The Effects of Short-Term Compost Application On Soil Chemical Properties and on Nutritional Status of Maize Plant

Compost may improve the soil quality and contribute to C sequestration. The short-term effects of compost application on soil properties of soil cropped with maize are reported here. Soil plots to which mature compost was added (at 50 Mg ha^?1 and 85 Mg ha^?1) were analyzed for total organic carbon (TOC), nutrients, heavy metals and other soil properties. In addition, maize plants were weighed at the end of the trial and analyzed for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and heavy metals. The results demonstrate that soil amended with compost has an increased TOC content. The increase was proportional to the amount of compost used. At the highest dose used, compost also increased soil N and P content and the pH. Moreover, after compost application, the total heavy metal contents in soils did not increase. There was no difference between the maize yield from compost treated plots and the control plots. However, maize grains were found to be C, N and P enriched due to the increased nutrient status of the amended soil. In conclusion, the addition of mature compost improves soil properties by increasing the soil TOC content and this depends on the characteristics and the amount of compost used.     

Short-Term Effects of Wastewater Land Application on Soil Chemical Properties

Land application of wastewater has been accepted as an effective wastewater treatment method and disposal option in semiarid and arid areas in the world. Although it has economical, environmental, and social benefits, it is sometimes questioned as an environmentally sound method. Water mass balance method has proved to be an effective approach to designing a wastewater land application system to remove nitrogen at the municipal wastewater treatment plant at the City of Littlefield, Texas, USA. The study in this paper was to evaluate the short-term effects of wastewater land application on soil chemical properties at the same site from 16 June 2006 to 28 June 2007 with the system designed by the water mass balance method. Soil samples were taken at the start and at the end of this study at different depths from soil surface down to 91 cm at the research site (54?×?18 m), and analyzed for pH, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, ammonia–nitrogen, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sodium adsorption ratio. The results showed that there was no negative change of those soil chemical properties during the research period in this wastewater land application system designed by water mass balance method.     

Short-Term Impacts of Frangula alnus Litter on Forest Soil Properties

A granular media synthesized using iron oxide nanoparticle-coated alumina (IONA) has been demonstrated as an effective solid catalyst in the heterogeneous catalytic ozonation of para-chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA). TEM analysis showed that iron oxide nanoparticles with an average size of 5–20 nm were well-coated onto an alumina surface. It was determined that the iron oxide nanoparticle coating increased the specific surface area by 54 times and the functional group density by 1.5 times. During catalytic ozonation at acidic pH levels, it was clearly observed that IONA increased the degradation of pCBA (98 %) through effective hydroxyl radical formation compared to bare alumina (9 %) under continuous ozonation processes. In comparing the R _ct value, which represents the ratio of ozone exposure to hydroxyl radical exposure, the R _ct of IONA was approximately four times higher than for bare alumina. In addition, IONA showed good stability for catalytic ozonation of pCBA in the reusability tests.     

秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下（秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥）,设置100%有机肥（T₁）,30%有机肥+70%无机肥（T₂）,20%有机肥+80%无机肥（T₃）,100%无机肥（T₄）和不施肥（CK）5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥（T₂）最高,分别比100%有机肥（T₁）和100%无机肥（T₄）提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。     

长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响

畜禽粪便中含有大量有害物质可能影响农业土壤质量。土壤孔隙结构是反映土壤质量的重要指标。探讨长期施用畜禽粪便对土壤孔隙结构特征的影响,对于理解畜禽粪便对农业土壤质量影响有重要意义。该文分析稻麦轮作土壤上长期(20年)施用畜禽粪便和化肥土壤孔隙度、孔隙分布、贮水性能及土壤饱和导水率等土壤孔隙结构指标。研究结果显示,长期施用畜禽粪便处理显著改变了土壤孔隙分布和土壤总孔隙度,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤大孔隙和中孔隙的比例分别是施用化肥处理的1.48～1.70倍和1.35～1.75倍;耕层土壤总孔隙度也比施用化肥处理增加7.5%～11.3%。长期施用畜禽粪便显著提高了土壤贮水性能,施用畜禽粪便耕层土壤饱和含水量、毛管持水量以及田间持水量分别比施用化肥土壤提高了11.63%～23.98%,12.24%～21.72%和11.08%～16.25%。施用鸡粪和猪粪耕层土壤饱和导水率均大于180 cm/d,分别为施用化肥土壤的2.83倍和2.88倍。土壤有机碳与土壤孔隙结构指标间有极显著的相关关系,表明土壤有机碳在土壤孔隙结构的形成和稳定过程中起着重要作用。本研究结果表明,长期施用畜禽粪便主要是通过提高土壤有机碳来改善土壤孔隙结构特征。     

