Composting of Wood Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The addition of various nitrogen sources, such as liquid hog manure and mineral medium, to pine wood accelerated the composting process in Dewar vessels, which was obvious from the increased decomposition temperature and the more intensive oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production. During composting in Dewar vessels of artificially PAH-contaminated pine wood soaked with liquid manure, the PAH degradation was influenced by the inoculum used. The fastest PAH degradation was achieved by compost addition, but the most intensive carbon dioxide evolution was measured with hydrocarbon-polluted soil as an additive. After 61 days, the PAH content of the wood was reduced from each 1000 mg/kg to 26 mg/kg of phenanthrene and 83 mg/kg of pyrene. The relation between the microbial wood decay and PAH degradation shows that the detoxification at least of artificially PAH-polluted wood demands only a partial wood decay.

A pilot scale percolator was applied to composting of artificially contaminated pine wood and really polluted waste wood. After 27 days of remediation, the portion of residual PAHs was higher in the case of the really polluted material. The slower degradation in the real waste wood may be explained by the lower bioavailability of pollutants in comparison with the artificially contaminated wood. In really polluted wood, the degradation rate of PAHs depended on their degree of condensation (the higher the number of aromatic rings the smaller the degradation rate was).     

Oxygen and CO2 Profiles and Methane Formation During the Maturation Phase of Composting

Several different composts were examined both at bench-scale and on-site. The samples were taken from full-scale windrow composting plants at different stages of maturation. Oxygen, carbon dioxide and methane profiles within the material matrix for each sample were monitored and values for specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), moisture content (MC), and volatile solids (VS) were also determined. Methane was detected inside some of the composting piles (with values higher than 10% by volume) and in one of the bench-scale systems (with values up to 0.9% by volume) but never within the upper 0.20 meters of material. The profiles indicated that the methane was probably oxidized within the mass and consequently methane release during the maturation stage of the composting process was probably not common.     

Maturity Tests for Composts — Verification Of a Test Scheme for Assessing Maturity

Increased recycling of organic wastes has raised concern about the quality of compost end products. In addition to the limit values for heavy metals and impurities including weeds and pathogens, the quality criteria for compost products should also include criteria for maturity. There is a tremendous number of maturity assays, developed earlier by several authors, and recommended to be used to evaluate maturity of composts. Because no such single test alone reliably demonstrates the complex properties occurring during maturization of compost, we developed a fast and easy-to-use two-phase test scheme for the assessment of maturity. In the first phase the degradation phase e.g. stability of compost samples is evaluated by using a carbon dioxide evolution test and/or determination of the NO₃-N/NH₄-N ratio by simple test strips. In the second phase, the toxicity of the compost is evaluated by a plant growth test, germination tests and/or the Flash bioluminescence test. Eleven plants composting sewage sludge, source-separated biowaste, manure or a combination of these raw materials were sampled after 1-3 weeks of composting and when the compost was considered “ready for use”. Chemical and physical analyses were considered useful as additional information when evaluating maturity especially when the results were not conclusively clear. This fast and easy-to-use test scheme was designed especially for the composting plant operators and official laboratories responsible for evaluating compost quality.     

C and N Turnover and Lignocellulose Degradation During Composting of Miscanthus Straw And Liquid Pig Manure

To obtain a peat substitute for pot plants, Miscanthus straw and liquid pig manure were composted in two different systems (open box and closed reactor) and examined for changes in pH, water content and chemical composition (nitrogen, carbon, hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin). Temperature maxima of 65-70°C were achieved within a few days in both systems. Composting and sampling were continued for 190 days in the box system and 150 days in the reactor. Major loss of nitrogen was found in a period of eight days after temperature maximum followed by stabilization. Accumulation of nitrate was observed during final weeks of composting in both systems. A marked decrease in content of hemicellulose was seen just after temperature maximum followed by slow, constant decrease throughout remaining composting period. The same pattern was observed for degradation of cellulose, though degradation was initiated later in the experiment. Degradation of hemicellulose was nearly 100% in both systems, whereas the cellulose decrease was 64 and 70% in the box and reactor, respectively. Lignin was not degraded during the experiments. Though initial C/N ratio was different in the two systems (25 in box and 16 in reactor), final ratios were the same (C/N=13). In spite of the similarities, the more complicated closed system is preferred if removal of ammonia from exit gas is considered.     

