不同土壤耕作法对作物产量及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响

针对华北平原小麦—玉米两熟区不同土壤耕法下玉米产量及玉米生育期土壤硝态氮迁移进行研究,结果表明,翻耕模式下玉米产量最高,免耕下最低。在0~180 cm土体中,收获期与苗期相比,翻耕硝态氮含量平均减少了66.6%;旋耕平均减少了21.7%;免耕则平均减少了20.9%。累积峰出现的深度与硝态氮淋失有直接关系。对比3种模式,翻耕累积峰最深,硝态氮淋失威胁最大;免耕无明显累积峰。在施肥、灌溉等影响硝态氮淋失的可控因子以外,从耕作模式上研究硝态氮淋失是今后研究的方向。     

Yields and Nutrient Budgets Under Composts,Raw Dairy Manure and Mineral Fertilizer

Composts made from rural and urban residues are increasingly available. Farmers wishing to use these materials need to know how they will perform as crop nutrient sources. The objectives of this field experiment were to evaluate compost as an N source, and to track the effects of compost application on NPK budgets. Four composts of various feedstocks, maturity, and nutrient content were compared to raw dairy manure (RDM) and conventional mineral fertilizer (CNV). A 3-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), bell pepper (Capsicum annum), and small grain was established, with all crops present every year. Treatments were applied on an N-equivalent basis, using a 40% availability factor for compost and 50% for RDM. Yields from compost-amended corn were comparable to RDM and CNV by the second year. Pepper, a less N-demanding crop, had no significant yield differences among treatments for the three years. The manure-based compost treatments had the highest P and K surplus after three years, showing that loading levels of these nutrients need consideration when using compost to satisfy crop N needs. Rotations can be designed to extract more P and K, but more practical for the long-term would be reducing compost additions and substituting an additional N source such as a legume.     

Leaching of Nitrate,Ammonium, and Phosphate From Compost Amended Soil Columns

Compost amendment to agricultural soils has been reported to reduce disease incidence, conserve soil moisture, control weeds, or improve soil fertility. Application rate and placement of compost largely depends on the proposed beneficial effects and the rate may vary from 25 to 250 Mg ha^?1 (N content up to 4 percent). Application of high rates of compost with high N or P levels may result in excessive leaching of nitrate, ammonium, and phosphate into the groundwater. Leaching could be a serious concern on the east coast of Florida with its inherent high annual rainfall, sandy soils and shallow water table. In this study, five composts (sugarcane filtercake, biosolids, and mixtures of municipal solid wastes and biosolids) were applied on the surface of an Oldsmar sand soil (in 7.5 cm diameter leaching columns) at 100 Mg ha^?1 rate and leached with deionized water (300 ml day^?1, for five days; equivalent to 34 cm rainfall). The concentrations of NO₃-N, NH₄-N, and PO₄-P in leachate reached as high as 246, 29, and 7 mg L^?1, respectively. The amount of N and P leached accounted for 3.3-15.8 percent of total N and 0.2-2.8 percent of total P in the compost. The leaching peaks of NO₃-N occurred following the application of only 300-400 ml water (equivalent to 6.8-9.1 cm rainfall).     

The Impact of Biochar Addition on Nutrient Leaching and Soil Properties from Tillage Soil Amended with Pig Manure

Poses dam in the Seine River estuary acts as receptacle of water drain-offs from highly urbanized and industrialized catchment area; therefore, this water is highly contaminated by trace metals. Most trace elements are mainly bound to particulate matter and are incorporated rapidly into the sediments. Scavenging of these metals in the sediments can be reversible due to several perturbations so as sediments also act as a source of pollutants for the overlying water. For instance, natural events (tide, flood, storm) and anthropogenic processes (water management actions) can cause disturbance of sediments and subsequent remobilization of pollutants to the water column, thereby posing a potential threat for aquatic organisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mobility of trace metals by different methods in the Seine estuary sediments. The surface sediment sampled at Poses dam was characterized by high pollution level of Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb. The estimation of metal bioavailability through ratio ΣSEM/AVS (simultaneously extracted metals/acid volatile sulfides) indicates a potential bioavailability of trace metals. The chemical partitioning using the European Community of Bureau of Reference sequential extraction method revealed that over 85, 82, and 80 % of the total Cd, Zn, and Pb, respectively, were found to be associated with the exchangeable and reducible fractions of the sediment. Another approach used consists in the quantification of dissolved metals released by sediment resuspension experiments in laboratory under controlled conditions. The results indicated that metals are released rapidly from sediment with a sharp peak at the beginning of the experiment, followed by a fast coprecipitation and/or adsorption processes on the suspended particles. Also, the Cd, Pb, and Ni mobility is higher compared to that of the other metals.     

