Growth of Impatiens ‘Accent Red’ In Three Compost Products

Growth of Impatiens wallerana Hook. ‘Accent Red’ was evaluated in three composted urban waste materials (composted biosolids and yard trash (SYT): 20 percent biosolids/sewage sludge, 44 percent yard trimmings, and 36 percent mixed paper; composted refuse fuel residues with biosolids and yard trash (RYT): 74 percent refuse-derived fuel residuals, 10 percent biosolids/sewage sludge, and 16 percent yard trimmings; and composted municipal solid waste (MSW): 100 percent municipal solid waste). Treatments consisted of 100 percent composted waste and media in which the composted wastes were combined with control medium components at 60 percent, 30 percent, or 0 percent composted waste, by volume. Shoot dry mass of plants grown in SYT increased as the percentage of SYT in the medium increased, while shoot dry mass of plants grown in MSW linearly decreased from 1.24 g to 0.15 g. There were no significant differences in shoot dry mass of plants grown in different percentages of RYT. Initial medium soluble salt concentrations in MSW media were more than double concentrations measured in SYT and RYT media. Soluble salt concentrations in both the 100 percent and 60 percent MSW media exceeded 1.75 dS.m^?1, while the soluble salt concentrations in 100 percent SYT and 100 percent RYT were 0.50 dS.m^?1 and 0.61 dS.m^?1, respectively. The C:N ratios in 100 percent SYT and RYT were 17 and 15, respectively, while 100 percent MSW had a C:N ratio of 29. The relatively higher level of compost maturity as indicated by lower C:N and soluble salt concentrations contributed to superior growth of impatiens plants in 100 percent SYT and RYT compared to 100 percent MSW.     

作物秸秆与城市污泥高温好氧堆肥产物对土壤氮矿化的影响

为揭示不同作物秸秆与污泥堆肥产物对土壤氮素矿化特征的影响,为科学施用城市污泥堆肥提供参考依据,通过室内培养试验研究了城市污泥与4种秸秆（小麦、水稻、玉米和油菜）高温好氧堆肥产物施入酸性紫色土、黄壤、石灰性紫色土后土壤氮矿化的差异。结果表明,4秸秆污泥堆肥均可显著提高3种土壤氮的潜在矿化势（N0）和矿化速度（k）,促进土壤氮的矿化,提高土壤NH4+-N、NO3--N质量分数,其中石灰性紫色土以油菜秸秆污泥堆肥和小麦秸秆污泥堆肥处理、黄壤以油菜秸秆污泥堆肥处理、酸性紫色土以小麦秸秆污泥堆肥处理提高幅度最大。作物秸秆与污泥堆肥施入土壤后,黄壤、酸性紫色土在培养60 d和30 d后趋于稳定,石灰性紫色土在培养60 d后仍有增高的趋势,但不同秸秆污泥堆肥对土壤氮矿化速度的影响无明显规律。结果说明秸秆污泥堆肥对土壤氮矿化的效应因土壤及秸秆类型的不同而异,根据研究结果提出了4种作物秸秆与城市污泥堆肥施用的建议。     

Content and chemical form of mercury and selenium in soil,sludge, and fertilizer materials

The content and chemical from of Hg and Se were determined for several samples of municipal sewage sludge and sludge ash, garden soil having a history of sludge and residential compost application, and selected fertilizer materials (peat moss, cow manure, residential compost, composted municipal refuse and sewage sludge, Miloganite). Municipal sewage sludge had the highest levels of total Hg (averaging 1240 ppb), while sludge ash had the lowest levels (averaging 5.6 ppb). Total Se levels were lowest in compost (averaging 255 ppb), while being highest in sludge ash (averaging 11550 ppb). The methylmercury percentage was fairly constant for all samples, averaging 6.0% of the total Hg content. Hexavalent Se averaged 24.3 of the total Se content, and was notably higher in sludge and fertilizer samples. Successive annual application of sludge and compost to garden soil resulted in a gradual increase of total Hg and Se in the soil, but had no significant influence on chemical form distribution for both elements.     

