Yields and Nutrient Budgets Under Composts,Raw Dairy Manure and Mineral Fertilizer

Composts made from rural and urban residues are increasingly available. Farmers wishing to use these materials need to know how they will perform as crop nutrient sources. The objectives of this field experiment were to evaluate compost as an N source, and to track the effects of compost application on NPK budgets. Four composts of various feedstocks, maturity, and nutrient content were compared to raw dairy manure (RDM) and conventional mineral fertilizer (CNV). A 3-year rotation of corn (Zea mays L.), bell pepper (Capsicum annum), and small grain was established, with all crops present every year. Treatments were applied on an N-equivalent basis, using a 40% availability factor for compost and 50% for RDM. Yields from compost-amended corn were comparable to RDM and CNV by the second year. Pepper, a less N-demanding crop, had no significant yield differences among treatments for the three years. The manure-based compost treatments had the highest P and K surplus after three years, showing that loading levels of these nutrients need consideration when using compost to satisfy crop N needs. Rotations can be designed to extract more P and K, but more practical for the long-term would be reducing compost additions and substituting an additional N source such as a legume.     

Soil Organic Matter Fractions in Experimental Forested Watersheds

Recent concerns about climate change and atmospheric greenhousegas concentrations have demonstrated the importance ofunderstanding ecosystem C source/sink relationships. Soilorganic matter fractionation was carried out in three paired,forested watershed sites where one of each watershed pairrepresented a different ecosystem perturbation. Theperturbations were 8 years of experimental N amendments at theBear Brook Watershed in Maine (BBWM), a 50 year old intensewildfire and subsequent regeneration at Acadia National Park(ANP), and a 17 year old whole-tree harvest at the Weymouth PointWatershed (WPW). At each site, mineral soils were sampled byuniform depth increments. Mineral soil (< 2 mm) was separatedinto light, occluded light, and heavy density fractions byfloatation in NaI solution (1.7 g cm^-3). Mineral soil (< 2mm) was also separated into particle-size fractions of sand (2.0to 0.05 mm), silt (0.05 to 0.002 mm), and clay (< 0.002 mm) bywet sieving and centrifugation. Whole soils, and density andparticle-size fractions were analyzed for total C and N. Bothfractionation schemes showed that all soil organic matterfractions had lower C/N ratios as a result of N enrichment atBBWM. At ANP, soil organic matter fractions generally had lowerC/N associated with the wildfire and subsequent shift fromsoftwood to hardwood regeneration. Few significant whole soiland soil organic matter fraction differences were associated withthe whole-tree harvest. Within watershed pairs, both density andparticle-size fractionation techniques usually indicated similarresponses. Soil organic matter fractionation results indicatedthat there were no consistent shifts in fraction distributions inresponse to perturbation that were consistent across all pairedwatershed study sites.     

Organic Matter and Physical Properties of Postagrogenic Eroded Soddy-Podzolic Soil and Arable Soddy-Podzolic Soil

Eurasian Soil Science - In a moderately eroded regraded deep-podzolic clay loamy agrosoddy-podzolic soil (Albic Retisol (Loamic)) of unmanaged fallow in Moscow oblast, a significant increase in the...     

猪粪替代氮肥对稻麦轮作条件下土壤有机氮组分的影响

合理的有机肥投入水平对于保障土壤肥力和粮食生产有重要的意义。因此,本试验以猪粪作为试验材料,采用田间小区定位试验,通过设置对照(T0)、不施氮(T1)、100%化肥氮(T2)、25%猪粪氮+75%化肥氮(T3)、50%猪粪氮+50%化肥氮(T4)、100%猪粪氮(T5)6个不同施肥处理,探讨稻麦轮作体系下不同猪粪氮替代氮肥对土壤有机氮组分的影响。结果表明:猪粪替代氮肥可以提高稻麦轮作体系下土壤酸解性总氮、非酸解性总氮和酸解性氮各个组分的含量,在水稻季,T4处理的土壤酸解性总氮、氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮的含量相较T0处理提高了17%、8%、133%;在小麦季,T3处理的土壤酸解性总氮、氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮的含量相较T0处理分别增加了11%、8%、127%;各个猪粪替代氮水平对稻麦两季的土壤氨态氮和氨基糖态氮含量的影响均不显著。总体而言,水稻季50%猪粪替代氮肥和小麦季25%猪粪替代氮肥可以提高稻麦轮作条件下土壤酸解性总氮、氨基酸态氮和酸解未知氮的含量,进而增加土壤供氮潜力。     