猪粪有机肥施用对潮土速效养分含量及团聚体分布的影响

针对集约化养殖畜禽粪便无序排放产生的环境问题,采用连续2年的盆栽试验,以猪粪有机肥为研究对象,设计5个有机肥施用水平(0、6.7、13.3、26.7、40.0 g·kg~(-1)土),研究了猪粪有机肥施用对潮土有机碳、速效养分含量及土壤团聚体分布的影响,为畜禽粪便田间消纳和合理施用提供理论依据。研究结果表明,土壤中有机碳、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均随有机肥施用量的增加而呈现逐渐升高趋势,且第二年土壤中各指标增加更加明显,第二年施肥处理各速效养分含量分别比第一年高2.7%~54.0%、6.7%~34.6%、36.8%~159.5%、20.3%~35.7%;土壤有机碳含量与外源有机碳投入量之间存在着显著的线性关系,有机肥施用可以显著提高生菜产量,且具有明显的后效作用。2年试验中,土壤团聚体以0.053~0.25 mm和0.053 mm小团聚体所占比例较大,且随有机肥施用量增加呈现降低趋势,而0.25~0.5 mm和0.5 mm大团聚体含量却随有机肥施用量增加呈升高趋势,可见,施用有机肥可促进大团聚体的形成,在有机肥施加量为40.0 g·kg~(-1)土时,土壤中0.25 mm团聚体的含量最高,土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GWD)最大,土壤的团聚化作用最强,土壤结构最稳定。     

不同施氮措施对保护地黄瓜养分利用效率及土壤氮素淋失影响

不同施氮措施条件下，对保护地黄瓜生育期内氮素吸收利用效率、氮素淋洗损失进行了研究，同时也研究了不同处理对黄瓜产量及品质的影响。试验结果表明，传统施肥处理（2100kg／hm^2）与推荐施肥处理（900kg／hm^2）之间氮素吸收量没有显著差异，传统施肥处理中大量的氮肥没有用于促进黄瓜对养分的吸收利用，其氮肥利用率、农学利用率以及生理利用率都很低，每千克纯氮增产只有2．06kg，91．65％的氮素以各种途径被损失掉，其中土壤硝态氮淋洗是主要形式。同时研究发现，传统施肥处理过量氮肥施用阻碍其它营养元素的吸收，降低N，P，K养分的利用率。从产量和品质看，减少氮的用量，黄瓜产量会降低，但推荐施肥与传统施肥处理差异不明显，而推荐施肥能提高果实中Vc含量、有效酸度（pH），改善黄瓜的口感。     

Nutrient Uptake and Leaching from Soil Amended with Cattle Manure and Nitrapyrin

We investigated whether nitrification inhibitor nitrapyrin can reduce nutrient leaching and increase nutrient uptake by corn (Zea mays L.) in cattle manure amended soil. Amendments included non-amended check (CK), urea (Urea), REG (manure from cattle fed barley grain), and DDGS (manure from cattle fed 60% dried distillers grains with solubles), co-applied with or without nitrapyrin and leached or unleached with water. Nitrapyrin reduced (P < 0.01) leaching of nitrate by 56, 32, and 24% from DDGS, REG, and Urea treatments, respectively, and also reduced (P < 0.05) leaching of phosphate (58%), potassium (39%), calcium (39%), and magnesium (39%) from DDGS treatment. While nitrapyrin reduces the rate of ammonium conversion to nitrate, higher magnesium and phosphate levels in DDGS-amended soil favor struvite formation and reduce their leaching. Corn biomass and nutrient uptake were higher (P < 0.01) in DDGS and Urea than CK and REG treatments, but remained unaffected by nitrapyrin. The benefits of nitrapyrin should be further investigated under field conditions.

Abbreviations: DCD, dicyandiamide; DDGS, dried distillers grains with solubles; NI, nitrification inhibitor; TP, total P; TN, total N.     