The effect of secondary effluents on eutrophication in Las Vegas bay,Lake Mead,Nevada

The eutrophication potential of Lake Mead, with primary emphasis on Las Vegas Bay, was determined with Selenastrum capricornutum. Nutrient limitation profiles were determined for three sampling stations in Las Vegas Bay and one in Boulder Basin. After heavy metals were chelated with EDTA, P was identified as the primary limiting nutrient with N the secondary limiting nutrient for S. capricornutum. Productivity potential was highest in upper Las Vegas Bay near the sewage inflow. Toward the mouth of the bay and in Boulder Basin, progressively lower potentials were defined. Productivity potential could not be predicted from the filtered samples because the nutrients bound up in the indigenous biomass remained on the filters. Autoclaving followed by filtration prior to assay enabled S. capricornutum to produce yields relative to the productivity observed in the lake.     

Response of tall fescue to composted sewage sludge used as a soil amendment

A pot experiment was conducted in the greenhouse to investigate the effects of composted sewage sludge as a soil amendment on growth and mineral composition of ‘Mustang’ tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.). Three desert soils (loamy sand, sandy loam, clay) were amended with two different composted sewage sludges (city and county) at rates of 0, 7.5, 15, 30 and 60% by volume. Tall fescue was grown in the amended soils for four months. Growth rates, measured as harvested clippings, increased with sludge loading rate and also with clay content of the soil. Higher growth rates were maintained with the city as compared to the county sludge, although for both sources, growth declined for most treatments after nine weeks. Turf color ratings and percent N in the tissue increased with sludge loading rate and were highly correlated. Tissue analysis indicated a varied response between soil types.     

Nutrient acquisition and nitrate reductase activity of mycorrhizal Retama sphaerocarpa L. seedlings afforested in an amended semiarid soil under two water regimes

Abstract. We studied the effect of inoculation with three arbuscular-mycorrhizal (AM) fungi ( Glomus intraradices Schenck & Smith, Glomus deserticola (Trappe, Bloss. & Menge) and Glomus mosseae ([Nicol & Gerd.] Gerd. & Trappe) and the addition of composted sewage sludge on root nitrate reductase (NR, EC 1.6.6.1.) activity, mycorrhizal colonization, plant growth and nutrient uptake in Retama sphaerocarpa L. seedlings afforested in a semiarid, degraded Mediterranean soil under well-watered and non-watered conditions. Six months after planting, the mycorrhizal inoculation and the irrigation of plants had a strong effect on the growth parameters. The effect on plant growth was a negative interaction between plant irrigation and mycorrhizal inoculation and a positive interaction between plant irrigation and composted sewage sludge addition. The latter treatment had a significant, but moderate, effect on the growth but conferred no additional benefit when combined with mycorrhizal inoculation. Mycorrhizal inoculation, composted sewage sludge and irrigation had a significant effect on NR activity in roots and on foliar nutrients. The irrigation significantly increased the positive effect of composted sewage sludge on NR activity and the concentrations of foliar N and K. The effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on NR activity did not depend on the water regime. The effectiveness of mycorrhizal inoculation on the establishment and growth of R. sphaerocarpa seedlings in these Mediterranean conditions was independent of water regime. The addition of composted sewage sludge was only effective when soil water was freely available. The combination of mycorrhizal inoculation and composted sewage sludge addition had no synergistic effect on plant growth.     

Use of Raw and Composted Paper Sludge as a Soil Additive or Mulch for Cottonwood Plants

Pulp and paper sludge is a by-product of paper production and may be suitable in agricultural applications as a soil amendment or mulch. The objective of this study was to evaluate raw and composted pulp and paper sludge as soil additives or mulches for cottonwood plants. Primary sludge, a combination of by-products from bleached kraft and neutral sulfite semichemical paper, was mixed with tailings, slaughterhouse paunch, and 10 percent wood ash (by volume), and used raw or composted and cured in the field for 39 weeks. Cuttings of two cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh) clones were planted in a field soil (Quincy loamy fine sand) that was mixed (incorporated) or mulched (placed on top the soil) with raw or composted sludge mixtures at application rates of 0,45,90, 135 and 180 Mg/ha. The plants were grown in a plastic house for nine weeks. Electrical conductivity (EC), cation exchange capacity (CEC), soluble Cl and extractable Na in soil amended with 180 Mg/ha of compost were 37, 22, 197 and 138 percent higher, respectively, than those of soil amended with the raw sludge mixture at the same rate. Bulk density of amended soil decreased, whereas soil aeration and water-holding capacity increased as sludge application rate increased. After nine weeks, raw or composted sludge applied at a rate of 135 Mg/ha, whether used as a mulch or incorporated, improved cottonwood plant height by 40 percent and stem diameter by 20 percent compared to plants grown in nonamended, nonmulched (control) soil. These results indicate that the pulp and paper sludge mixtures, whether raw or composted, improved soil characteristics and aided establishment of cottonwood cuttings.     

