宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦抗倒伏性及产量的影响

为明确宽幅条播对燕麦抗倒伏性和产量的调节作用及其适宜种植密度,于2019-2020年,通过裂区试验,设置2种播种方式（宽幅条播和常规条播）和三个种植密度水平［300×10株·hm^-2（D1）、450×10株·hm^-2（D2）、600×10株·hm^-2（D3）］,分析了播种方式与种植密度对燕麦植株抗倒伏性和籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,同一种植密度下,宽幅条播的燕麦茎秆机械强度、茎粗、壁厚均显著高于常规条播。在籽粒灌浆期,与常规条播相比,宽幅条播的燕麦基部第二节间机械强度在 D1、D2、D3下分别提高9.3%、11.6%和17.0%,茎粗分别增加7.3%、7.6%和7.3%,株高分别降低2.3%、1.9%和3.0%,重心高度分别下降 6.5%、7.8%和 6.0%。相比于常规条播,燕麦宽幅条播主要通过增加穗数来增产。在D1、D2、D3下,宽幅条播的两年平均产量较常规条播分别增加了8.6%、9.3%和14.5%。随着种植密度的增加,两种播种方式下燕麦茎秆机械强度、茎粗、壁厚均呈减小趋势,株高、重心高度、节间长均呈增加趋势,但宽幅条播的各指标变化幅度均小于常规条播。因此,生产中采用宽幅条播可显著提高燕麦茎秆抗倒伏能力和籽粒产量,适当增加种植密度,可实现燕麦抗倒性与产量协同提高;本试验条件下,宽幅条播燕麦达到最高产的密度为600×10 株·hm^-2。     

长期定位施氮条件下种植密度对冬小麦石4366品质和氮肥利用的影响

为探究长期施氮条件下种植密度对冬小麦品质特性和氮肥利用的调控作用,在长期定位试验的基础上,2020-2021年度采用裂区试验设计,主区为施氮量,设75 kg·hm^-2（N75）、150 kg·hm^-2（N150）、225 kg·hm^-2（N225）和300 kg·hm^-2（N300） 4个水平;副区为种植密度,设225×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D225）、300×10⁴株·hm^-2（D300）、375×10⁴株·hm^-2（D375）、450×10⁴株·hm^-2（D450）和525×10⁴株·hm^-2（D525）5个水平;分析了不同施氮条件下种植密度对石4366产量、粉质特性、RVA特性、拉伸特性及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明,不同施氮量和密度组合下籽粒产量和品质相关指标有较大差异,施氮量对氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力有显著影响。小麦产量随着施氮量的升高而增加,施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度范围375×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2和施氮量300 kg·hm^-2、密度范围225×10⁴~450×10⁴株·hm^-2组合下均能获得较高产量。蛋白质含量、容重和湿面筋含量随着施氮量增加呈升高趋势;稳定时间和粉质质量指数随着施氮量增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,N225下粉质参数最高。小麦籽粒品质和面粉粉质指标均随种植密度的增加而增加。施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度525×10⁴株·hm^-2组合是小麦粉质指标最优组合。淀粉RVA参数在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2处理下最好。拉伸特性在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度450×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2组合和施氮量300 kg·hm^-2、密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2组合下较好。氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力在施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、密度375×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2组合下较高。综合籽粒产量、品质相关指标和氮肥利用效率的结果,本试验条件下,施氮量225 kg·hm^-2、种植密度450×10⁴~525×10⁴株·hm^-2可作为石4366高产、优质的较佳肥密组合。     

宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响

为探讨宽幅播种条件下种植密度对小麦群体结构和光能利用率的影响,以小麦品种济麦22为试验材料,在大田试验条件下设置90×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D1）、180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D2）、270×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D3）、360×10⁴ 株·hm^-2（D4）4个种植密度处理,分析了不同种植密度下麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量、小麦群体动态、叶面积指数、冠层光截获特性、光能利用率、阶段干物质积累量、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的特点。结果表明,D2处理的麦田0~100 cm土层土壤相对含水量在返青期显著高于D3、D4处理,与D1处理无显著差异;在拔节期、开花期、成熟期D2处理显著高于D1、D4处理,与D3处理差异不显著。群体总茎数在越冬期、返青期、拔节期均随种植密度的增加而增加,且不同处理之间差异显著,在开花期、成熟期D4处理显著高于其他处理,D3、D2处理差异不显著,但显著高于D1处理;分蘖成穗率在D2处理下达到最大值,为52.51%;D2处理的叶面积指数在开花后0 d、开花后7 d、开花后14 d显著高于其他处理;开花后7 d,D2处理的冠层光合有效辐射截获量、截获率、光能利用率均显著高于D1、D3、D4处理,冠层光合有效辐射透射率表现为D3、D2处理差异不显著,但显著低于D4处理和D1处理。D2处理的拔节至开花阶段、开花至成熟阶段干物质积累量显著高于其他处理,单位面积穗数随种植密度的增加而增加,但D2、D3处理差异不显著;穗粒数、千粒重随种植密度的增加而降低,D1、D2处理差异不显著,但显著高于D3、D4处理;籽粒产量及水分利用效率均在D2处理下达到最大值,分别为9 158.71 kg·hm^-2、17.21 kg·hm^-2·mm^-1。这说明在本试验条件下,180×10⁴ 株·hm^-2为构建宽幅播种小麦合理群体结构、提高群体光能利用率、籽粒产量及水分利用效率的最优种植密度。     