化肥减施下有机物料对砂姜黑土有机碳组分和养分含量的影响

为探明氮、磷、钾化肥减施下有机物料对砂姜黑土固碳培肥的影响,于2018—2020年开展大田试验,设置常规单施化肥(F)、常规施肥+生物炭(F+B)、化肥减量20%+生物炭(80%F+B)、常规施肥+秸秆还田(F+S)、化肥减量20%+秸秆还田(80%F+S)5个处理,分析水稻季化肥减量配施生物炭或秸秆还田对土壤总有机碳和活性有机碳含量、所占比例,碳库管理指数及养分含量的影响。结果表明,相较于单施化肥,常规施肥下增施生物炭土壤总有机碳含量显著提高19.6%。化肥减量配施有机物料显著提高了土壤水溶性有机碳、颗粒有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量,较F处理分别增加21.6%~28.6%、46.2%~61.1%和16.2%~36.3%,其中80%F+S处理土壤易氧化有机碳和颗粒有机碳含量、所占比例及土壤碳库管理指数均最高。F+B处理土壤有效磷和速效钾含量最高,较F处理分别提高11.1%和30.8%,其他处理有效磷含量则降低6.5%~15.7%。主成分分析表明,活性有机碳组分和碳库管理指数在80%F+S处理中具有较高载荷,而F+B处理土壤有效磷、pH和速效钾因子得分较高。化肥减施下秸秆还田有利于提高砂姜黑土活性有机碳含量、所占比例及碳库管理指数,而常规施肥下配施生物炭能够促进土壤总有机碳积累和磷、钾有效性。本研究结果可为沿淮平原稻麦轮作区化肥减量增效、农业废弃物资源化利用提供技术支撑。     

Effect of Organic Manure Application on Physical Properties andHumus Characteristics of Paddy Soil

Long-term field experiment was established in 1978 on a coastal paddy soil to determine the effect of application of pig manure, rice straw and chemical N fertilizer on the physical property and humus characteristics of soil. Results showed that the porosity, the microstructural coefficient, the reactivities of organic C and N, the OlogK value, the degree of oxidation stability, the contents of o-alkyl C and alkyl C, and the ratio of aliphatic C to aromatic C of humic acid from soils received organic manure increased; whereas, the ratio of<10μm to >10μm of microaggregates, the humification degree of humus, the degree of organo-mineral complexation, the number-average molecular weight, the C/H ratio, the contents of carboxyl and aromatic C of HAs in them decreased. These results indicated that the application of organic manure not only improved the physical property of the paddy soil but also made the HA more aliphatic in structure and younger in origin.     

蚯蚓活动和秸秆施用方式对土壤生物学性质的动态影响

通过实验室短期培养研究接种蚯蚓和有机物不同施用方式(混施与表施)对土壤微生物类群、土壤微生物量以及呼吸强度等土壤生物学性质的影响。结果表明,接种蚯蚓对土壤可培养酵母菌、细菌数量和土壤底物诱导呼吸强度有明显促进作用。最高增幅分别达到相应未接种蚯蚓处理的5.18,8.88,2.50倍。蚯蚓活动对土壤微生物量及真菌数量的影响受到秸秆施用的影响:在混施和不施秸秆的处理(SRME、SE)中显著抑制丝状真菌数量;在混施秸秆处理中蚯蚓活动降低了SMBC含量。秸秆的施用方式对土壤微生物性状也有较大影响。混施秸秆处理中,土壤酵母菌、细菌数量、土壤微生物量和土壤呼吸强度增加也最为明显,而丝状真菌数量的增加幅度却不如表施秸秆处理。各处理土壤微生物量碳随时间变化趋势比较一致,呈现先降(第4周)后增的变化趋势,其他测定项目没有一致的随时间变化的规律。方差分析表明秸秆施用对土壤微生物量氮和可培养微生物数量变化的贡献最大,分别达到96.5%(SMBN)、77.9%(细菌)、69.4%(酵母菌)和85.3%(丝状真菌)。并且时间、秸秆和蚯蚓因子间存在强烈交互作用。     

Dairy Cattle Manure Effects on Soil Quality: Porosity,Earthworms, Aggregates and Soil Organic Carbon Fractions