Nitrate Leaching in Pepper Cultivation with Organic Manure and Supplementary Additions of Mineral Fertilizer

Abstract

Nitrate leaching frequently is attributed to the excessive application of mineral nitrogen fertilizers and also to the organic matter incorporated in the soil. A lysimeter experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to evaluate nitrate leaching and pepper productivity in an organically fertilized substrate (prepared by application of 4 kg · m^?2 horse manure and subsequent solarization) to which three different doses of mineral fertilizers were added at 0 (T1), 157 (T2), and 313 (T3) kg N · ha^?1. The results confirmed the high contribution of organic matter to nitrate leaching, although nitrate losses in T2 and T3 were around 33% and 100% greater than in T1. Furthermore the application of mineral fertilizers (T2 and T3) combined with organic manure led to a decrease in pepper fruit productivity. The use of porous ceramic water samplers for measuring fertilizer leaching is questioned. The results also point to the need for a revaluation of irrigation and N fertilization procedures when organic manure is used in order to improve pepper yield and reduce the contamination of ground water by nitrates.     

露天鸡粪好氧堆肥氮素的径流及淋洗损失

在露天自然条件下对鸡粪进行好氧堆肥,系统研究了堆肥过程中氮素的径流和淋洗损失。结果表明,堆肥期间通过径流损失的氮素只占初始堆肥氮素的3‰~6‰,其中无机氮与有机氮约各占50%,径流中总氮浓度在不同时间和降雨量条件下差异较大,浓度平均在20 mg/L左右;氮素表现出很强的空间移动性,堆肥期间氮素至少能够迁移至150 cm土层,对当地地下水安全构成了严重威胁;堆肥过程中可能有35%~65%的氮素会通过氨挥发损失;用秸秆覆盖堆体能显著降低堆肥氮素的径流损失,而添加沸石减少堆肥氮素损失的效果不显著。     

Effect of Deficit Irrigation and Dairy Manure on Winter Wheat Yield,Soil Physical Health,and Nitrate Leaching

ABSTRACT

The effect of deficit irrigation (DI) on wheat crop yield, soil physical parameters and on nitrate nitrogen movement in soil profile was evaluated under application of dairy manure and nitrogen fertilizer. Two levels of DI were taken as I_0.6 (60% FC) and I_0.8 (80% FC) along with two dairy manure levels (20 and 25 Mg ha^?1) and three nitrogen levels (80, 100, and 120 kg ha^?1). The grain yield was high under I_0.8 than I_0.6, whereas the irrigation level has no significant effect on soil organic carbon contents. Dairy manure, irrigation, and nitrogen indicated strong interaction with each other for all yield-related parameters during both years of study, however, results for 2nd year were highly positive. Soil nitrate nitrogen movement was significantly affected under I_0.8 with high rate of dairy manure (25 Mg ha^?1) and nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg ha^?1). Results concluded that combined application of dairy manure (25 Mg ha^?1) and nitrogen fertilizer (120 kg ha^?1) under DI level I_0.8 resulted in high grain yield. To overcome water scarce conditions, further experiments can be designed by addition of various organic matters in different combination that enhances the yield and soil health.     

耕层增减对作物产量、养分吸收和土壤养分状况的影响

试验于2012—2015年在淮北平原中部的濉溪县展开,设原始耕层(TS)、在原始耕层厚度上人工削减5 cm(TS-5)和在原始耕层厚度上人工增加5 cm(TS+5) 3个处理。在玉米和小麦成熟期采样分析和田间测产,在3季小麦收获后分别采集0~20 cm土层土样进行分析,明确耕层厚度变化对玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量、养分积累的影响和土壤养分含量的变化规律。结果表明,耕层减少5 cm处理明显降低玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量和N、P2O5、K2O积累量,与原始耕层处理相比,分别下降了5.61%和8.31%、5.65%、18.38%;耕层增加5cm后作物产量和各养分积累量均未出现显著变化。第1个轮作周期结束时,耕层减少5cm处理的土壤有机质、全氮和速效钾含量明显低于原始耕层处理;而经过3个轮作周期,土壤有机质含量仍处于较低水平,全氮和速效钾含量逐渐回升,与原始耕层对应指标已无显著差异。耕层增加5cm处理明显提高了土壤有机质和各养分含量,并在3个轮作周期后仍处于较高水平。综上,耕层厚度减少5 cm会降低玉米–小麦轮作体系作物产量、各养分积累量和土壤有机质含量,并在短期内难以恢复;增加5 cm耕层虽然能改善土壤养分状况,但对作物产量和养分积累量的提高没有明显效果。     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