生物炭对砂质潮土养分及玉米产量的影响

为了探索生物炭对砂质潮土中低产田的改良效果,采用田间小区试验,设三个生物炭梯度8 thm-2、16 thm-2和32 t hm-2,研究了生物炭施用对砂质潮土养分,微生物数量及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:施生物炭后土壤含水量显著高于空白对照(P0.05),其中以32 thm-2施用量含水量最高,最高比不施生物炭对照(CK)高5.4%。施用生物炭显著增加了土壤pH值,施用量越大pH增加值越高,开花期后pH开始缓慢下降;施用生物炭土壤铵态氮含量总体变化不明显,硝态氮含量显著低于CK,施用量越高,硝态氮含量越低;施生物炭明显提高了土壤中速效钾含量(P0.05),而对速效磷影响较小,后期有降低土壤速效磷的趋势;各梯度施用生物炭对试验土壤细菌数量没有显著影响(P0.05),较大施用量16 t hm-2和32 t hm-2显著提高了真菌数量(P0.05)。施用生物炭16 thm-2和32 thm-2可显著提高玉米地上部干物质积累量和产量,二者之间差异不显著(P0.05)。     

Soil Chemical Properties and Growth and Nutrient Uptake of Maize Grown with Different Combinations of Broiler Litter and Chemical Fertilizer in a Calcareous Soil

The main objective of this study was to explore the interactive influence of broiler litter and chemical nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P) fertilizers placed with furrower and with disk + furrower on maize yield and soil chemical properties. The experiment consisted of two methods of fertilizer placements and seven fertilizer treatments conducted for two successive years under field conditions. Results showed that furrower method improved soil chemical properties and subsequently increased maize grain yield and dry-matter production compared with the disk + furrower method. The N and P levels in soil increased with the application of NP fertilizers and broiler litter. Soils amended with broiler litter and NP fertilizers had greater maize grain yield and dry-matter production than the control. In conclusion, furrower placement combined with the application of broiler litter and 20% of the optimum chemical NP fertilizers were the most efficient nutrient management practice for increasing maize performance in the studied area.     

氟对土壤理化性质和玉米生长的影响

用盆栽试验研究了外源氟对潮土、黄棕壤pH、容重、玉米干物重和吸钾量的影响,结果表明：氟可以提高土壤pH,使土壤结块,容重增加,孔隙度减少,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土pH分别比对照增加了0.77和0.52,土壤容重分别增加了26.98%和27.72%。氟对潮土过氧化氢酶活性没有影响,加入氟600 mg/kg,氟对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶活性产生明显抑制作用;氟对黄棕壤碱性磷酸酶活性无影响,氟400 mg/kg对潮土碱性磷酸酶活性产生明显抑制。加入氟600 mg/kg,土壤中性磷酸酶活性明显降低;氟对黄棕壤酸性磷酸酶活性影响较潮土小。脲酶活性对氟最为敏感,在黄棕壤和潮土中,分别加入氟200 mg/kg和400 mg/kg,土壤脲酶活性明显降低。玉米苗期,氟浓度在400 mg/kg以上,才会对玉米苗期干物质积累产生影响,加入氟1000 mg/kg,黄棕壤和潮土玉米幼苗干物重比对照分别减少了20.1%和9.8%,氟对黄棕壤玉米苗期生长影响比潮土大;随着玉米生长,氟对玉米干物重产生明显影响的浓度越来越低,在玉米拔节期,氟浓度在200～400 mg/kg时,玉米地上和地下部干物重比对照明显减少,氟对玉米根的抑制作用超过玉米地上部。氟对玉米吸钾量影响很大,加入氟浓度高于400 mg/kg时,玉米吸钾量明显减少。加入氟1000 mg/kg,潮土玉米含钾量与对照相比减少了43.7%,黄棕壤玉米减少了41.9%。潮土玉米吸钾量与对照相比减少了59.7%,黄棕壤玉米吸钾量减少了50.9%。     