In the European Union, the maintenance of soil quality is a key point in agricultural policy. The effect of additions of dairy cattle (Bos taurus) manure (DCM) during a period of 11 years were evaluated in a soil under irrigated maize (Zea mays L.) monoculture. DCM was applied at sowing, at wet‐weight rates of 30 or 60 Mg ha⁻¹yr⁻¹ (30DCM or 60DCM). These were compared with a mineral‐N treatment (300 kg N ha⁻¹, MNF), applied at six to eight emerged leaves and with a control (no N, no manure). Treatments were distributed in a randomized block design. Factors analysed were stability against wetting stress disaggregation, porosity, soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions and earthworm abundance, studied eight months after the last manure application. The application rate of 30DCM increased aggregate stability and the light SOC fraction, but not the pore volume, nor the earthworm abundance, compared with MNF. The DCM rates did not result in unbalanced agronomic advantages versus MNF, as high yields (12–16 Mg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) were obtained. In Mediterranean environments, the use of DCM should be encouraged mainly because of its contribution to the light SOC fraction which protects dry macro‐aggregates from implosion (slaking) during the wetting process. Thus, in intensive agricultural systems, it protects soil from physical degradation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

长期施用有机肥显著提升潮土有机碳组分

借助潮土36a长期定位施肥试验平台,利用物理化学相结合的方法,研究了不同施肥处理对耕层土壤有机碳组分的影响。试验处理包括不施肥(CK)、施氮磷钾肥不同组合(N、NP、NPK)、施有机肥(M)、施氮肥和有机肥(MN)、施氮磷肥和有机肥(MNP)及施氮磷钾肥和有机肥(MNPK)。结果表明:施肥能显著提高土壤易氧化有机碳(EOC)含量,与CK相比,MNPK处理提高效果最为显著,增幅为72.17%;NPK处理对颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合态有机碳(MOC)含量的提升效果高于N处理,但低于施有机肥处理;施有机肥处理的POC含量较不施有机肥处理平均增加92.69%,与CK相比,MNPK处理的POC分配比例增加了13.33%;施有机肥条件下,所增加的总有机碳对MOC的贡献率明显提高,MNPK处理所增加的总有机碳可1︰1进入POC和MOC组分。有机肥施用尤其是氮磷钾平衡施用并增施有机肥,能有效改善土壤化学性质、提升土壤碳组分含量、促进新碳在各碳组分均衡分配。     

Comparison of Analytical Methods for Organic Matter in Composts and Organic Mulches

Abstract

The conventional dichromate (Walkley and Black), carbon analyzer, and weight loss‐on‐ignition (WLOI) methods are compared for determination of organic matter contents in composts and organic mulches. The objective of this study was to evaluate these three methods for their reliability in determining the organic matter contents of composts and organic mulches that also contain inorganic carbon. The carbon analyzer method overestimated organic matter contents for samples containing inorganic carbon (C) as carbonate or charcoal C. The removal of inorganic C improved the correlation coefficients (r) of results obtained by the carbon analyzer method and the Walkley and Black method (0.95 vs. 0.89). The WLOI method produced results more similar to those obtained with the Walkley and Black method than with a carbon analyzer. Oven drying samples for 16–24 h at 105°C as a basal temperature for WLOI improved results compared with a basal temperature at 70°C, which is commonly used. A heating temperature of 500°C for 12 h resulted in organic matter determinations by the WLOI method in the closest agreement with those obtained by the Walkley and Black method.     

施肥结构对旱地红壤有机质和物理性质的影响

研究了有机肥与化肥配施对旱地红壤有机质和物理性质的影响。结果表明,虽然部分年份各处理土壤有机质含量存在某些程度的波动,但总体上随施肥年限的延长呈增加趋势;与对照处理相比,有机肥能够显著地提高土壤有机质含量。本田还田是该地区提高土壤有机质含量的最佳方法。有机肥施用均可显著地降低红壤旱地土壤容重,提高土壤孔隙度;但不同的种类之间存在一定差异,即秸秆和本田还田的效果优于厩肥和绿肥的。与化肥处理相比,施用有机肥显著地促进了土壤中>1mm和1～0.5mm水稳性团聚体的形成,厩肥和绿肥处理中>1mm水稳性团聚体含量也显著高于秸秆及本田还田处理的。各种有机肥之间及其与对照相比0.5～0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量都存在不同程度的差异。有机肥的施用不仅显著地提高了0.25～0.05mm微团聚体含量,而且显著地降低了0.05～0.002mm微团聚体含量。除本田还田处理外,其它处理的<0.002mm微团聚体含量与对照相比差异显著。     