Alkaline Amendment for the Enhancement of Compost Degradation for Polylactic Acid Biopolymer Products

This research evaluates the addition of alkaline amendments to enhance the degradation of polylactic acid polymers (PLA) in compost conditions. The use of compostable biopolymers is increasing in part because they are advertised as compostable. However, PLA degrades slowly compared to the organic wastes in compost and even when processed in commercial composting facilities may not fully break down. This results in the accumulation of biopolymers in compost facilities and increased difficulty in identifying and removing contamination from traditional plastics. Alkaline amendments were used to accelerate the degradation of two PLA products in compost conditions. Six flasks containing food scraps, compost inoculant, and an alkaline amendment were set up as bioreactors with half containing clear PLA and the others including opaque PLA. The six bioreactors were incubated for 22 days. The mass loss and final visual inspection, including microscopy, showed increased degradation within the bioreactors containing the alkaline treatments. These results show that the addition of alkaline amendment to composting systems may enable more effective processing of biopolymers, expanding the range and quantity of wastes that can be processes. The enhanced degradation of biopolymers in compost may enable greater diversion rates for institutions and cities by enabling the acceptance of biopolymers and any mixed organics stream which includes biopolymers wastes.     

Transformations of carbon and nitrogen during composting of animal manure and shredded paper

Composts produced from animal manures and shredded paper were characterized in terms of their carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) forms and C mineralization. Total, water-soluble, acid-hydrolyzable and non-hydrolyzable C and N contents were determined on composts sampled on days 0, 11, 18, 26, 33, 40 and 59 after composting was initiated. Water-soluble and acid-hydrolyzable C and N decreased during composting, whereas non-hydrolyzable C remained relatively constant, and non-hydrolyzable N greatly increased during composting. The water-soluble forms of N were characterized by a decrease of ammomium (NH₄ ⁺-N) at the beginning of composting, followed by an increase of nitrate (NO₃ ^–-N) towards the end of composting. The mineralization of C in composted materials was generally higher at the beginning than at the end of composting, whereas no differences were observed for mineralization of C in non-hydrolyzable materials. The addition of N inhibited C mineralization in composts except in samples collected on days 40 and 59, while C mineralization was strongly stimulated by adding N to the non-hydrolyzable materials. The data suggest that the N forms in the non-hydrolyzable materials were chemically similar and not readily available to microbes, indicating that the C/N ratios often used to assess the biodegradability of organic matter and to develop compost formulations should be based on biologically available N and C and not on total N and C. Received: 12 May 1997     

Biodegradabilities and Microbial Activities During Composting of Municipal Solid Waste In Bench-Scale Reactors

In the design of large scale, in-vessel systems, the biodegradability of the waste, the optimal nutritional conditions, and the length of time required to complete the high-rate phase are important. Because composting is a microbial process, the overall levels and activities of microorganisms influence the rate and extent of degradation. In this study, bench-scale reactors were used to determine the biodegradability of municipal solid waste, primarily office trash, and the effects of nutrient supplementation on biodegradability during six weeks of composting. Supplementation with nitrogen, phosphorus, vitamins, and trace minerals did not increase the biodegradability of the waste. Although the levels of specific microbial subpopulations varied, total numbers of microorganisms did not change significantly.     

不同中药渣组合好氧堆肥产物对土壤碳矿化特性的影响

为研究不同配方中药渣废弃物好氧堆肥产品品质差异及其对土壤碳素矿化的影响，设置了好氧堆肥和有机肥还田两个试验。通过工厂化条垛式好氧堆肥试验，研究了中药渣废弃物3种组合，在相同碳氮比、不同木质纤维素含量下对好氧堆肥产品品质的影响；采用土壤呼吸瓶进行室内恒温恒湿培养模拟土壤施肥效应，研究了3种有机肥施用对不同肥力土壤有机碳分解动态的影响。试验结果显示：中药渣物料的初始木质纤维素含量显著影响堆肥产品的碳氮养分转化和腐殖质组分。与初始低木质纤维素含量处理(T1)相比，高木质纤维素含量处理(T3)堆肥有机碳降解难，堆肥产品中全碳含量提高5.7%，全氮含量降低18.4%，但有利于腐殖质形成，尤其是显著增加胡敏酸组分20.9%。3种中药渣堆肥产品等碳量输入对不同肥力土壤的碳素矿化效果差异显著，高肥力土壤CO₂-C的释放速率和累积释放量均高于低肥力土壤，但有机碳的累积矿化率却低于低肥力土壤，并且高肥力土壤中添加T1堆肥产品累积矿化率显著高于添加T3堆肥产品。两个肥力土壤中有机肥中胡敏酸组分与土壤碳素矿化率之间呈显著负相关关系。因此，为提高有机肥的土壤固碳效应，可适当提高有机肥中胡敏...     