Improvement of earthworm (Lumbricidae) community and activity in mine soils from open-cast coal mining by the application of different organic waste materials

Earthworms are important members of the decomposer food web in a wide range of sites. Previous field investigations on the development of earthworm populations of mine soils in the Lusatian coal mining region, Germany, have shown quite small population densities in quaternary sands and less or even no earthworms present in sandy soils derived from tertiary deposits. The aim of the present investigation was to improve the development of earthworm populations in mine soils from tertiary deposits by applying various types and amounts of organic waste residues, such as sewage sludge, composted sewage sludge, and green waste derived compost. Additionally, we were interested in the stimulation effect of organic waste materials on parameters of earthworm activity, such as food consumption and burrowing activity. The investigations were carried out in field mesocosms and laboratory experiments (microcosms; observation cages). In general, the population density, fresh biomass, food consumption, and the burrowing activity of earthworms were significantly improved by the application of the various organic waste materials compared with mineral fertilizers. Fresh sewage sludge in addition to composted sewage sludge were found to be the most favourable organic waste residues compared with green waste derived composts. The addition of brown coal sludge to sewage sludge did not reduced the stimulation effect. There was considerable variation in the population structure of a defined earthworm community which was exposed in the mesocosms during a two year period in relation to the types and amounts of the organic waste materials applied.     

Growth of apple seedlings on sludge‐amended soils in the greenhouse

Abstract

Open pollinated ‘York Imperial’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) seeds were germinated and grown for a period of 7 months in: (1) sand with complete nutrient solutions added; (2) limed and unlimed soil, (3) limed and unlimed soil amended with two different sewage sludges at rates of 25, 50 or 100 dry kg ha^‐1. A third composted, lime stabilized sludge was added either sieved or non‐sieved (to remove wood chips) at the same rates. The sludge materials used were: (1) a high metal, composted sludge from Baltimore, MD (BALT); (2) a high Cd sewage sludge (CITY) and (3) a low metal, composted sewage sludge from Washington, D.C. (DC).

Germination was unaffected by treatments. After 7 months, the best growth was obtained from the sand plus nutrient solution media. Two of the three sludge materials increased seedling growth over that of the soil, either limed or unlimed. The BALT compost treated soils produced the lowest growth, particularly when unlimed. Elevated tissue metal levels indicated that Mn, Zn, Cu and Ni were the probable causes of reduced growth noted from the BALT compost treatment. The use of soil with or without low metal sludges as media for early apple seedling growth when compared to standard sand culture is not recommended.     

Soil wetting‐drying and water‐retention properties in a mine‐soil treated with composted and thermally‐dried sludges

The main objective of this study was to analyse how different sewage sludges influence soil wetting and drying dynamics. Three composted and three thermally‐dried municipal sludges from different wastewater plants located in Catalonia (NE Spain) were mixed with a mine‐soil obtained from a limestone quarry. Measurements of the time required to reach zero contact angle () and water holding time (WHT) provided information on the time required for a mine‐soil to reach its complete wettability and the residence time of water stored between ?0.75 and ?25 MPa of soil suction, respectively. One month after sludge amendments, one composted and one thermally‐dried sludge significantly increased . WHT was increased in the mine‐soil treated by composted sludges (50.6% by Blanes' sludge, 65.5% by Manresa's sludge and 52.5% by Vilaseca's sludge) one month after sludge amendments. The amount of water retained in the mine‐soil was increased by all composted sludges and one thermally‐dried sludge after one month (by 42.3% with Blanes' sludge, 42.3% with Manresa's sludge, 65.7% with Vilaseca's sludge and 23.9% with Mataró's sludge) and one year after sludge amendments and at a small suction. Increments in WHT corresponded with the amount of water retained so the time‐scale of soil water availability should also be considered. The value was modified mainly by increments in carbon stock and microbial biomass, while the WHT was modified mainly by increments in pH and electrical conductivity. Under similar air‐drying conditions, mine‐soil treated with composted sludges retained more water for longer compared with thermally‐dried sludges.     

