Vermicomposting as an Added-Value Post-treatment for Livestock Waste Composts

The aim of this work was to study the effects of vermicomposting on selected properties of composts derived from animal and plant wastes. For this, two different worm beds were established and fed with two composts: C1, made from goat (Capra aegagrus hircus) manure and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) pruning wastes, and C2, made from rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) manure and grass clippings, to study the quality of the final vermicomposts. Physical and chemical properties were determined in the end products. Vermicomposting improved several properties of the composts, increasing their total water-holding capacity (in C1, from 333 to 451 mL/L, and in C2, from 371to 419 mL/L), reducing salinity (in C1, from 6.8 to 2.4 dS/m, and in C2, from 10.3 to 4.6 dS/m), and balancing pH in the final composts obtained, especially in C1 (from 8.57 to 8.02). The type of raw material used in the worm beds significantly influenced the final characteristics of the end products obtained and the development of the process, with more favorable results being obtained with the compost derived from rabbit manure and grass clippings (C2).     

水产废水在蔬菜水培生产系统中的利用

在番茄水培生产系统中,使用养鳖废水作为番茄水培的营养源。试验结果显示,在4种不同处理的养鳖废水中,养鳖废水加硝酸调节pH值是一种较好的利用方式,水培番茄生长良好,具有较高的氮、磷、钾、钙、镁等矿质元素含量,具有较小的根冠比与较高的叶绿素含量。研究结果为水产养殖废水利用提供了一条有效的途径     

甘肃省尾菜资源化利用现状及对策

分析了甘肃省尾菜的产生情况、资源化利用现状及存在的问题,并提出了强化宣传教育;加强监督管理;加强尾菜处理技术研发和推广;建立健全长效的投入机制;建立健全技术服务体系的发展对策。     

The Maturity and CH4, N2O,NH3 Emissions from Vermicomposting with Agricultural Waste

This study investigated the maturity and gaseous emissions from vermicomposing with agricultural waste. A vermicomposting treatment (inoculated Eisenia fetida) was conducted over a 50-day period, taking tomato stems as the processing object and using cow dung as the nutrient substrate. A thermophilic composting treatment without earthworm inoculation was operated as a control treatment. During the experiment, maturity indexes such as temperature, pH, C/N ratio, and germination index (GI) were determined and continuous measurements of earthworm biomass and CH₄, N₂O, and NH₃ emissions were carried out. The results showed that the temperature during vermicomposting was suitable for earthworm survival, and the earthworm biomass increased from 10.0 to 63.1 kg m^?3. Vermicomposting took less time on average to reach the compost maturity standard (GI 80%), and reached a higher GI (132%) in the compost product compared with the thermophilic composting treatment. Moreover, the decrease of the C/N ratio in vermicompost indicated stabilization of the waste. The activities of earthworms played a positive role in reducing gaseous emissions in vermicompost, resulting in less emissions of NH₃ (12.3% NH₃-N of initial nitrogen) and total greenhouse gases (8.1 kg CO₂-eq/t DM) than those from thermophilic compost (24.9% NH₃-N of initial nitrogen, 22.8 kg CO₂-eq/t DM). Therefore, it can be concluded that vermicomposting can shorten the period required to reach compost maturity, can obtain better maturity compost, and at the same time reduce gaseous emissions. As an added advantage, the earthworms after processing could have commercial uses.     

不同过磷酸钙添加量对蔬菜废弃物堆肥的影响

试验研究了不同过磷酸钙添加量对蔬菜废弃物堆肥腐熟进程的影响。结果表明,添加过磷酸钙能够提高堆体温度,其中添加量为堆肥物料干重10.26%时的最高温度值最高,为64.33℃。堆肥结束时,添加过磷酸钙对各堆肥处理的C/N值无显著影响,但降低了堆肥物料的pH值,提高了电导率,其中添加量介于物料干重4.10%和10.26%时的EC值显著高于CK处理(P0.01);添加量低于物料干重10.26%时的GI值均显著高于CK处理(P0.01),其中添加量为物料干重2.05%(S5处理)时的值最大,为105.61%。添加过磷酸钙显著降低了堆肥的氮素损失率(P0.05),其中添加量为物料干重2.05%时的氮素损失率最低,仅为23.94%,且此添加量下的产投比最大,为3.93。本试验条件下,添加过磷酸钙可显著提高堆肥腐熟度,显著降低堆肥物料的氮素损失率,其适宜添加量为物料干重的2.05%。     