酒糟型生物有机肥初始酵解条件对木质纤维

木质纤维是有机物料堆肥化过程最难降解的物质,影响着堆肥化进程。提高木质纤维降解,有利于促进堆肥的快速腐熟,提高堆肥质量。试验应用二次通用回归旋转组合设计四因素（1/2 实施） 方案,研究酒糟型生物有机肥堆制初始条件对总碳、木质纤维降解的影响,旨在为木质纤维高效快速降解提供理论依据。结果表明,在本试验条件下,秸糟比对总碳、半纤维素的影响作用最大;含水率对纤维素、木质素的影响作用最大。实现总碳等较好降解效果的各因子配比方案范围为: pH值6.63～7.02,接种量0.49%～0.551%、含水量65.52%～66.68%、秸糟比41.61%～44.32%。     

Ryegrass straw component decomposition during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations

The decomposition of perennial ryegrass straw was examined under mesophilic and thermophilic temperatures. Thermophilic conditions were used to define the composting process. The change in lipids, sugars, soluble polysaccharides, cellulose, and lignin was determined during a 45-day incubation. C, H, O, and N steadily decreased in both temperature treatments. The lignin content, as measured by the Klason or 72% H₂SO₄ method, decreased by 10% under mesophilic and 29% under thermophilic conditions. The Klason lignin C loss was 25 and 39% under mesophilic and thermophilic incubations, respectively. The changes in element (C, N, H, and O) ratios indicated that 94% of the lignin fraction was altered during both low- and high-temperature incubations. The changes in the lignin-like fraction as shown by elemental ratios were more extensive than those indicated by the Klason method, showing that this lignin determination has limited value in describing plant residue decomposition. The decomposition of the straw components and the concomitant degradation of the lignin fraction represent an important decomposition process that facilitates the composting of ryegrass straw with a high C:N ratio.     

尿素硝酸铵调节碳氮比促进小麦秸秆堆肥腐熟

【目的】高温堆肥可以加快秸秆腐解并浓缩其养分含量,是秸秆综合利用的有效措施之一。通常采用畜禽粪便来调节秸秆堆肥的C/N比,但由于重金属和抗生素问题限制了其在高价值经济作物上的应用。为此选择绿色无污染的尿素硝酸铵溶液(UAN)作为氮素调理剂开展堆肥试验,为生产高品质秸秆有机肥提供科学依据。【方法】设置4个处理,按照UAN添加量由多到少分别将堆肥C/N调节为15、20、25和30,进行50d堆肥,监测堆肥过程中温度、pH、EC、有机碳、铵态氮、硝态氮、纤维素组成、种子发芽率指数等指标的动态变化,并综合判定堆肥腐熟效果。【结果】C/N25和C/N30的处理最高温度分别达到63.4℃和65.9℃,50℃以上高温持续时间分别为7d和8d,而C/N15、C/N20处理高温持续仅1~2d,未达到无害化处理要求。堆肥初始pH值随着UAN添加量的增大而升高,范围在6.79~7.94,堆肥后pH值范围在7.63~7.89,各处理间没有明显差异。堆肥后各处理有机碳含量下降了8.29%~13.5%,且C/N25、C/N30的处理有机碳降解率显著高于C/N15和C/N20的处理。全氮含量较堆肥初增加53.3%~83.7%。秸秆中有机物组成表现为纤维素>半纤维素>木质素,堆肥后半纤维素、纤维素和木质素含量分别较堆肥初下降了30.5%~50.9%、42.%~55.8%和15.3%~29.4%。堆肥过程中由氨气挥发造成的氮素损失率随着C/N比升高而降低,分别为34.9%、29.0%、22.1%和7.37%;堆肥过程中无机氮占总氮的比例逐渐降低,由初始的52.4%~75.8%下降到结束时的25.4%~63.1%,而对应有机氮的比例则较堆肥初提高了52.4%~66.0%,表明小麦秸秆堆肥中氮素的稳定性增强。经过50d的堆肥处理,C/N25和C/N30的处理种子发芽率指数均达到彻底腐熟(GI≥80%),C/N20的处理达到基本腐熟(GI≥50%),而C/N15的处理未腐熟。【结论】采用尿素硝酸铵溶液作为氮素调理剂可有效降低小麦秸秆堆肥C/N比,促进小麦秸秆腐解,以C/N30处理腐熟效果最好。     