施硒对不同密度春小麦产量和籽粒硒含量的影响

为确定新疆富硒小麦的最适宜种植密度和施硒量,在种植密度为450万株·hm^-2（D₁）、600万株·hm^-2（D₂）、750万株·hm^-2（D₃）条件下,在灌浆前期分别喷施5个浓度的亚硒酸钠,折合纯硒为0 g·hm^-2（Se₁）、15 g·hm^-2（Se₂）、30 g·hm^-2（Se₃）、45 g·hm^-2（Se₄）、60 g·hm^-2（Se₅）,分析不同处理对春小麦产量及其构成因素、籽粒硒含量、硒累积量、吸收利用率及籽粒氮、磷、钾含量的影响。结果表明,D₂处理下小麦的成穗数、穗粒数、穗长、千粒重、产量均最佳,分别为663.00×10⁴·hm^-2、45.37、10.45 cm、44.38 g、7 291.38 kg·hm^-2,产量较D₁和D₃分别提高了13.24%和9.89%。施硒可使小麦产量增幅达4.59%~16.21%;施硒后籽粒中有机硒含量达140.90~346.32 μg·kg^-1,占总硒含量的79.17%~82.47%。密度对籽粒总硒、有机硒、无机硒含量、籽粒硒强化指数没有明显影响,但对籽粒硒累积量、硒利用率影响显著,其中D₂处理下硒累积量最大。密度和施硒互作对硒累积量影响显著,但对其他指标影响均不显著。施硒能显著增加籽粒氮、磷含量,降低钾含量;Se₄处理下籽粒的氮、磷含量最高,比不施硒平均增加4.55%、16.67%,Se₁处理籽粒钾含量最高,达0.28%~0.29%。在本试验条件下,小麦最优种植密度和施硒量分别为600万株·hm^-2和45 g·hm^-2。     

株行距配置对宽幅播种小麦产量形成的影响

为探明不同株行距配置对宽幅播种高产栽培下冬小麦产量形成调控的生理基础,选用高产冬小麦品种泰山28为材料,采用裂区设计,主区为种植密度（150×10⁴、225×10⁴和300×10⁴株·hm^-2）,副区为播种行距（25、20和15 cm）,研究了不同株行距配置下小麦干物质积累、转运及产量的影响。结果表明,在150×10⁴株·hm^-2种植密度下,小麦干物质积累量均处于较低水平,产量亦较低;在种植密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2配置20或25 cm行距和种植密度300×10⁴株·hm^-2配置25 cm行距时,小麦干物质积累量和产量均达到较高水平。在种植密度225万株·hm^-2和行距20 cm处理下,小麦开花前营养器官贮藏的同化物向籽粒的转运量、开花后光合产物在籽粒中的积累量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率均显著高于其他处理。泰山28在种植密度225×10⁴株·hm^-2配置20或25 cm行距和种植密度300×10⁴株·hm^-2配置25 cm行距下均可实现三者的协调,获得较高的产量。因此,合理的种植密度和行距配置是实现宽幅播种高产栽培小麦高产的重要技术途径。     

播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号干物质积累及产量的调控效应

为确定江苏淮南麦区红皮强筋小麦高产栽培的适宜播期、种植密度和氮肥施用量,选用红皮强筋小麦新品种镇麦10号作为试验材料,在基施45%复合肥375 kg·hm^-2和尿素150 kg·hm^-2条件下,分析了播期和密氮组合对小麦群体干物质积累和产量的影响。结果表明,播期和密氮组合对镇麦10号产量及干物质积累量有极显著的影响。随着播期的延迟,镇麦10号产量先升后降,穗数和千粒重下降,穗粒数略有增加。11月5日播种较10月20日和11月20日播种分别增产2.26%和10.59%;种植密度对籽粒产量的影响因播期不同而有所差异;种植密度增加有利于提高有效穗数,但降低穗粒数和千粒重。10月20日播种时,提高种植密度不利于产量的增加,在基本苗225×10⁴ 株·hm^-2下平均产量最高,较基本苗300×10⁴ 和375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2分别增产3.52%和9.21%;11月5日和11月20日播种时,籽粒产量随着密度的提高而增加,以基本苗375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2的产量最高,较基本苗225×10⁴ 和300×104株·hm^-2分别增产6.32%、4.89%和4.58%、3.25%。增加追氮量有利于穗数、穗粒数和千粒重的增加,但过量追氮时,穗数、穗粒数和千粒重降低;追施纯氮120 kg·hm^-2可显著提高籽粒产量,追氮量过多过少均不利于产量的增加。早播、增加种植密度、增施氮肥均能促进镇麦10号干物质积累,但不利于产量的提高。在本试验条件下,镇麦10号高产最适播期为11月5日,最优密度为375×10⁴ 株·hm^-2,适宜追氮量为120 kg·hm^-2。     