蚯蚓堆肥处理剩余污泥混合有机垃圾的效率研究

为了研究基质堆料高度和高密度接种条件对蚯蚓堆肥处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥时蚯蚓生物量及其堆肥效率的影响,共设6个处理进行试验,按接种密度-堆料高度表示,分别为：1/10-10 cm组、1/10-15 cm组、1/15-10 cm组、1/15-15 cm组、1/20-10 cm组、1/20-15 cm组。试验结果表明,在堆料高度相同时,蚯蚓生物量与其接种密度呈显著的负相关关系,但接种密度对蚯蚓堆肥效率的影响有限,只有在1/10组同1/15组或1/20组比较时表现出显著差异,而后两个组别之间差异不显著;在接种密度相同时,堆料高度对蚯蚓堆肥效率的影响不显著,而对蚯蚓生物量的影响可能存在一个密度临界点（1/15）,在此密度附近,堆料高度对蚯蚓生物量的影响较显著,呈显著正相关关系,而在此密度以上或以下,堆料高度的影响不显著。从产业应用的角度,综合考虑蚯蚓维持种群繁衍的再生产能力以及混合污泥的堆肥效率这两个因素,赤子爱胜蚓（Eisenia foetida）处理有机垃圾混合剩余污泥的最佳接种密度为1/15,堆料高度为15 cm。     

蔬菜废弃物栽培基质对番茄生长发育和营养品质的影响

[目的]了解有机生态型蔬菜栽培基质对番茄生长发育及营养品质的影响,为蔬菜废弃物微生物发酵物在生产上的推广应用提供科学依据。[方法]采用自然条件下室外堆肥、基质研制及温室盆栽试验进行分析研究。[结果]有机生态型基质各配方处理对番茄的株高、展幅、主茎粗、结果数、产量均有明显的促进作用,C处理即配方为蔬菜废弃物∶玉米秸秆∶牛粪∶发酵菌剂,配比为100∶4∶2∶0.25的处理,其番茄的产量较对照增长了97%,该处理番茄的干物质、有机酸、可溶性糖、维生素C等营养品质指标,与对照相比分别增加了41.9%,139.6%,36.8%和18.7%,特别是该处理番茄的可溶性固形物含量比对照增加了57.1%。各配方处理番茄的亚硝酸盐、重金属等有害残留均低于对照,符合国家相关标准规定。[结论]有机生态型基质各配方处理对番茄的生长发育和营养品质均有一定的促进作用。     

采用厌氧分步固体反应器系统进行蔬菜废弃物厌氧分解

最近获得专利的厌氧分步固体反应系统(美国专利号6342378B1)是一种新型的用于将固体废弃物转化为沼气以获取生物能源的新技术。此技术已被用以转化多种固体废弃物的科学研究,其中包括作物秸秆、动物粪便、食品废弃物和城市固体废弃物。研究结果证明,此技术不仅先进可行,而且操作简单。根据此技术,一种大型的用于将废弃物转化为能源的厌氧分步固体反映系统已经在美国开发出来。该文主要介绍此技术用于大蒜废弃物转化的研究结果     

Vermicomposting with rock powder increases plant growth

The growth of earthworms in substrates enriched with rock (gneiss and steatite) powder, and the potential of vermicomposting in increasing solubilisation of minerals present in rock powder and in promoting plant growth were evaluated. Cattle manure (400 g), was enriched with 0, 5 and 20% of gneiss or steatite powder. Each pot with this mixture received nine earthworms (Eisenia andrei), at a density of 1000 indiv. m⁻³. After 60 d, earthworms were collected, counted and weighed (fresh and dry). Maize was cultivated in a greenhouse in pots with an Oxisol that was fertilised with the vermicompost obtained above. Treatments with Oxisol fertilised with gneiss or steatite only and unfertilised soil were used as controls. Shoot length was measured weekly from the soil surface to the tips of the leaves. After 73 d, the plants were harvested, the roots washed from the soil and shoots and roots dried and weighed. Plants fertilised with vermicompost enriched with rock powder were taller and heavier than plants fertilised with non-enriched vermicompost. Plants grown on soil fertilised with rock powder but not with vermicompost were larger than plants grown on unfertilised soil. Vermicompost enriched with steatite powder resulted in a larger effect on plant growth than the mere sum of applying vermicompost of non-enriched manure and steatite alone to the soil. A similar, but non-significant effect was also observed for gneiss. The different effects between gneiss and steatite may be associated with the lower resistance to chemical weathering of steatite minerals compared to gneiss minerals, as well as the former being softer than the latter. The effect of vermicompost on the optimisation of nutrient release from silicate rocks seems to depend on the rock type.     