干污泥和堆肥污泥施用于红壤中N素的释放特性

在红壤自然状况下,模拟了施肥沟,对红壤不同污泥施肥处理的N素释放特性进行了研究。试验结果表明,干污泥配比在10%~20%时,碱解氮、铵态氮和硝态氮累计释放量分别为:25.71%~33.48%,9.57%~14.85%和4.08%~7.65%。堆肥污泥配比在20%~33%时,其累计释放量分别为13.55%~15.65%,2.03%~4.23%和3.11%~5.37%。干污泥处理的释放量大于堆肥污泥处理的释放量,释放过程变化较堆肥污泥剧烈,铵态氮和硝态氮均有明显峰值,铵态氮最大含量532.98±10 mg/kg,释放量最大达10.95%;硝态氮含量最大为149.2±14 mg/kg,释放量最大时为3.32%。无论是从氮的肥效角度,还是氮释放的环境风险角度考虑,污泥堆肥处理后施肥方式均优于干污泥处理施肥方式。     

Sorption of s-Triazine Herbicides in Organic Matter Amended Soils: Fresh and Incubated Systems

Fresh amendment of soil with sewage sludge and composted sewage sludge resulted in increased sorption of three s-triazine herbicides: atrazine, ametryn and terbuthylazine. The extent of increased sorption (as evaluated by sorption coefficients K_d or K_f) was a function of soil type, such that sorption in amended organic carbon-poor soil (0.4% OC) was more enhanced than in amended organic carbon-rich soil (1.55% OC). Despite significant differences between the organic amendments in terms of humic and fulvic acid content, humin content, soluble organic matter content, total organic matter content, and H/C and O/C atomic ratios, organic matter composition had no discernible effect on either sorption distribution coefficients or on isotherm linearity in amended soils. Soils amended with composted sludge had the same sorption potential as did soils amended with the analogous uncomposted sludge. After incubating soil-sludge mixtures for a year at room temperature, organic matter content decreased to original pre-amendment levels. Sorption coefficients for the three compounds similarly decreased to initial pre-amendment values. Organic carbon normalized sorption coefficients (K_oc) were essentially identical in the soils, amended soils, and incubated amended soils, indicating that sludge and compost derived organic matter does not have a significantly different sorption capacity as compared with the original soils, despite compositional differences.     

不同类型的污泥对土壤微生物性质的影响: 地中海退化土的田间试验研究

The recycling of suitable organic wastes can enhance soil fertility via effects on soil physical, chemical and biological properties. To compare the effects of digested (DS), thermally dried (TDS) and composted dewatered (CDS) sewage sludge on soil microbiological properties, an experiment was conducted at field sites for more than one year (401 d) when applied to two Mediterranean degraded soils (loam and loamy sand soils). All three types of sewage sludge had a significant effect on measured parameters. I...     

Compost Recycling of Wood Fiber Waste Produced by Paper Manufacture

The composting of wood fiber waste from the manufacture of newsprint is described, with a mixture of wood fiber waste:sewage sludge at a ratio of 1:1 giving best results in a trial of shoot growth of Pinus radiata. An alternative chemical nutrient amendment (initial C:N ratio of 60:1) gave a plant response which was not significantly different to that of sewage sludge. Over a five month period volume reductions of up to 39 percent were observed in the composts, providing potential savings in subsequent transport operations. Use of uncomposted materials or addition of fly- or screen-ash compost amendment (12.5 percent or 25 percent v /v) was inhibitory to plant growth. Concentrations of some heavy metals in Hobart city sewage (particularly of chromium) were high, precluding its long-term use as a soil nutrient supplement. In view of the high heavy metal content of sewage sludge and its high volume to nutrient ratio, it was concluded that composting with chemical amendment was the preferred option for future investigation. Such composts would require ash amendment (or lime equivalent) at concentrations lower than those used in this study to counter acidity produced during composting.     