Sewage Sludge Application and Soil Properties Effects on Short-Term Zinc Leaching in Soil Columns

Eight soils from the Gulf of Kalloni in Lesvos Island, Greece, most of which were of low clay and low organic matter content, were used in a series of leaching experiments. The aim was to investigate the role of sewage sludge on Zn leaching and determine the soil properties that affect it. It was found that sludge addition at a low application rate (10 t ha^?1) decreased Zn leaching significantly by 30%. From a regression analysis it was found that eluted Zn was reduced with increasing Fe oxides content, probably due to Zn adsorption onto them, and that Zn transport increased with clay content. This indicates that Zn leaching was facilitated by the downward movement of clay particles, which was also suggested by the erratic Zn breakthrough observed in many soils. This was further confirmed by the fact that colloid concentrations increased with clay content in the soils (R?=?0.85, P?<?0.05). The results show that the addition of sewage sludge to low organic matter and clay content soils at moderate application rates enhances soil organic carbon and increases metal retention capacity.     

Long-Term Cropping System, Tillage, and Poultry Litter Application Affect the Chemical Properties of an Alabama Ultisol

Sustainable agricultural practices have been steadily increasing in the last couple of decades. These management practices frequently involve cover crops, less or no-tillage, and organic fertilization. In this study, we evaluated the effects of cropping systems,tillage and no-tillage, and the application of poultry litter(PL) on selected soil physicochemical properties and soil test nutrients. Soil samples were collected from the topmost surface(0–5 cm) and subsurface(5–10 cm) layers. The general effect trend was PL application no-tillage cover crop cropping type. There were more statistically significant(P ≤ 0.05) correlations between the 18 soil attributes at the topmost surface than at the subsurface. This could be due to the accumulation of external C inputs and nutrients by crop residues and PL application as well as the retaining effects of no-tillage on less mobile nutrient components. Because of their high mobility and volatile nature, total nitrogen(N), ammonia-N(NH_4~+-N), and nitrate-N(NO_3~--N) levels varied greatly(high standard deviations), showing no consistent patterns among the treatments. Compared to the soybean cropping system, corn, especially with the wheat cover crop, contributed more to the total carbon(C) and sulfur(S) in the topmost surface soils(0–5 cm). Poultry litter application greatly increased pH, cation exchange capacity(CEC), base saturation, magnesium(Mg), phosphorus(P), calcium(Ca),sodium(Na), potassium(K), manganese(Mn), copper(Cu), and zinc(Zn) in both soil layers. Contrast comparisons revealed that PL application had more of an effect on these soil chemical properties than no-tillage and cropping systems. These results will shed light on developing better nutrient management practices while reducing their runoff potentials.     

Irrigation and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Chemical Properties and Cotton Yield

A 2-year field experiment was conducted in central Greece (Platykampos, Larissa) to investigate productivity parameters of cotton under conditions of water stress. A Latin square split-plot design with three replications was used to evaluate the effect of three irrigation levels (250, 350, and 450 mm) and three fertilization rates (60, 110, and 160 kg N ha^–1), where irrigation level was the whole-plot factor and the fertilizer was the split-plot factor. The results showed that irrigation level had no significant effect on soil chemical properties, but these only changed with fertilizer application. Concentration of soil nitrates increased in proportion to the amount of applied fertilizer in early July. The associated rise in electrical conductivity (EC) was not sufficiently high as to adversely affect salt-tolerant cotton. The soil acidity produced during formation of nitrate was evident by a soil pH decrease of 0.2 units in the high fertilizer application. A great decline of nitrate N and EC and a rise of pH in all treatments in early August indicated rapid N uptake by the crop during the late stage of vegetative growth. In contrast, cotton yield was not affected by the rate of fertilizer application but by the level of irrigation. This is the reason that correlations between soil properties and yield were insignificant in early July and August. It appears that there was sufficient N available to the crop from sources other than fertilizer N (soil-derived N and irrigation N). Preplant soil nitrates were greater than residual nitrates in the second growing season and indicated depletion of soil mineral N pools of the order of 36 kg N ha^–1 in the 0- to 25-cm depth. Significant negative correlations between soil properties and cotton yield appeared only at the end of the season and indicated that depletion of soil mineral N increased with increasing crop N requirement or irrigation level.     

