An Interlaboratory Study of Heavy Metal Content in Compost

Heavy metals in 15 composts were determined by four Italian laboratories participating in a study involving interlaboratory work. The data obtained were processed using a statistical approach focused on measuring precision, that is to say, on repeatability (r) and reproducibility (R) limit determination. The results indicate how precision is substantially in agreement with what is reported in the literature, and that repeatability and reproducibility affect the statistical validity of data. It has been shown that only for data with R ≤ 1.25 r can the means of four laboratories be considered as being of the same population (the same compost), revealed by ANOVA as such. For each heavy metal, consideration was given only to those results where R ≤ 1.25 r in order to determine the interval of confidence. Upper variation limits (expressed as relative variation with respect to the mean) were then used to calculate the upper value to be detected to respect heavy metal limits according to Italian law.     

Growth of Ornamental Plants in Container Media Amended with Biosolids Compost

The use of biosolids compost, in the formulation of media used in the commercial production of container grown nursery crops, has been slow in the Northeast region of the United States. When biosolids compost is used in growing media, it is limited to small percentages. Regulations in Connecticut restrict the use of most biosolids compost to growing media for containerized ornamental plants and landfill cover. Information on the benefits of using biosolids compost, to grow a wide range of plant species in containers, could increase usage by nurseries. Seven species of flowering annuals, nine species of herbaceous perennials and eight species of woody ornamentals were grown in media containing 0, 25, 50, and 100 percent (by volume) biosolids compost, in combination with a mixture of bark, peat and sand. Biosolids compost came from the Metropolitan District Corporation (MDC) facility in Hartford, Connecticut. It was a mixture of wood chips and digested biosolids (3:1 by volume). Optimal plant growth generally occurred in media containing 50 and 100 percent compost. Plants growing in media high in compost were often somewhat stunted and chlorotic for several weeks after planting probably due to higher levels of salinity and ammonium nitrogen in their media. However, by the middle of the growing season these plants had recovered and at season's end, they were often superior to plants grown in media with less compost. Increasing proportions of compost generally increased the amounts of plant nutrients and heavy metals in media while decreasing air filled pore space. All heavy metal concentrations were below levels of concern.     

Growth and Heavy-Metal Uptake by Lettuce Grown in Soils Applied with Sewage Sludge Compost

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of sewage sludge compost (SSC) alone and applied with chemical fertilizer on growth and heavy-metal accumulations in lettuce grown on two soils, a Xanthi-Udic Ferralosol and a Typic Purpli-Udic Cambosol. The treatments included control; nitrogen–phosphorus–potassium (NPK) fertilizer; sewage sludge compost applied at the rates of 27.54 (SSC), 82.62 (3SSC), 165.24 (6SSC) t hm^–2; and coapplication treatment (1/2 SSC + 1/2 NPK), where the N, P, and K inputs from NPK fertilizer, SSC, and coapplication treatments were normalized to the local recommend rates. The SSC application increased the biomass; copper, zinc, and lead contents in lettuce; and soil total and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals. However, SSC alone at the recommended rate caused less plant biomass than NPK fertilizer alone. Coapplication treatment obtained greater or similar biomass to NPK fertilizer alone and did not increase heavy-metal accumulation in soils and plants. The results demonstrated that SSC should be applied to soils with chemical fertilizers.     

Comparison of Herbaceous Perennial Plant Growth in Seaweed Compost and Biosolids Compost

Liners of angelonia ‘Pink’ (Angelonia angustifolia Benth.), shooting star (Pseuderanthemum laxiflorum), coreopsis ‘Early Sunrise’ (Coreopsis grandiflorum Hogg ex Sweet.), and scutellaria ‘Purple Fountains’ (Scutellaria costaricana H. Wendl.) were transplanted into containers filled with, by volume, 1) 100% compost; 2) 60% compost, 25% vermiculite, 15% perlite; 3) 30% compost, 30% sphagnum peat, 25% vermiculite, 15% perlite; 4) 0% compost, 60% sphagnum peat, 25% vermiculite, 15% perlite. Two compost products were evaluated: SW, a 1:1 by volume mixture of partially composted seaweed and partially composted yard trimmings and SYT, a 1:1 by weight mixture of biosolids compost and yard trimmings compost. There was no difference in angelonia shoot dry mass among the different percentages of SW compost but angelonia plants grown in 0 and 30% SYT had greater shoot dry mass than plants grown in 60 or 100% SYT. Shoot dry mass of shooting star plants increased as the percentage of SYT compost increased from 0 to 30 % and then decreased while shoot dry mass of plants grown in SW compost decreased as the percentage of compost increased. There was no difference in coreopsis shoot dry mass or scutellaria shoot dry mass between the two compost products and there also was no difference in shoot dry mass among the different percentages of either compost product.     

