生物数量的影响

以成都平原复垦宅基地土壤为对象,研究3类种养废弃物(秸秆、猪粪和菌渣)与化肥配施下土壤酶活性、微生物数量的动态变化及其相关性。结果表明:(1)3类"种养废弃物+化肥"配施相比空白(CK)和常规施肥(CF)方式,均能显著提高复垦宅基地土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性。(2)小麦成熟期,0—20,20—40cm土层土壤微生物总数分别在猪粪还田(MCF)和菌渣还田(FCF)下达到最大值26.89×10~6 cfu/g和17.82×10~6 cfu/g。MCF和FCF处理下3种微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)数量都显著高于SCF处理,但MCF和FCF处理之间基本无显著差异。(3)归一化的土壤酶活性值除在0—20cm土层MCF处理达到最高值0.140外,其余均在FCF处理下达到最大。在小麦成熟期,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性基本呈现出FCFSCFMCF的规律(除0—20cm土层土壤脲酶)。(4)5种处理下的土壤酶活性、微生物数量、土壤有机碳及全氮之间均表现出显著相关。(5)0—20cm土层种养废弃物配施处理下微生物数量、脲酶及蔗糖酶活性在小麦生育期内呈倒"U"型变化趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈不断上升的趋势;20—40cm土层微生物数量和土壤酶活大致呈递增趋势。(6)综合分析表明,"菌渣+化肥"配施处理(FCF)为成都平原复垦宅基地土壤培肥较适宜方式。     

不同氮素水平下冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢对FACE的响应

利用开放式空气CO2浓度升高(Free Air Carbon-dioxide Enrichment, FACE)平台, 研究了低氮(LN)和常氮(NN)水平下, 大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦叶片酚酸类物质代谢的影响.结果表明, CO2浓度升高对小麦叶片水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸含量的影响随供氮水平的不同而有所差异.低氮下小麦通过提高叶片苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性(30.1%)而使其含量均显著增加, 增幅分别达33.7%、119.6%、26.7%、39.9%和28.6%; 而常氮下PAL活性和酚酸类含量变化均未达显著水平.可见, 大气CO2浓度升高对冬小麦酚酸类物质代谢的影响受氮水平的调控, 在未来CO2浓度升高条件下, 选择适宜的施肥水平将显得更为重要.此外, 总酚含量与水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量变化趋势基本一致, 且总酚含量变化的79.6%～151.4%是由这几种酚酸含量变化引起的, 说明CO2浓度升高使水杨酸、对羟基苯甲酸、肉桂酸、阿魏酸和香草酸等含量增加是总酚含量增加的直接原因.低氮条件下大气CO2浓度升高将通过改变酚酸类物质代谢而间接影响小麦与伴生杂草的关系.     

植被恢复模式对川西北沙化草地土壤微生物量及酶活性研究

为研究不同植被恢复模式对高寒沙化草地治理过程中土壤微生物量及酶活性的影响,以川西北高寒沙化草地为研究区,以未恢复沙化草地为对照(CK),通过野外试验与室内分析相结合的方法对围栏禁牧布设沙障恢复模式(WLCD)、围栏禁牧布设沙障撒播草种(RGCD)和围栏禁牧布设沙障混播燕麦草种(YMCD)3种植被恢复模式下沙化草地的土壤微生物量以及土壤酶活性的变化规律和相互关系的研究。结果表明:(1)3种植被恢复模式下土壤微生物量碳氮、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶与硝酸还原酶活性均显著高于CK(P0.05),其中YMCD变化最显著。与CK相比,YMCD土壤微生物量碳氮、多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶与硝酸还原酶活性均增加了217.52%,725.26%,130.88%,387.78%,300.33%,192.32%;(2)随着土层的加深,微生物量碳氮、脲酶、蔗糖酶、多酚氧化酶与硝酸还原酶活性显著减小(P0.05),尤其是0—20cm土层;(3)微生物量碳氮与多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶间呈极显著正相关(P0.01);(4)多酚氧化酶与蔗糖酶、脲酶、硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关(P0.01),蔗糖酶与脲酶、硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关(P0.01),脲酶与硝酸还原酶呈极显著正相关(P0.01);(5)研究表明土壤多酚氧化酶、蔗糖酶、脲酶与硝酸还原酶可敏感地反映植被过程中土壤质量的变化,植被恢复措施可改善表层与深层土壤的生物学性质。