城市生活污泥蚯蚓处理过程中相关酶活性的动态变化特征

利用大平2号蚯蚓处理城市生活污泥,分析了其对污泥磷酸酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶活性的影响。结果表明,污泥经蚯蚓处理后,相关酶的活性发生了较大的变化,污泥酸性和碱性磷酸酶活性先升高而后下降,中性磷酸酶的活性则持续下降;污泥脲酶的活性先升高后下降;蛋白酶和蔗糖酶的活性则持续下降。总体来说,所研究的4种酶的活性随着时间延长有下降的趋势,其中污泥蛋白酶的活性下降最为显著,其他相对较小。污泥蚯蚓处理过程中有机质等的降低可能是酶活性下降的主要原因。     

Vermicomposting of biosolids with cow manure and oat straw

Biosolids, mainly from textile industries and the rest from households, were vermicomposted with Eisenia fetida, cow manure and oat straw for 2 months at three different moisture contents (60%, 70% and 80% dry weight base) in triplicate to reduce pathogens and toxic organic compounds, and to find the best medium for growth of E. fetida. The vermicompost with the best stability and maturity and a weight loss of 18% was obtained with 1,800 g biosolid, no straw and 800 g manure at 70% water content. This vermicompost had the following properties: pH 7.9; organic C content of 163 g kg^–1; an electrolytic conductivity of 11 mS cm^–1; a humic-to-fulvic acid ratio of 0.5 (HA/FA); total N content of 9 g kg^–1; water soluble C (C_w) less than 0.5%; cation exchange capacity of 41 cmol_c kg^–1; a respiration rate of 188 mg CO₂-C kg^–1 compost-C day^–1; a NO₃^–/CO₂ ratio greater than 8; and a NH₄⁺/NO₃^– ratio lower than 0.16. The vermicompost gave a germination index for cress (Lepidium sativum) of 80% after 2 months while the earthworm production increased 1.2-fold and volatile solids decreased five times. In addition, the vermicompost contained less than 3 CFU g^–1Salmonella spp., no fecal coliforms and Shigella spp. and no eggs of helminths. Concentration of sodium was 152 mg kg^–1 dry compost, while concentrations of chromium, copper, zinc and lead were below the limits established by the USEPA.     

蚯蚓辅助堆肥处理蔬菜废弃物及其温室气体减排效果

蚯蚓辅助堆肥是近年兴起的处理有机废物的有效方法,为探明蚯蚓辅助堆肥法处理蔬菜废弃物的效果及其温室气体排放规律,该文以牛粪和新鲜番茄秧作为原料,在蚯蚓养殖场分别设置蚯蚓辅助堆肥和常规堆肥处理,对比研究了腐熟度指标变化和温室气体排放规律。结果表明:蚯蚓辅助堆肥堆垛温度较低,达不到无害化温度标准(50～55℃以上持续5～7d),但可满足蚯蚓生存需求,蚯蚓生物量在堆肥前期(0～10d)较低,为14.6×103～20.8×103条/m3,其后随着堆体温度的降低逐渐增长,至堆肥结束时达到90.2×103条/m3。综合pH值、电导率(EC)、碳氮比(C/N)、发芽率指数(GI)等腐熟度指标分析,蚯蚓辅助堆肥处理的腐熟度优于常规堆肥处理,并提前达到腐熟,堆肥周期缩短;蚯蚓辅助堆肥氮素损失较常规堆肥减少30.8%,CH4、NH3和N2O排放比常规堆肥分别减少12.8%、17.4%和46.1%,温室气体总量减排35.9%,因此蚯蚓辅助堆肥可有效降低堆肥过程中的氮素损失和温室气体排放量。研究结果可为有机固体废弃物循环利用和温室气体减排控制提供参考。     