深翻－旋耕轮耕与有机肥配施对黑土农田土壤物理性质的影响

针对东北松嫩平原中南部黑土区玉米带农田长期旋耕导致耕层变浅、容重增大等问题,开展深翻-旋耕轮耕模式改善土壤物理性质的研究。试验设置连年旋耕配施化肥（RT）、连年旋耕配施化肥与有机肥（RM）、深翻－旋耕轮耕配施化肥（DT）和深翻－旋耕轮耕配施化肥与有机肥（DM）4个处理,分析0 ~ 45 cm土壤含水量、容重、紧实度、团聚体的变化及10 cm、20 cm、30 cm各深度处土壤温度变化情况。结果表明,与RT处理相比,DT处理能够显著提高玉米苗期和拔节期20 cm、30 cm深度土壤温度,增加玉米各生育时期15 ~ 45 cm土层土壤含水量,并且显著降低土壤容重和紧实度,提高了30 ~ 45 cm土层 > 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体的比例;同时DM处理能够增加苗期、收获期各土层含水量,且对0 ~ 45 cm土壤容重均有显著降低作用;而RM处理仅使0 ~ 15 cm土层容重有降低,但并不显著,且对深层土壤容重无明显影响。相关分析表明,在0 ~ 15 cm土层中,土壤含水量、紧实度、容重与温度呈负相关关系（P < 0.05）;在0 ~ 45 cm土层中,土壤容重与土壤紧实度呈极显著正相关关系（P < 0.05）。DM的耕作模式能降低土壤容重和紧实度,有效提高土壤温度、土壤含水量以及 > 0.25 mm 水稳性团聚体的比例,能够较好的改善土壤耕层物理性质。     

典型黑土的黑度与土壤有机质组分关系研究

土壤颜色作为土壤的一项重要物理指标,被广泛应用于土壤诊断、分类以及土壤性质判断。在矿物成分大致相同条件下,土壤有机质(SOM)是控制土壤变黑的重要因素。采用基于CIEL^*a^*b^*颜色分析系统的分光测色仪,并结合土壤物理分组方法,对30个典型黑土及其物理组分(轻组、粗颗粒、细颗粒和矿质结合态有机质)的黑度进行了分析,旨在明确黑土SOM含量与其黑度间的定量关系,揭示不同物理组分对土壤黑度的贡献。结果表明：黑土的黑度与SOM、以及各物理组分的黑度与相应组分的有机碳含量之间,均呈显著正相关关系。而且随着组分稳定程度的增加,这种相关性逐渐增强。从不同组分看,轻组和粗颗粒组分的黑度值大于细颗粒和矿质结合态组分,但相关分析表明,轻组和粗颗粒组分的黑度与原土黑度无显著相关关系,二者对土壤黑度的贡献率仅为2.6%。而矿质结合态组分作为土壤腐殖质的主要储存位置,其对土壤的黑度贡献率达81%以上,是黑土呈现黑色的决定性因素。     

不同有机肥输入量对黑土密度分组中碳、氮分配的影响

为阐明不同有机肥施用量对黑土密度组分中碳、氮分配特征的影响,探讨合理调控土壤质量的施肥模式。以黑龙江省海伦国家野外科学观测研究站上进行了10年的田间定位试验土壤为研究对象,采用密度分组和腐殖质化学分组相结合的方法,探讨和分析不同有机肥施用量下土壤各密度组分中有机碳、氮的消长变化以及重组中腐殖物质的组成特征。结果表明:与试验初期相比,经过10年单施化肥处理,土壤总有机碳和全氮、各密度组分中有机碳氮以及腐殖物质各组分的含量均显著下降,而有机无机配施能够提升土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量水平,改善密度组分中有机碳氮的分配特征,土壤总有机碳、全氮和各密度组分中有机碳氮对不同有机肥施用量的响应有所差异。随着有机肥施用量的增加,土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,二者与有机肥施用量之间达到极显著的线性相关(P<0.01);低量有机肥(7.5,15t/(hm2.a))配施化肥仅增加了土壤游离态轻组有机碳、氮的含量,并未造成闭蓄态轻组和重组中有机碳、氮的积累,而高量有机肥(22.5t/(hm2.a))配施化肥后,促进了土壤各密度组分中有机碳、氮的形成和积累;此外,低量有机肥有利于土壤富里酸的积累,高量有机肥有助于胡敏酸和胡敏素的积累,从而提高了土壤有机质的腐殖化程度,增强了土壤有机质的稳定性。在东北黑土区,加大有机肥的施用量是提高土壤肥力和土壤固碳能力的有效途径。     