Macronutrient Balance of Nickel-Stressed Lettuce Plants Grown under Different Sulfur Levels

This study investigated whether intensive nutrition with sulfur–sulfate (S-SO₄) (2, 6, or 9 mM S) of nickel-stressed (0, 0.0004, 0.04, or 0.08 mM Ni) butterhead lettuce cv. Justyna may improve macronutrient balance and reduce Ni bioaccumulation. Nickel exposure resulted in various unfavorable changes in the macronutrient content together with increase of Ni accumulation in the biomass. Intensive S nutrition of Ni-treated lettuce seems to have no beneficial effect on macronutrient balance. In general, it significantly reduced the root and foliar phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and S content and simultaneously did not affect the magnesium (Mg) content in the biomass. At the same time, the nitrogen (N) content was reduced in roots and elevated in shoots. Supplementation of Ni-exposed lettuce with high S doses raised in roots and reduced foliar Ni accumulation; however, Ni content in useable parts exceeded the acceptable limits established for consumption.     

Stability Measurement of Biosolids Compost by Aerobic Respirometry

Oxygen uptake of biosolids compost was measured during both laboratory and full-scale studies. Aerobic respirometry of solid samples of compost provided a precise measure of microbial activity. There was a noticeable decreasing trend in oxygen consumption over 25 days of composting, thereby indicating increasing stability. Moisture content also was found to affect the compost stability. During 48-hour respirometer tests, the compost sample did not dry to the point where respiration was inhibited. Measurement of volatile solids reduction alone during biosolids composting with large quantities of sawdust revealed little about stability.     

Pesticide Screening in a Commercial Yard Waste And Biosolids Compost

The presence of pesticides in compost is of interest because of possible health, production and ecological risks. The presence of over 50 pesticides was assessed in raw yard waste, milled yard waste, and a finished compost (yard waste:biosolids) at a commercial compost facility in Florida. These pesticides were comprised of 38 herbicides, eight insecticides and two fungicides. Of the pesticides monitored for in this study, only atrazine, 4,4-DDE, alpha chlordane, gamma chlordane, and endosulfan I were detected, and were only present in raw yard wastes.     

Soybean Micronutrient Content in Irrigated Plants Grown in the Midsouth

Concentrations and contents of iron (Fe), boron (B), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu) were determined for two MG IV and one MG V irrigated soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars grown on clay and sandy loam soils in 2011 and 2012. Plants were sampled at V3, R2, R4, R6, and R8, tissues separated, dried, weighed, and nutrient concentrations determined. Nutrient contents were calculated. No cultivar, site, or year differences in nutrient concentrations or contents were observed. Iron had the greatest concentration and content of all followed by B, Zn, Mn, and Cu. Maximum concentrations and contents in leaves occurred at R4 and later declined. Concentrations and contents in stems remained constant or increased while pods rapidly increased until (R8). A 3328 kg ha^?1 seed yield will remove 325.0 g Fe ha^?1, 153.9 g B ha^?1, 175.6 g Zn ha^?1, 100.0 g Mn ha^?1, and 52.5 g Cu ha^?1.     