种植密度对啤酒大麦品质和产量的影响

为给甘肃省河西地区啤酒大麦的生产栽培提供理论依据,以甘啤6号和垦啤6号为试验材料,于2012-2014年在张掖市民乐、山丹和甘州区三个试点对不同种植密度的啤酒大麦的产量和品质进行了分析。结果表明,在450~900万粒·hm^-2范围内,随着种植密度的增加,甘啤6号和垦啤6号的产量以及淀粉含量均呈先增后减趋势,千粒重呈下降趋势,籽粒蛋白质含量呈先降后升趋势,而种植密度对籽粒含水量和整齐度的影响不明显。建议甘啤6号和垦啤6号在河西地区适宜的播种量为600~675万粒·hm^-2。     

种植密度对春大麦物质积累与转运的影响

为给大麦高产优质栽培中种植密度的合理选择提供理论依据,以蒙啤3号、甘啤4号、蒙啤5号、垦啤7号4个品种为供试材料,分析了375万、450万、525万和600万株·hm^-24个种植密度下大麦干物质和氮素积累、转运的规律。结果表明,随着种植密度的提高,大麦干物质花前积累量呈先升后降趋势,积累率及对籽粒产量的贡献率呈先降后升趋势,茎叶的干物质转运量在525万株·hm^-2种植密度下最高。氮素花前积累量和转运量均呈先升后降趋势,花前积累率、转运效率及对籽粒氮素的贡献率呈先降后升趋势。不同种植密度下各大麦品种茎秆干物质转运量均大于叶片,转运效率则表现为叶片大于茎秆,干物质转运对籽粒产量的贡献率以茎秆较高。蒙啤3号和甘啤4号各器官氮素转运量以叶片较高,蒙啤5号和垦啤7号则以茎秆较高;转运效率均以叶片较高;蒙啤3号和甘啤4号氮素转运对籽粒氮素的贡献率以叶片较高,蒙啤5号和垦啤7号则以茎秆为高。在本试验条件下,大麦最高产量的种植密度范围为550万～558万株·hm^-2。     

种植密度对旱地玉米植株性状及耗水特性的影响

以紧凑型玉米品种先玉335为试材,在半干旱区研究种植密度对旱地玉米植株性状、产量性状、耗水量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,2010年（平水年）玉米拔节期株高在密度间没有差异,抽雄期株高随密度增加显著降低;2011年（丰水年）拔节期和抽雄期株高均随密度增加有明显增加趋势;穗位高随密度增加呈直线增加。平水年产量随密度增加先增加后显著减少,呈抛物线型,收获指数随密度增加呈明显直线下降趋势;丰水年产量随密度增加而增加,当密度增加至7.5万株/hm²时,产量不再显著增加,收获指数随密度增加变化不大。不同密度生育期总耗水量相差不大,平水年密度间总耗水量极差值为4.1 mm;丰水年总耗水量随密度增加呈增加趋势,极差值仅为17.8 mm,播种-拔节期耗水量随密度增加呈明显增加趋势,其变异系数在整个生育期中最大。平水年玉米水分利用效率随密度增加先增加后降低,当种植密度为7.5万株/hm²时达到最大值;丰水年适宜密度为7.5万株/hm²,其水分利用效率为26.7 kg/（hm²·mm）。     

宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦光合特性及干物质积累量的影响

为明确宽幅条播和种植密度对燕麦光合特性及干物质积累的调节作用,于2019-2020年在内蒙古乌兰察布市农牧业科学研究院试验基地,以蒙农大燕1号为试验材料,设宽幅条播(K)和常规条播(C)两种播种方式以及300万株·hm_-2(D1)、450万株·hm_-2(D2)、600万株·hm_-2（D3）三个种植密度,比较分析了不同播种方式和密度下燕麦光合能力、干物质积累量和产量的差异。结果表明,随着密度的增加,燕麦叶片光合参数和SPAD值及单株干物质积累量均呈下降趋势。各密度下宽幅条播燕麦的叶片光合参数及干物质积累量均高于常规条播。其中,宽幅条播燕麦的净光合速率较常规条播增加了7.2%~24.8%,且在D3下增幅最大;蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度和SPAD值分别增加1.8%~24.1%、1.7%~25.5%和2.2%~11.5%;单株干物质积累量增加4.9%~56.2%。宽幅条播显著提高了燕麦穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量,其中在D1、D2和D3下分别增产8.6%、9.3%和14.5%,差异均达到0.05显著水平。由此可见,宽幅条播可有效促进燕麦光合作用、干物质积累及产量构成因素协调增长,最终实现增产,尤其是可有效缓解高密度下燕麦群体光合、干物质生产及产量形成的影响。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).