减量施肥对菜地土壤养分淋失及春甘蓝产量的影响

通过田间试验研究了减量施肥对菜地土壤养分淋失及春甘蓝产量的影响。结果表明:春甘蓝N、P、K习惯施肥用量分别为其吸收量2.64倍、5.8倍、1.02倍,长期施肥使菜园土壤有效P大量累积,土壤养分不平衡加剧,一些中微量元素成为新的养分限制因子。习惯施肥N、P向下层淋失明显,改进减量施肥技术使N、P淋失量分别减少90.0%、78.4%。不平衡减量施肥降低春甘蓝产量和经济效益,配合S、B、Zn的改进减量施肥技术能显著促进春甘蓝吸收养分,提高产量,经济效益超过习惯施肥处理。结论:在菜园土上推广平衡施肥技术可显著减少春甘蓝的施肥量,提高肥料利用率,增加产量和经济效益,并能减少N、P养分淋失,减轻施肥的面源污染。     

不同年份施肥对作物增产效应及肥料利用率的影响

在冬小麦－夏玉米→春玉米轮作条件下,对１３年长期肥料定位试验中作物产量及氮肥利用率在不同年份的变异情况进行了分析。结果表明：玉米吸收土壤氮素的比例高于对肥料氮的吸收,而且其对肥料氮的利用率低于小麦,并极易受夏涝的影响,氮,磷化肥合理配施或再配以有机肥可以促进作物高产稳产,避免不利气候因子对作物的影响。     

土层置换对土壤物理性质及养分有效性的影响

以辽宁半干旱区旱田为研究对象,将0~20 cm土壤与20~40 cm土壤进行位置转换,探讨土层置换对土壤物理性质及土壤养分含量的影响。研究结果表明:土层置换后,10~30 cm土壤容重较常规耕作分别降低3.62%和5.11%;0~10cm与20~30 cm土壤含水量比常规耕作处理增大2.06%和6.82%;10~30 cm土壤导水率较常规耕作处理增加62.6%和219.2%;10~30 cm土壤碱解氮、速效钾、速效磷含量均高于常规耕作处理;玉米穗数、玉米出籽率、籽粒含水量以及玉米产量比常规耕作处理增加9.76%、4.67%、4.89%和8.56%。综上,应用土层置换技术,能够显著改善旱田土壤物理性状,提高养分有效性,为作物生长提供良好的土壤环境。     

Soil Physical Properties and Organic Matter Fractions Under Forages Receiving Composts,Manure or Fertilizer

A field study was conducted to assess the benefits, with respect to soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions of utilizing composts from a diversity of sources in perennial forage production. A mixed forage (timothy-red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and monocrop timothy (Phleum pratense L.) sward were fertilized annually with ammonium nitrate (AN) at up to 150kg and 300 N ha^?1 yr^?1, respectively, from 1998-2001. Organic amendments, applied at up to 600 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1 in the first two years only, included composts derived from crop residue (CSC), dairy manure (DMC) or sewage sludge (SSLC), plus liquid dairy manure (DM), and supplied C to soil at 4.6 and 9.2 (CSC), 10.9 (SSLC), 10.0 (DMC) 2.9 (DM) Mg C ha^?1. Soil samples (0-5cm; 5-10cm;10-15cm) were recovered in 2000 and 2001. Improvements in soil physical properties (soil bulk density and water content) were obtained for compost treatments alone. Composts alone influenced soil C:N ratio and substantially increased soil organic carbon (SOC) concentration and mass (+ 5.2 to + 9.7 Mg C ha^?1). Gains in SOC with AN of 2.7 Mg C ha^?1 were detectable by the third crop production year (2001). The lower C inputs, and more labile C, supplied by manure (DM) was reflected in reduced SOC gains (+ 2.5 Mg C ha^?1) compared to composts. The distribution of C in densiometric (light fraction, LF; >1.7 g cm^?3) and particulate organic matter (POM; litter (>2000μm); coarse-sand (250-2000μm); fine-sand (53-250μm) fractions varied with compost and combining fractionation by size and density improved interpretation of compost dynamics in soil. Combined POM accounted for 82.6% of SOC gains with composts. Estimated compost turnover rates (k) ranged from 0.06 (CSC) to 0.09 yr^?1 (DMC). Composts alone increased soil microbial biomass carbon (SMB-C) concentration (μg C g^?1 soil). Soil available C (C_ext) decreased significantly as compost maturity increased. For some composts (CSC), timothy yields matched those obtained with AN, and SOC gains were derived from both applied-C and increased crop residue-C returns to soil. A trend towards improved C returns across all treatments was apparent for the mixed crop. Matching composts of varying quality with the appropriate (legume/nonlegume) target crop will be critical to promoting soil C gains from compost use.     