Phytotoxicity of Biosolids Compost at Different Degrees of Maturity Compared to Biosolids and Animal Manures

Biosolids compost is a good organic amendment but immature compost can exhibit phytotoxic behavior which can be attributed to different toxic substances. Our objective was to determine the phytotoxicity of: i) Biosolids; ii) Mix of biosolids and wood sawdust sampled a day after composting started; iii) The same material sampled at the end of the thermophilic stage; iv) cured compost; v) cow manure and vi) horse manure A germination bioassay was carried out using Lolium perenne (ryegrass) seeds: germination and root growth percentage were determined as well as electrical conductivity, pH, phenol content and volatile organic acids. In three treatments, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd were also determined. Ammonia volatilization was determined during biosolids composting. The germination percentage varied from 67% to 95% but the inhibition of root growth appears to be a more sensitive phytotoxicity indicator (18% to 74%. Phytotoxic effects on germinating ryegrass were mainly related to extract pH and electrical conductivity. Potentially toxic elements, volatile organic acids, phenolic compounds and ammonia were not related to germination.     

Heavy Metal Immobilization in Contaminated Soils using Phosphogypsum and Rice Straw Compost

The application of soil amendments to immobilize heavy metals is a promising technology to meet the requirements for environmentally sound and cost‐effective remediation. The present study was carried out to evaluate the result of phosphogypsum (PG) used alone and in combination with compost (CP) at a mix ratio of 1:1 wet weight ratio (PG + CP) at 10 and 20 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil, on heavy metal immobilization in contaminated soil and on canola growth. The results revealed that the Pb, Cd and Zn uptake of canola plants was reduced by the application of PG alone and when it was mixed with CP as compared with untreated soil. At an application rate of 10 g dry weight kg⁻¹ dry soil of (PG + CP) the dry weight of canola plants increased by 66·8% was increased in comparison with its weight in the untreated soil. The addition of PG alone resulted in more pronounced immobilization of heavy metal as compared with PG mixed with CP. Plant growth was improved with CP addition, but heavy metals immobilization was the greatest in PG alone treatments. Results suggest that PG may be useful for the immobilization of heavy metals in contaminated soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

安太堡露天矿不同复垦基质和植物中重金属含量及污染评价

以山西省平朔安太堡露天煤矿为研究对象,对矿区4种复垦基质、7种复垦植物及原地貌农田和林地2种土壤及4种植物的重金属含量进行比较分析与评价。结果表明:不同复垦基质各重金属全量均未超出国家土壤环境质量二级标准,重金属水溶态均低于地表水环境质量标准Ⅲ类水质指标,不会对矿区环境造成危害;重金属全量与水溶态呈一致趋势,即单项污染指数除Cd外,Pb、Cu、Cr和As等元素最高含量均出现在风化煤矸石,综合污染指数均为新鲜煤矸石>风化煤矸石>原地貌农田土壤>南排土场1380平台复垦土壤>南排土场1420燃烧区残留物>原地貌林地土壤;各样点Cd的全量与水溶态达显著相关水平,样点Pb、Cu、Cr和As的全量与水溶态达极显著相关水平;矿区植物中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu和As含量均未超出正常植物的含量标准,但所有植物中Cr含量均超出正常植物的含量标准,因此,矿区植物体中Cr的污染不可忽视。     

Heavy Metal Accumulation in Plants on Mn Mine Tailings

The Xiangtan Manganese （Mn） Mine in the middle of Hunan Province, China, has been mined since 1913 with mine tailings including excavated wastes, wastewater, and smelting wastes. A survey was conducted on the Mn mine tailing soils and eight plants on the Mn mine tailings. The concentrations of soil Mn, Pb, and Cd and the metal-enrichment traits of these eight plants were analyzed simultaneously. Exceptionally high concentrations of these three metals were found in the soils, especially on the tailing dam. Each plant investigated in this study accumulated the three heavy metals, but no hyperaccumulator of these metals was found. However, analysis indicated that Poa pratensis Linn., Gnaphalium affine D. Don, Pteris vittata L., Conyza canadensis （L.） Cronq., and Phytolacca acinosa Roxb. possessed specially good metalenrichment and metal-tolerant traits. P. pratensis, G. affine, and P. vittata were Pb-tolerant plants; and C. canadensis, P. pratensis, and G. affine were Cd-tolerant plants. P acinosa had a great tolerance to Mn, and it was a valuable plant for on-site phytoremediation. Phragmites communis Trin. was found to have high metal tolerance and economic benefit as a raw material for paper and should be considered for soil remediation. G. affine and C. canadensis had excessive accumulation of Mn and could be useful in phytoremediation. However, although P. pratensis was a good accumulator, it was not a suitable plant for soil remediation because its biomass was too little.     