Treatment of High Ammonium–Nitrogen Wastewater from Composting Facilities by Air Stripping and Catalytic Oxidation

Composting municipal wastewater sludge may generate composting wastewater (acid washer water and tunnel wastewater) with high ammonium–nitrogen (NH₄–N) concentration; this kind of wastewater is usually generated in a rather small daily amount. A procedure of air stripping with catalytic oxidation was developed and tested with pilot-scale and full-scale units for synthetic disposal of the high NH₄–N wastewaters from composting facilities. In air stripping, around 90% NH₄–N removal efficiency was reliably achieved with a maximum of 98%. A model to describe the stripping process efficiency was constructed, which can be used for process optimization. After catalytic oxidation, the concentrations in the outlet gas were acceptable for NH₃, NO_X, NO₂, and N₂O, but the NH₃ and N₂O concentrations limited the feasible loading range. The treatment costs were estimated in detail. The results indicate that air stripping with the catalytic oxidation process can be applied for wastewater treatment in composting facilities.     

Compositional Changes in Composts During Composting and Mushroom Growth: Comparison of Conventional and Environmentally Controlled Composts from Commercial Farms

Samples from conventional and environmentally controlled (EC) composts taken at various stages of composting and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) growth were analyzed for changes in 80 percent ethanol and water extracts, monosaccharides in acid hydrolysates of polysaccharides, lignin concentrations and lignin structural features. The relative lignin content of all composts as measured by the acetyl bromide procedure increased, both during composting and mushroom growth. On the assumption that the absolute amount of lignin remains unaltered during composting and mushroom growth, the relative changes to the polysaccharide concentrations were calculated. Thus, during composting, 70, 53 and 58 percent of the initial wall polysaccharides for conventional, “cold” and “hot” EC, respectively, were consumed by compost microorganisms. During spawn running and fruiting, about 15 percent of wall polysaccharides were utilized from all types of composts. Thus, considerable amounts (17–31 percent) of polysaccharide remained at the end of mushroom production. During composting, there were changes in the degree of condensation and in the extent of oxidation of the lignins in all cases, but the rate and extent of these changes was dependent on the different composting regimes. During mushroom growth, further changes occurred, again with different patterns for the different compost types.     

城市污泥与调理剂混合堆肥过程中有机质组分的变化

【目的】研究城市污泥堆肥过程中各项有机质组分及碳、 氮在堆肥过程中的形成与转化,以期改善堆肥的生物有效性,促进其土地利用。【方法】在工厂规模化下,以城市污泥、 蘑菇渣锯末以及返混料按照6∶3∶1的质量比混合形成堆肥物料,辅以强制通风措施和翻抛,进行为期18 d的高温堆肥试验。堆肥期间定期采样,测定指标包括温度、 C/N值、 pH、 含水率、 有机质降解率、 水溶性组分、 半纤维素、 纤维素和木质素,研究堆肥期间不同阶段堆肥物料中有机质组分的动态变化。【结果】堆体温度随着发酵时间的延长呈现先升高后降低的趋势,最高温度达到71.3℃; 含水率由60.7%降低到51.4%,pH呈现先升高后降低的趋势,总体处于6.0~7.5之间; 总有机碳含量持续下降,氮素含量表现为高温期持续下降随后呈上升的趋势; 初始阶段,堆肥物料中四种成分含量分布为: 水溶性组分纤维素半纤维素木质素,至堆肥结束变化为: 纤维素水溶性组分木质素半纤维素,经过堆肥之后水溶性组分及半纤维素含量分别由39.5%和20.1%下降为27.9%和14.4%,纤维素含量由初始的21.8%上升至29.5%,木质素含量相对稳定不变。物料经过堆肥化处理后达到腐熟标准,水溶性组分和半纤维素含量分别降低了38.6%和38.8%,纤维素和木质素含量在高温期分别降解了11.7%和18.5%; 物料总量降低了9.8%。水溶性组分的主要降解阶段为高温期,期间降解部分占总降解量的65.5%; 半纤维素的主要降解阶段为稳定期,稳定期降解部分占总降解量的69.1%,且有继续降解的趋势; 纤维素和木质素仅在高温期有少量降解; 氮素则表现为高温期铵态氮的损失及稳定期硝态氮的积累。【结论】堆肥化处理在实现污泥减量化基础上,污泥中有机质得到了稳定化,有利于城市污泥的土地利用。     