Potential of Eisenia foetida for Sustainable and Efficient Vermicomposting of Fly Ash

Vermicomposting of fly ash has been attempted, using red earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Fly ash, which was obtained from thermal power station, was mixed with cowdung in different proportions (20, 40, 60 and 80%). These mixtures were used as feed for earthworms, and after 30 days, vermicast recovery, worm zoomass and numbers of juveniles produced were recorded. A total of six runs each of 30 days were conducted during the whole study. Concentrations of heavy metals in different mixtures of fly ash–cowdung, before and after vermicomposting and in the earthworms used in the study were also estimated. Results show maximum output of vermicasts and maximum number of juveniles produced was in reactors with 40% fly ash while maximum weight gain by earthworm was in 20% fly ash vermireactors. Performance of vermireactors up to 60% fly ash was more or less similar but at 80% fly ash, there is a marked reduction in overall performance of the reactors. Chemical analysis of different samples of fly ash–cowdung mixtures prior to vermicomposting revealed high concentrations of zinc, chromium, lead, nickel and copper. Chemical analysis of vermicomposted samples showed 30–50% reduction in heavy metals up to 60% fly ash and 10–30% reduction in 80% fly ash. Metal analysis of earthworms revealed considerable bioaccumulation of heavy metals in their body. The Present study indicates the feasibility of E. foetida for mitigating the toxicity of metals and up to 60% fly ash–cowdung mixtures can be used for sustainable and efficient vermicomposting.     

Reproduction Efficiency of Eisenia foetida and Substrate Changes During Vermicomposting of Organic Materials

ABSTRACT

Vermicomposting is the processing of organic substrates through digestion by worms, usually Eisenia foetida. The physico-chemical characteristics of the substrates and health of the worms are important parameter for effective vermicomposting. This study assessed reproduction efficiency and reproductive rate of E. foetida and changes in EC, pH, organic C, total Nitrogen and C:N ratio by vermicomposting different substrate mixtures. The study was performed as a completely randomized design with 10 treatments and 4 replicates. Manures from sheep and horse were tested alone and mixed at 50 and 75% with residues of alfalfa and wheat straw. Wheat straw was also tested alone and mixed at 75% with 25% chicken manure. E. foetida were added to the mixtures and allowed to process the substrate mixtures for three months. Final EC, pH, organic C and N levels of vermicompost were measured, as well as the reproductive efficiency and reproductive rate of the E. foetida. All measured characteristics of the finished vermicompost were significantly different depending on substrate. Substrates also changed to differing degrees during vermicomposting. Total C and EC increased in all substrates; and pH, total N, and C:N decreased in all substrates during vermicomposting The greatest change of EC was in the 25% alfalfa + 75% sheep manure mixture, which was 12.8 dS.m-1 initially and 18.6 dS.m-1 in finished vermicompost. Overall, pH declined and EC increased during the preparing of vermicompost.     

Utilization of Agricultural Waste Compost as an Alternative Potting Media Component with Coir Dust for Leafy Vegetable Ipomoea Acquatica

The aim of this research was to study the potential utilization of an alternative potting media developed from agricultural waste compost in combination with coir dust on the growth and development of leafy vegetable Ipomoea aquatica (L). Agricultural waste compost was prepared from poultry litter, sawdust, rice straw, gliricidia, and cow dung. Seven different potting media were prepared by mixing compost at the rates of 0%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% with coir dust at the rate of 100%, 90%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0%, respectively. Developed potting media showed adequate physical and chemical properties for Ipomea aquatica cultivation. Crop yield showed significant differences among all treatments and treatment with 100% compost gave the best growth and yield parameters. The highest plant height, shoot fresh weight and shoot dry weight obtained from the 100% compost were increased by 2.70, 18.07, and 18.02 times in comparison to the 100% coir with chemical fertilizer control.     

Vermicomposting leachate as liquid fertilizer for the cultivation of sugarcane (Saccharum sp.)