Heavy Metal Content of Arable Soils in Northern Belgium

More than 600 arable soils from Flanders (Northern-Belgium) were analysed for their total acid extractable contents of As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in order to determine any increase in the natural background values. Samples were taken at random in several municipalities throughout Flanders. Areas with known historical or actual sources of trace element emissions were omitted although in some cases the distance between those sources and the sampling locations was not more than 20 km. The main soil types were, ranging from north to south: sand, loamy sand, light sandy-loam, sandy-loam and loam. In the coastal area, clay soils (sea polders) were sampled. In addition to the analysis of trace elements, the soil texture class, the pH and the carbon content were determined. Macro- or mesonutrients, Ca, K, P, Mg and Na, were determined from a weak acid extract of the soil samples. Correlations between trace elements and macronutrients provide some information about fertilisation practices and heavy metal sources.A limited number of soils showed slightly enhanced levels for As, Be, Cu, Co, Cr Mn, Ni Pb and Zn. In most cases, this could be linked to the regional industrial activities. However, a clear increase for Cu and Zn, above the natural background could be distinguished in areas with low atmospheric heavy metal deposits. In these cases, the excessive use of animal manure in the past may be the reason for this enrichment. However there was no indication that the Cd content of the soil was raised by the use of large amounts of pig slurry and/or by other common agricultural activities.     

The Impact of Various Contaminants on the Trace Metal Content of Compost

The trace metal content of municipal solid waste (MSW) compost affects the quality and potential end uses of the finished product. The impact of typical contaminants found in the organic fraction of MSW on the trace metal content of compost was investigated. Contaminants including alkaline batteries, galvanized nails, zinc-plated screws, copper wires, and electronic cables were exposed to a thermophilic composting process for three weeks. The increase in trace metal content in the compost product was measured at the end of the composting process. The results showed that low-quality alkaline batteries, galvanized nails, zinc-plated nails, and copper wires had a significant impact on the zinc, copper, arsenic, lead, and cobalt contents of compost. Copper wires showed the highest impact on copper content, which was 52% of the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) Category A limit in the final compost. Galvanized nails contributed to final levels of zinc reaching 30% of the CCME Category A limit. To ensure that CCME Category A criteria can be achieved, it is recommended that contaminants made from bare copper or coated with zinc be removed from the composting feedstock.     

堆肥对重金属污染土壤上茼蒿品质和产量的影响

为了解堆肥施人重金属Cu、Cd污染土壤后对蔬菜品质和产量的影响,利用盆栽试验研究了不同堆肥用量下茼蒿品质、产量和重金属含量的变化。结果表明,随着堆肥用量的增加,茼蒿产量、粗蛋白、VC、P和K含量先显著增加后降低,而茼蒿可溶性糖含量呈先显著降低后增加的趋势。堆肥量的增加显著降低茼蒿中Cu含量,比对照最多降低35．5％。茼蒿地上部Cd、根部Cu和Cd含量呈先显著降低又上升的趋势。茼蒿地上部Cd含量在堆肥用量为20g·kg^-1时达最低,根部Cu、Cd含量与对照相比最多分别降低20．1％和39．5％。对于污染地区的茼蒿种植,试验堆肥的适量施用是切实可行的。     

广东大宝山矿区植物对重金属的富集特征

对大宝山矿区自然定居和人工种植的13种优势植物根际土壤污染状况及其对重金属的富集特征进行研究.结果表明,大宝山矿区土壤受重金属Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu污染,其中以Cd、Cu的污染最为严重.在调查的13种优势植物中,铺地黍地上部分的Pb含量达到1 214.00 mg/kg,泡桐叶中Cu含量达到1 024.80mg/kg,超过了Pb和Cu超富集植物含量的临界值(1 000 mg/kg);其运转系数分别为1.77.13.74,都大于1.0,符合超富集植物的标准,表明铺地黍可能是Pb的超富集植物,泡桐可能是Cu的超富集植物.除铺地綦、泡桐外,其他11种优势植物的重金属吸收能力没有达到超富集植物的标准,但它们能在此区域定居,表现出对重金属有较强的耐性,其中象草、纤毛鸭嘴草、芒萁、五节芒、马尾松对重金属复合污染胁迫的耐性较强,可作为大宝山矿植被重建的先锋物种.     