Degradation of DEHP,PAHs and LAS in Source Separated MSW and Sewage Sludge During Composting

The efficiency of composting to remove the pollutants DEHP, PAHs and LAS from organic waste products was investigated. Source separated MSW and sewage sludge, respectively, were composted at temperatures ranging from 35 to 70°C using a laboratory-scale reactor composting system. At regular intervals, compost samples were taken from the reactors for chemical analysis. DEHP disappeared rapidly during composting of MSW; 96 to 99% of the initial content was degraded within 25 days of composting regardless of process temperature. In sewage sludge, the highest degradation of 91% was reached at a composting temperature of 65°C. LAS degradation in sewage sludge was fastest at 55°C, but at both process temperatures tested 99% of the initial content had been removed within 25 days. Degradation of PAHs was less complete. However, in all composting experiments, with MSW as well as sewage sludge, the final PAH concentration was less than in the starting material. Further experiments suggested that less than 0.1% of the pollutants had evaporated. Thus, composting proved to be a promising technique to promote degradation of organic pollutants — especially DEHP and LAS — in MSW and sewage sludge.     

Odour Emissions from Composting Plants

In recognition of the reaction that some odours generate, it is understandable that limits for emissions be established for composting plants, especially when there are residential areas nearby. This paper discusses results of an investigation into the environmental effects of odours from a composting facility. Emissions which are generated during delivery, treatment and composting can be avoided by using closed facilities and exhaust air collection systems, as well as by purification of exhaust air through methods such as biofilters. By using a qualified composting system, emissions can be reduced to an acceptable level.     

Hydrothermal Treatment of Date Palm Lignocellulose Residue for Organic Fertilizer Conversion: Effect on Cell Wall and Aerobic Degradation Rate

Date palm (Phoenix roebelenii) woodchips, a residue of palm tree plantations, was subjected to hydrothermal treatment (HTT) at mild reaction conditions (160°C < T < 220°C, 0.6 MPa < P < 2.4 MPa) for 30 min, and the effect of treatments on the cell wall (CW) solubilization and subsequent aerobic degradation rate (as CO production) was tested under controlled composting conditions during 63 days of incubation (38°C). The HTT at 160 and 180°C reaction temperatures notably solubilized hemicellulose, decreasing the fraction of this CW polymer from 34.1% in the untreated material, to 9.5 and 4.6% in the respective residues. However, treatment at 200 and 220°C reaction temperatures rapidly liquefied the lignin, which apparently went into solution with hemicellulose and appeared to stabilize a portion of this polysaccharides against hydrolysis. Consequently, the fraction of hemicellulose in 200 and 220°C – treated residues gradually increased; the respective values were 5.8 and 9.4%. The treatment temperature of 180°C was the most effective HTT temperature for subsequent aerobic degradation by solubilizing the largest portion of hemicellulose within the CW, which had two consequences: 1) it supplied additional readily bioavailable form of carbon, which in turn promoted rapid microbial activities in the early stage of decomposition; and 2) it created pores and cavities within the CW, which permitted rapid bacterial penetration and CW degradation. As a consequence, biodegradation of the residue treated under this reaction temperature proceeded rapidly and stability was reached within 21 days, compared to 63 days of continued degradation for the untreated CW. The enhanced biodegradability was also partially linked to the effect of 180°C treatment temperature on solubilization of amorphous cellulose and partial hydrolysis of lignin. Based on the results, the HTT system can successfully be used as a pretreatment step to accelerate the aerobic digestion rate of date palm residues for the production of organic fertilizers.     