In vermicomposting, the main product is the worm casts, but a leachate is generated that contains large amounts of plant nutrients. This leachate is normally diluted to avoid plant damage. We investigated how dilution of vermicompost leachate combined with different concentrations of nitrogen (N) - phosphorus (P) - potassium (K) triple 17 fertilizer, and polyoxyethylene tridecyl alcohol as dispersant and polyethylene nonylphenol as adherent to increase efficiency of fertilizer uptake, affected sugarcane plant development. The vermicomposting leachate with pH 7.8 and electrolytic conductivity 2.6 dS m^?1, contained 834 mg potassium (K) l^?1, 247 mg nitrate (NO₃^?) l^?1 and 168 mg phosphate (PO₄^3?) l^?1, was free of pathogens and resulted in a 65% germination index. Vermicompost leachate did not inhibit sugarcane growth and mixed with 170 g l^?1 NPK triple 17 fertilizer resulted in the best plant development. No dispersant or adherent was required to improve plant height and stem development.     

不同施肥模式对蔬菜产量及菜地氮流失的影响

在天然降雨条件下,通过3茬蔬菜（苋菜、青菜、茄子）的田间小区试验,研究了不施肥、单施化肥、优化施肥（化肥有机肥配施）、单施有机肥、增施氮肥、增施磷肥6种施肥模式对蔬菜的产量、植株氮素累积量、氮肥利用率及氮随地表径流流失的影响。结果表明,与不施肥相比,其它5种施肥模式可分别提高产量93.55%,103.74%,96.68%,130.78%,136.04%;不同施肥模式下,通过地表径流流失的总氮量为68.11～92.10kg/hm2,与单施化肥相比,单施有机肥和优化施肥可分别使地表径流总氮流失量减小4.67%和2.02%,增施氮肥和增施磷肥可使地表径流总氮流失量在优化施肥的基础上增加10.53%和8.28%。因此在蔬菜的施肥上应改进肥料的配比,在施N量和施P量保持稳定的条件下,增加有机肥的施用比例,减少化肥的施用比例,将能有效降低菜地氮的排放。     

振动喷淋式蔬菜清洗机的研究

为实现蔬菜净菜机械化,对振动喷淋式蔬菜清洗机的工作原理和基本结构进行了研究,并分析了蔬菜在清洗过程中的运动和受力情况,以及叶类蔬菜的损伤机理。实验中清洗池容积为3.8×1.2×0.45 m³,清洗液2000 L。振动时间3～7 min,振幅60 cm,转速：叶类蔬菜为5～7 r/min,块茎类蔬菜为80～90 r/min;喷淋的水流速度为24 m/s时的运动参数较为合理。     

In-Vessel Cocomposting of Green Waste With Biosolids and Paper Waste

In comparison to traditional windrow composting, in-vessel composting techniques often represent more effective waste management options due to the reduced production of bioaerosols and leachate and the potential for better process control. Chemical processes occurring during the cocomposting of three common wastes (green waste, biosolids and paper processing waste) were studied using the forced aeration, static pile, in-vessel EcoPOD® composting system. Since no turning of the compost occurs within the static piles, spatial differences in the vessel were also monitored. These measurements revealed significant spatial gradients in temperature; however, this did not result in spatial differences in nutrients within the composting vessel. Significant differences in soluble N production were observed during the composting process following the series: green plus paper waste < green waste < green waste plus biosolids. After the active compost phase was over, and the compost was removed from the vessel and matured outside, we demonstrated that covering the compost was essential to preserve compost quality. Our study clearly shows that cocomposting of common waste feedstocks can be used to successfully manipulate the chemistry of the final compost making it suitable for multiple end uses. In addition, our study demonstrated that careful management of the compost maturing phase is also required to maximise quality and minimize pollution.     

食用植物油粘度测试仪器

为研究食用植物油流变性质,选择适宜的粘度计进行测量,以Engler粘度计测量值为对照组进行实验。检验自行设计的滚球式粘度计、落柱式粘度计和从市场上购买的毛细管粘度计的相对可靠性。通过实验,用数理统计分析四种简易粘度测量结果,发现工业测量时用Engler粘度计较方便,商品检验时推荐用落柱式粘度计,食用植物油实验分析时宜用毛细管式粘度计。