沙质土壤改良剂对科尔沁地区风沙土物理性质及玉米产量的影响

一次性在沙地施加沙质土壤改良剂,研究了其在不同年份对科尔沁沙地风沙土土壤团聚体含量、土壤贮水量以及玉米产量影响的长效机制。结果表明,各处理均能显著提高0—40cm土层间粒径大于0.25mm的团聚体含量,能促进粒径0.1~0.25mm小团聚体逐渐向粒径为0.25~0.5mm和粒径大于2mm的大团粒结构转变,其中以第4a的0—10cm土层处理表现最为明显,粒径0.1~0.25mm小团聚体较CK减少了34.55%,粒径0.25~0.5和大于2mm的大团粒结构分别较CK增加了1.63和12.31倍;在贮水量方面,施入土壤改良剂第3a,第4a,第2a以及第1a分别较CK提高了42.21%~48.48%,32.48%~38.11%,28.35%~34.3%和19.15%~29.47%;在产量方面,各处理间差异均显著,各处理较CK增产幅度在15.1%~59.62%。施加沙质土壤改良剂在前3a可逐年改善土壤团粒结构、贮水能力和提高产量,说明其具有显著的改土和增产效果。     

新型肥料对棉花产量及土壤物化性质的影响

为了探究PPMn型水溶肥混合棉粕腐植酸肥施用对棉田土壤和棉花产量的影响,通过红外光谱和扫描电镜分析两种新型水溶肥的官能团特征和外观特征,并利用田间小区试验研究了两种新型水溶肥对棉田土壤物理性质及团聚体、棉花产量和肥料利用率的影响。结果表明:施用棉粕腐植酸肥(H)、PPMn型水溶肥(P)和两种新型水溶肥混合(HP)对改善土壤物化结构和提升棉花产量均优于常规水溶肥(S)和不施肥(CK),其中HP处理效果最好。HP处理使土壤容重降低8.15%,土壤孔隙度增加7.49%,有效降低了0.25mm土壤团聚体所占比例,显著提升氮磷钾的农学利用效率,棉花产量相对于其他处理增加7.5%~41.0%。     

Effects of Soil Application of Different Biochars on Selected Soil Chemical Properties

An incubation study was conducted to determine if biochars created using different feedstocks and under different reactor conditions would differentially influence specific soil chemical properties. A Nicollet surface soil (fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludoll) was mixed with 17 different biochars and a nitrogen fertilizer (urea). The biochars were created with different feedstocks and different reactor conditions. Soil tests for total nitrogen (N), total organic carbon (C), ammonium N (NH₄ ⁺-N), and nitrate N (NO₃ ^?-N) were run. Results show that the feedstock used to create the biochar influenced how it affected the specific soil chemical properties measured. Results also suggest that the conditions within the reactor influence how the biochar will affect the soil chemical properties measured.     

枯落物敷盖对红壤坡地土壤水分特性的影响

为探明红壤坡地枯落物敷盖的保水作用及其机理,在江西省北部德安县第四纪红黏土母质发育的红壤坡地开展定位试验,以裸露坡地为对照,研究枯落物敷盖措施实施15年后对0—60cm土层土壤的持水性、供水性和水分有效性的影响。结果表明:赣北红壤坡地的土壤水分持水能力低,供水能力弱,有效水含量少,仅为9.0%~11.1%;枯落物敷盖处理的红壤坡地上层(0—30cm)土壤持水能力高于裸露坡地;低吸力范围(100kPa)枯落物敷盖处理的下层(30—60cm)土壤供水能力高于裸露坡地。枯落物敷盖能够有效提高红壤坡地土壤(尤其是上层土壤)持水能力,增强上层土壤在相对湿润状况下的供水性能,而对土壤水分有效性影响相对较弱。该研究可为优化地表敷盖措施、增加和保持土壤水资源以及合理开发利用南方红壤坡地提供参考。     