农林废弃物对厨余垃圾堆肥腐殖化的影响与微生物驱动机制

高碳源农林辅料复配是实现厨余垃圾好氧堆肥促腐提质的关键技术,但不同辅料对厨余垃圾堆肥过程腐殖化的影响及其相应的微生物驱动机制仍不清楚,从而限制了对辅料的有效筛选与利用。为此,该研究选用园林废弃物、玉米秸秆和西瓜秧3种典型高碳源农林废弃物为辅料,探究其对厨余垃圾堆肥过程有机质腐殖化的调控效果与机制。研究结果表明：相较于园林废弃物和西瓜秧,添加15%玉米秸秆（湿质量）作为辅料,能够有效调节堆体物料结构,富集功能微生物,促进厨余垃圾堆肥产物腐熟度提升,种子发芽指数可达139%。具体而言,西瓜秧蛋白质含量较高,作为辅料能够在堆肥初期促进堆体快速升温,但不利于高温期延续,且产物腐殖化程度较低。相比之下,园林废弃物和玉米秸秆添加可以在高温期和降温腐熟期富集更多Ureibacillus、Bacillus Oceanobacillus和Flavobacterium等具有木聚糖降解和纤维素降解功能的细菌,促进有机质转化为多酚、氨基酸等腐殖质前驱物,进而推动稳定的腐殖酸生成。特别是玉米秸秆作为辅料时有效增加了具有木质纤维素降解功能的细菌,从而能够加速有机质的降解,促进腐殖化提升75%,研究结果为选取适宜的辅料强化厨余垃圾堆肥产品品质提供参考。     

Influence of humic acids on fungal laccase-initiated 17α-ethynylestradiol oligomerization: Transformation kinetics and products distribution

  目的  本研究旨在验证漆酶在木质纤维素类废弃物好氧堆肥体系中强化堆肥腐殖化进程的作用,探究生产高品质有机肥的可能。  方法  以玉米秸秆为主要原料,在堆肥二次发酵阶段设置T1（不添加漆酶）和T2（添加漆酶）2个处理,通过分析堆肥过程中木质纤维素含量、降解酶活性及前体物质浓度评估堆肥腐殖化过程。  结果  T1和T2处理在堆肥结束时（第42 d）均能够满足发酵腐熟标准（GI ≥ 80%）,但添加漆酶处理（T2）堆肥的种子发芽指数（GI值）、关键降解酶活性（木质素过氧化物酶和锰过氧化物酶）、木质纤维素降解速率和腐殖化程度均显著提高。堆肥结束时,与未添加漆酶处理（T1）相比,T2处理堆肥的纤维素和木质素含量显著降低、降幅分别达20.00%和22.22%,GI值和胡敏酸含量显著增加、增幅分别达9.17%和52.15%（P < 0.01）。冗余分析表明,添加漆酶能够显著促进酚类物质聚合而使胡敏酸含量提高。  结论  堆肥中的漆酶活性提高能够使木质纤维素的降解速度持续增加,促进腐殖质前体物质聚合形成胡敏酸,从而加快木质素类废弃物堆肥腐殖化进程,并提高堆肥品质。     

C/N对蓝藻好氧堆肥腐熟及无害化进程的影响

为探索和优化脱水蓝藻藻泥好氧堆肥无害化处理工艺参数,利用堆肥反应器,研究了C/N分别为5（T1）、15（T2）和25（T3）的处理对蓝藻藻泥腐熟进程及微囊藻毒素（MC）降解速率的影响。结果表明,堆肥过程中各处理间的pH、总碳量及其形态、总氮量及其形态、总磷含量、总钾含量、种子发芽指数差异显著。与蓝藻自然堆置相比,添加辅料增加堆体C/N可提高蓝藻的腐熟速度。堆肥35d后,T2和T3处理的堆肥成品均已满足有机肥行业标准,种子发芽指数均高于80%;但MC-LR和MC-RR仍有较大的降解潜力,从无害化的角度考虑,蓝藻高温堆肥时间不应少于50d。C/N过高增加了氮素的损失,如何进一步降低氮素的损失,提高堆肥过程中MC的降解将是今后蓝藻堆肥研究的重点。