Substrate‐Induced Respiration of a Sandy Soil Treated with Different Types of Organic Waste

A sandy soil was amended with different types of sewage sludge (digested, dried, and composted) and pig slurry. The composted sludges displayed higher organic‐matter stability (39–45%) than only digested sludge (26–39%) or digested + dried sludge (23–32%). The microbial biomass of the dried sludge was undetectable. Digested and composted sludges and pig slurry displayed microbial biomasses (12492–13887 µg g^?1, 1221–2050 µg g^?1, and 5511 µg g^?1, respectively) greater than the soil (108 µg g^?1). The wastes were applied at seven doses, ranging from 10 to 900 g kg^?1. Soils were incubated for 28 days. Substrate‐induced respiration (SIR) was measured for 12 consecutive hours on day 1 and on day 28. The results showed that SIR increased with the dose of organic amendment. However, SIR decreased when moderate doses of pig slurry or high doses of digested + dried sludge were tested. The possibility of using this inhibition as an ecotoxicological indicator is discussed.     

Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulphonates (LASs) on Exogenous Organic Matter Content and Evolution in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soils

Abstract

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LASs) are anionic surfactants commonly used in commercial detergents. A potential risk associated with the recycling of sewage waste materials is the presence of LASs and their primary degradation products, which could accumulate in sludge, especially during anaerobic processing. The long‐term accumulation of these contaminants in soils and especially the potential disturbance of soil functions need to be studied in more detail. In our study, the influence of the amendment added to an agricultural soil with different organic wastes containing LASs on organic matter content and nitrogen (N) content evolution and mineralization was studied in field conditions. A completely randomized 3×3 factorial arrangement, representing two sewage sludge types (composted and uncomposted) and three levels of LAS presence (0, 15, and 30 g/m²) in treated soils, was established using field plots (7×2 m); the results are compared with untreated plots. Statistical models based on covariance analysis were used to understand the dynamics of and the main factors influencing carbon (C) and N mineralization in sewage sludge amended–soils in the presence of LAS. LAS seemed to alter nitrogen mineralization, especially the nitrate dynamics.     

Runoff and losses by erosion in soils amended with sewage sludge

In order to promote the transformation of a burnt Mediterranean forest area into a dehesa system, 10 t ha⁻¹ of dry matter of the same sewage sludge in three different forms: fresh, composted and thermally‐dried, were added superficially to field plots of loam and sandy soils located on a 16 per cent slope. This application is equivalent to 13ċ8 t ha⁻¹ of composted sludge, 50 t ha⁻¹ of fresh sludge and 11ċ3 t ha⁻¹ of thermally‐dried sludge. The surface addition of a single application of thermally‐dried sludge resulted in a decrease in runoff and erosion in both kinds of soil. Runoff in thermally‐dried sludge plots was lower than in the control treatment (32 per cent for the loam soil and 26 per cent for the sandy soil). The addition of any type of sludge to both soil types also reduces sediment production. Significant differences between the control and sludge treatments indicate that the rapid development of plant cover and the direct protective effect of sludge on the soil are the main agents that influence soil erosion rates. Results suggest that the surface application of thermally‐dried sludge is the most efficient way to enhance soil infiltration. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of five non-agricultural organic wastes on soil composition, and on the yield and nitrogen recovery of Italian ryegrass

Abstract. We studied the effects of five diverse non-agricultural organic wastes on soil composition, grass yield and grass nitrogen use in a 3–year field experiment. The applied wastes were distillery pot ale, dairy salt whey, abattoir blood and gut contents, composted green waste (two annual applications each), and paper-mill sludge (one annual application). With the exception of N immobilization in the paper-mill sludge treatment, the wastes had no unfavourable effects on the soil. In the 2–year treatments, grass dry matter yields from the abattoir and distillery wastes (26.3 t ha⁻¹) were larger than those from a NH₄NO₃ fertilizer treatment (24.3 t ha⁻¹) and from the dairy waste (20.4 t ha⁻¹) and composted waste (22.8 t ha⁻¹). Yield and N recovery were impaired markedly after the single application of paper-mill sludge, both in the year of application and in the following year. The results demonstrated clear differences in the ability of the applied wastes to provide crop-available N. We conclude that in order to improve prediction of both the benefits and risks from waste recycling to land, more information should be gathered on soil/waste/crop interactions.     