耕作措施对土壤特性及作物产量的影响

通过夏玉米田间试验研究了不同耕作措施及秸秆覆盖对土壤特性、水分状况、作物产量及水分利用效率的影响。试验处理包括常规耕作、深松、秸秆覆盖、垄作、浅坑及免耕。结果表明,秸秆覆盖可显著提高土壤蓄水量、作物产量及水分利用效率。其保水增产效果在干旱年份更加明显。深松可有效打破犁底层降低其密度,可增加作物根深、根长及根重,提高作物产量和水分利用效率。免耕可提高夏玉米早期田间土壤含水率,保持相同产量。     

苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对玉米氮素吸收和土壤生物化学性质的影响

研究苗期干旱胁迫下施氮对东北春玉米氮素吸收利用和土壤生物化学性质的影响,为区域玉米养分管理与逆境调控提供依据.研究设置水、氮二因素盆栽试验,土壤水分包括3个水平:田间持水量的30％(W0),50％(W1)和70％(W2);施氮量包括2个水平:不施氮(N0)和施氮0.24 g/kg(N1),测定不同水氮条件下玉米苗期的植...     

秸秆还田与深松对土壤理化性状和玉米产量的影响

研究了秸秆还田、深松两项技术及其交互效应对土壤肥力、玉米产量及其养分分配的影响。结果表明,与单施化肥相比,秸秆还田和深松措施能显著降低土壤容重,同时提高土壤田间持水量,其中,深松耕作对表层土壤(0~20 cm)作用大于深层土壤(20~40 cm)。秸秆还田措施明显增加土壤养分含量,而深耕措施对土壤养分含量无显著影响。另外,秸秆还田和深耕措施都能显著提高玉米籽实和秸秆产量,但是深松只在干旱年份能提高玉米的养分利用率。因此,秸秆还田配施NPK肥+深耕措施可成为该地区的提高产量和地力的推广技术。     

生物质炭和秸秆施用对黄褐土生化性质及小麦产量的影响

以位于河南省方城县的黄褐土田间定位试验为平台,监测生物质炭和秸秆连续施用4 a后小麦拔节期和成熟期土壤性质变化及其与成熟期籽粒产量的关系,明确影响小麦产量的主要土壤生化因子。试验包含6个处理,即分别在不施用生物质炭(–B)和施用生物质炭(+B)条件下各设置3个处理:(1)对照(CK),(2)单施化肥(NPK),(3)秸秆还田配施化肥(NPK+S)。结果表明:生物质炭和秸秆施用对土壤生化性质和籽粒产量的影响基本上不存在交互作用。连续4a施用生物质炭后,小麦产量平均降低了17.4%。尽管NPK+S与NPK处理间平均产量没有显著差异,但它们比CK处理产量分别增加了33.8%和37.4%。采用偏最小二乘法路径模型(PLS–PM)分别分析了拔节期和成熟期的土壤速效养分、活性有机质和酶活性对产量的影响,发现小麦拔节期的土壤速效养分含量,特别是氮素的供应是直接影响产量的最为重要因子;而成熟期土壤生化性质对作物产量的影响比较小。因此,为防止黄褐土上施用生物质炭和秸秆后小麦产量降低,需要特别注意小麦拔节期土壤氮素的补充。     

不同密度马尾松人工林枯落物输入对土壤理化性质的影响

为研究不同密度马尾松人工林枯落物输入对土壤理化性质和林分生长影响,选择适宜的人工林经营措施提供参考.以2 500,3 300,4 500,6 000株/hm2(分别记为M1、M2、M3和M4)4种造林密度的马尾松人工林为研究对象,利用结构方程探究不同密度马尾松林枯落物输入对土壤性质的影响.结果表明:林分密度对枯落物和土...