几种新型氮肥对叶菜硝酸盐累积和土壤硝态氮淋洗的影响

应用土柱模拟试验的方法,研究了在高肥力菜田土壤条件下,施用几种新型氮肥对两茬叶菜硝酸盐积累和土壤硝态氮淋洗的影响。结果表明,在高肥力菜田土壤上,施用几种新型氮肥都未能明显提高第一茬油菜的生物量,硫硝铵（A SN）却降低了生物量,而第二茬菠菜不施肥处理生物量下降。尿素＋硝化抑制剂DM PP（En tec46）、尿素＋硝化抑制剂DCD（U＋DCD）和有机无机复混肥（OIF）3种氮肥显著降低了油菜硝酸盐含量。尿素＋玉米秸秆（U＋M S）和硫硝铵＋硝化抑制剂DM PP（En tec26）减少了土壤NO3^--N的向下淋洗,而尿素＋保水剂（U＋SAP）增加土壤NO3^--N的向下淋洗。     

Corn and Soybean Grain Phosphorus Content Relationship with Soil Phosphorus,Phosphorus Fertilizer,and Crop Yield

Most fertilizer phosphorus (P) rate recommendations for the north-central United States are based on combination of a critical soil-test P value and a mass-balance calculation of fertilizer P required to maintain critical soil-test P. Accurate estimates of grain P removal are an essential component of P mass-balance calculation. Current north-central extension service guidelines recommend that estimates of corn and soybean grain P removal should be calculated using constant grain P concentrations. We reviewed research from the north-central region to determine the extent to which variation in grain P concentration accounts for differences in crop P removal and to determine whether predictions of grain P concentration can be improved through consideration of soil-test P, crop yield, and fertilizer P application. We found that soil-test P, grain yield, and fertilizer P are predictor variables that may significantly improve estimates of grain P concentration for corn and soybeans.     

垃圾肥性状及对小白菜化学组分和土壤农化性状的影响

对城市垃圾经高温高压水解处理后,发酵腐熟而成的垃圾肥的养分质量状况及其对盆栽小白菜植株体内养分及土壤农化性状的影响进行了研究,结果发现,此种垃圾处理技术生产的有机肥能使小白菜植株体内氮磷钾含量都有一定的增加,其中氮含量增加最为明显,同时还可以提高小白菜植株体内钙、镁、硼、铁等微量营养元素的含量;土壤有机质和养分供应力等也相应提高,酸性土壤pH值增加,土壤趋向中性。     

麻地膜降解对土壤性质和作物产量影响的研究

为了研究麻地膜在土壤中的降解特性以及麻地膜降解后对土壤物理、化学及生物学特性和作物产量的影响,分别在春、夏、冬3个季节条件下观测RC麻地膜、JC麻地膜和塑料地膜在土壤中的降解特性;JC麻地膜分别设2层（JC2）、4层（JC4）、8层（JC8）、12层（JC12）、16层（JC16）、塑料地膜4层（P4）、8层（P8）、12层（P12）共9个处理,另设未使用地膜作对照（CK）,用盆栽试验方法研究了麻地膜在土壤中的降解及对土壤性质和作物产量的影响。结果表明,麻地膜在土壤中能充分降解,温度升高可加速其降解;麻地膜降解可降低土壤容重和增加孔隙度,改善土壤三相比例,增加土壤养分,提高土壤微生物数量,培肥土壤。麻地膜埋入明显促进红麻根系生长,改善根冠比,提高了植株的养分积累量;红麻的日生长量、株高、茎粗、皮厚以及干物质量均高于对照,红麻干皮产量均明显高于CK,并且有随着麻地膜埋入量的增加而提高之势。塑料地膜的埋入则恶化了土壤生态环境,影响了红麻生长发育而造成减产。因此,麻地膜的埋入能够改善土壤生态环境,同时促进作物生长发育及产量的提高。