牛粪有机肥替代化肥对茶叶产量、品质及茶园土壤肥力的影响

有机肥的施用是改善茶叶品质、提高茶叶产量的重要措施之一,牛粪资源化利用有助于降低对农业生态环境的污染,为探讨牛粪有机肥对茶叶产量和品质的影响,通过连续2年（2019—2020年）的田间定位试验,研究了不同比例牛粪有机肥替代化肥对六安瓜片乌牛早茶叶内外品质、产量及茶园土壤肥力的影响,筛选了适宜茶园的牛粪有机肥替代化肥比例。结果表明：全部化肥处理乌牛早茶叶产量最高,为821.87 kg/hm²,其次是牛粪有机肥完全替代化肥处理,为817.13 kg/hm²,随着牛粪有机肥替代比例增加,乌牛早茶叶的产量呈现上升趋势,且施肥处理乌牛早茶叶产量增幅为20.40%~44.01%;牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥及牛粪有机肥全部替代氮肥处理下乌牛早茶叶内在成分及感官品质总体得分均最佳;牛粪有机肥替代化肥可以提高茶园土壤pH,随着牛粪有机肥替代比例升高,土壤有机质、全氮含量均呈现上升趋势,碱解氮、速效钾、有效磷含量均呈现先上升后下降趋势,且在牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥处理下达到最高;牛粪有机肥替代化肥增加了茶园土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、酸性磷酸酶及蛋白酶的活性,且牛粪有机肥替代70%氮肥处理下其土壤酶的活性较高。综合牛粪有机肥替代化肥对乌牛早茶叶产量品质、生物学性状及土壤肥力的影响,牛粪有机肥替代70%~100%氮肥是茶园系统较优的有机肥替代化肥模式。     

Chemical,Physical and Biological Criteria for Maturity in Composts for Organic Farming

Properties of organic farming composts were examined during the composting process: pH, electrical conductivity, C/N ratio, total N content, NH₄₊ content, NO_3?content, ash content, and organic matter content. In addition to these properties the respiration rate, microbial population counts, hydrolysis of Fluorescein Diacetate (FDA) and the activity of the enzyme amidase were studied. Composts at several stages of maturity were incubated in soil, and their N mineralization rates were measured. The end of the thermophilic stage was characterized by irreversible decrease in pile temperature to under 55°C, followed by stabilization of the chemical properties. This stage in the composting process is also characterized by decrease in CO₂ evolution rate, changes in microbial populations and specific patterns in FDA hydrolysis and amidase activity. Based on this evidence, we suggest that biological parameters can be considered as indicators for compost maturity.     

黄土丘陵半干旱区柠条林对土壤物理性质及有机质的影响

在野外调查和室内实验分析的基础上,研究了黄土丘陵区不同林龄柠条人工林地土壤物理性质和有机质的变化情况.结果表明:随着柠条林龄的增加,柠条林可增加土壤粉粒和黏粒含量,降低土壤容重(50a柠条除外),改善毛管孔隙状况,促进土壤的正向发育,>5mm土壤水稳性团聚体含量逐渐增加,而>0.25mm水稳性团聚体和有机质均出现先减小后增大的现象;在土壤剖面上,由于表层土壤受到根系和枯落物的共同影响,柠条林对表层土壤的各项物理性质改善作用最为明显,随土层深度增加其改善作用逐渐减弱.     

地下水位及有机肥对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响

利用自1981年开始的红壤性水稻土长期定位试验,对耕层土壤有机碳活性组分、孔隙状况及团聚体进行分析,以探究不同地下水位(20、80 cm)和施肥(高量有机肥、常量有机肥、化肥)管理对红壤性水稻土有机碳活性组分的影响,并分析孔隙状况和团聚体对土壤有机碳活性组分的作用关系.结果表明:降低地下水位导致高量有机肥和化肥处理的轻...     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

Response of Soil Aggregate Stability to Manure Amendments in the Ultuna Long-Term Soil Organic Matter Experiment

The present paper deals with the long-term effects of bare fallow and organic treatments on soil aggregate stability. Soil samples were collected from plots of the long-term soil organic matter experiment in Ultuna/Sweden, which is already running for 38 years. Soil aggregate stability (SAS) showed a clear response to soil management. SAS increased in following order: bare fa llow < no-N < green manure < peat ≤ farmyard manure. Humus contents of the plots had a significant impact on S AS. Increasing C_org^? contents generally enhanced aggregation. However, the unfavourably high C/N ratio of peat treatments and the resulting small size of microbial biomass led to a distinctly lower positive influence of accumu lated soil organic matter in case of peat additions.