Heavy Metals Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Urban and Metal Smelter Contaminated Sites in Australia

Dietary exposure to heavy metals, namely cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu), has been identified as a risk to human health through the consumption of vegetable crops. This study investigates the source and magnitude of heavy metal contamination in soil and vegetable samples at 46 sites across four vegetable growing regions in New South Wales, Australia. The four regions Boolaroo, Port Kembla, Cowra and the Sydney Basin were a mix of commercial and residential vegetable growing areas. The extent of metal contamination in soils sampled was greatest in regions located in the vicinity of smelters, such as in Boolaroo and Port Kembla. Soil metal concentrations decreased with depth at these two sites, suggesting contamination due to anthropogenic activities. Cadmium, Pb and Zn contamination was greatest in vegetables from Boolaroo, and Cu concentrations were greatest in vegetables sampled from Port Kembla. At Boolaroo, nearly all the samples exceeded the Australian Food Standards maximum level (ML) (0.01 mg kg^?1 fresh weight) of Cd and Pb in vegetables. Over 63% of samples exceeded international food standard guidelines set by the Commission of the European Communities and the Codex Alimentarius Commission. All vegetables sampled from Cowra, which is a relatively pristine site had Cd and Pb levels below the Australian and international food standards guideline values. This study suggests that the Australian guideline values are more conservative in defining the ML for Cd and Pb in vegetable crops. This investigation highlights the increased danger of growing vegetables in the vicinity of smelters.     

Regional Pattern of Heavy Metal Content in Lake Sediments in Northeastern Poland

We investigated sediments from 23 lakes situated in northeastern Poland and analyzed them for major constituents and selected heavy metals. Short sediment cores were collected from the deepest parts of the lakes, and subsequently, a surface layer (0-2?cm) and reference layer (50-52?cm) were sampled from each. In the collected samples, the content of the major constituents (organic matter, carbonates, and minerogenic material) and chosen heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) was analyzed. In the reference layer, representing natural metal content, we identified quite a substantial diversity among lakes, making it difficult to pinpoint one geochemical background value for the whole region. A multivariate analysis of the interrelationships among elements and a comparison of the median values revealed no statistically significant differences between surface and reference levels. The ratio of the mean content in the surface and reference sediments ranged from 0.9 to 1.6, indicating the lack of or only slight anthropogenic pollution in surface sediments. From a spatial perspective, higher metal contents were observed in the eastern part of the study area, but this trend manifested in both surface and reference sediments. Thus, the inference is that the recently accumulated sediments are characterized by a content that is representative of the natural geochemical background for the selected metals.     

Deployment of Sawdust as Substrate Medium in Hydroponically Grown Lettuce

In this study, lettuce plants were grown in sawdust (Saw) and/or perlite (Per) mixtures (sawdust; Saw:Per 75:25%; Saw:Per 50:50%; Saw:Per 25:75%; Perlite) and in Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), in an unheated greenhouse. Plants grown in NFT were taller with greater leaf area resulting in greater fresh weight. Sawdust addition reduced leaf length, leaf area and as a consequence the fresh weight but not the leaf number. However, leaf dry weight increased as sawdust content increased into the substrate. Leaf chlorophyll reduced but leaf fluoresces increased in perlite and NFT. High sawdust content (75% or 100%) reduced photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance. Nutrient uptake [potassium (K), sodium (Na), phosphorus (P)] was the greatest in NFT treatment, while perlite and Saw:Per 25:75% increased elemental uptake (up to 74%) comparing with the remaining treatments. Leaf elemental analysis fluctuated among treatments. Thus, low content (i.e. 25%) of sawdust in perlite could improve inorganic substrate media properties.