施用高量堆肥污泥提高小麦–玉米轮作模式下酸性水稻土pH和碳组分活性

  【目的】  污泥堆肥农用是污泥资源化的主要途径,明确不同用量堆肥污泥对旱作条件下酸性水稻土有机、无机碳组分及pH的影响,可为堆肥污泥的农用提供科学依据。  【方法】  以酸性水稻土为供试土壤,连续进行了2年小麦–玉米轮作盆栽试验。参照GB4284—2018农用污泥施用标准,设置0 (CK)、3.75、7.50、37.50和75.00 t/hm2共5个污泥施用量处理,每年10月份种植冬小麦前称取相应量污泥,与盆栽土壤均匀混合后装盆,连续种植冬小麦和夏玉米两季作物。分别在小麦、玉米收获后采集耕层土壤,分析水稻土中有机、无机碳组分和pH,以及上述参数之间存在的相关关系。  【结果】  供试污泥堆肥用量处理下,土壤pH随污泥施用量的增加而升高,污泥用量35.70 t/hm2处理的4个生长季土壤pH较CK分别显著升高了0.21、0.51、0.40和0.70个单位 (P < 0.05)。污泥堆肥农用提高了酸性水稻土中有机碳 (SOC)、易氧化有机碳 (ROC)、可溶性有机碳 (DOC) 和腐殖质碳 (HSC) 含量,同时也提高了碳酸钙 (CC) 和活性碳酸钙 (ACC) 含量,且增加幅度随污泥施用量的增加而上升。污泥用量为75.00 t/hm2时,土壤各有机碳组分和无机碳组分均显著高于CK (P < 0.05);污泥施用量 ≥ 7.50 t/hm2时,土壤ROC、DOC含量均显著高于CK (P < 0.05);污泥用量 ≥ 3.75 t/hm2时,土壤碳酸钙含量均显著高于CK (P < 0.05)。碳库管理指数在污泥施用量 ≥ 7.50 t/hm2时显著增加 (P < 0.05)。碳酸钙含量和pH在酸性水稻土上呈显著正相关关系 (P < 0.05);有机碳和无机碳含量之间也呈显著正相关关系 (P < 0.05)。  【结论】  施用37.50～75.00 t/hm2生活堆肥污泥可在短期甚至当季显著增加旱作酸性水稻土中有机和无机碳总量和活性有机碳含量,提高土壤pH,是改善旱作酸性水稻土质量的有效手段。综合之前对堆肥污泥农用重金属积累、微生物多样性及养分淋失风险的研究,长期施用堆肥污泥对土壤环境的影响尚需进一步研究。     

Effects of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LASs) in Sewage Sludge–Amended Soils on Nutrient Contents of Broccoli Plants

Abstract

Sewage sludge is used in agriculture as a fertilizer and an organic amendment to improve physical and chemical soil properties. However, sludge contains organic compounds, such as surfactants, which may be toxic in the soil–plant system. The effects on plants of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), a group of anionic surfactants that are widely used in detergent products, have not been well defined. In this experiment, the effect of differently treated sewage sludge containing LAS on the macronutrient and sodium contents of different parts of broccoli plants (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis subvar. cymosa Lam.) was studied in a field experiment. Fertilizer treatments were un‐composted sewage sludge (UCSS), composted sewage sludge (CSS), and a control without fertilization (NF). The LAS levels were established across all fertilizer treatments by addition of 0, 15, or 30 g LAS m^?2 (LAS0, LAS15, and LAS30, respectively). In general, the macronutrient contents in shoots, leaves, and edible parts of broccoli were higher in plants cultivated without fertilization but with LAS. In most cases, the LAS application increased the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sodium contents of the different plant parts, whereas calcium and magnesium concentrations were reduced.