几种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力测定及复配增效作用

豆大蓟马是海南冬种豇豆的重要害虫,严重影响豇豆产品质量和商品价值。本文采用离心管药膜法,测定了毒死蜱、阿维菌素、高效氯氰菊酯、甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐、吡虫啉和啶虫脒等6种杀虫剂对豆大蓟马的毒力,并测定了甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与其它5种杀虫剂复配的增效作用及最佳配比。结果表明:供试药剂对豆大蓟马毒力(LC50)大小顺序为:甲维盐(0.000 5 g/L)阿维菌素(0.056 1 g/L)毒死蜱(0.125 3 g/L)高效氯氰菊酯(0.165 4 g/L)啶虫脒(0.228 3 g/L)吡虫啉(19.803 5 g/L);以甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱复配的共毒系数为776;甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐与毒死蜱配比为1∶9时的共毒系数为1 733。本研究为开发豆大蓟马防治药剂和田间化学防治提供了基本资料。     

氟硅唑与恶霉灵复配对棉花黄萎病菌的联合毒力测定

采用菌饼法测定了氟硅唑与恶霉灵复配制剂对棉花黄萎病菌的联合毒力。通过测定抑菌圈直径,计算生长抑制率、毒力回归式、EC50和共毒系数,结果表明:4种不同配比的氟硅唑与恶霉灵复配制剂对棉花黄萎病菌有明显的协同增效作用,共毒系数均大于200,其中氟·恶(1∶9)最大为243.53,其次是氟·恶(7∶5)和氟·恶(4∶8),氟·恶(2∶3)最小为204.98。综合考虑抑菌效果和成本等因素,氟·恶(1∶9)最佳。     

防治棉花黄萎病的最优菌/药组合筛选

为了获得对棉花黄萎病有较好防效的菌/药合剂,采用单因素试验对6种杀菌剂、3种植物诱抗剂和3株生防菌发酵液进行了筛选;并利用筛选获得的最佳药剂和菌株及其质量浓度进行复配,筛选出最佳菌药合剂配方。结果表明:单因素中46%咪鲜·几丁糖EW 4000倍液、68%噁霉灵·福美双WP 1000倍液和80%乙蒜素EC 800的防效分别为61.17%、45.66%和76.36%;壳寡糖50μg·mL~(-1)、茉莉酸甲酯10μg·mL~(-1)和水杨酸50μg·mL~(-1)的防效分别为36.61%、32.51%、31.51%;S37 3.3×10~5mL~(-1)、S713.3×10~5mL~(-1)、S44 1.65×10~5mL~(-1)的防效为27.05%、52.34%、59.15%。复配后46%咪鲜·几丁糖EW 4000倍液+壳寡糖50μg·mL~(-1)+S71 3.3×10~5mL~(-1)防效达到70.45%;46%咪鲜·丁糖EW 4000倍液+茉莉酸甲酯10μg·mL~(-1)+S37 3.3×10~5mL~(-1)防效达到73.86%。所筛选出的菌/药合剂最优组合可为棉花黄萎病的防治提供参考。     

阿维菌素与印楝油对柑桔红蜘蛛的增效作用

室内测定阿维菌素与印楝油对柑桔红蜘蛛的毒力及其复配组合的联合作用。毒力测定结果表明,阿维菌素与印楝油对柑桔红蜘蛛雌成螨处理后24 h的LC50分别为0.01 μg/mL 和6 579.87 μg/mL。以共毒因子法评价阿维菌素与印楝油6种复配组合的联合作用,结果显示,二者以1 ∶ 100和1 ∶ 125两种比例复配对柑桔红蜘蛛雌成螨的共毒因子分别为24.50和31.08,具增效作用;进一步以共毒系数法确定阿维菌素与印楝油以1 ∶ 125的比例复配增效作用最为显著,共毒系数为160.76。     

啶虫脒、硫丹混配对棉蚜防治增效作用的研究

 采用浸叶接虫法测定了啶虫脒与硫丹混配对棉蚜防治的增效作用及两种药剂混配的最佳配比。结果表明,啶虫脒与硫丹按有效成分1∶643比例进行混配时,混剂表现为明显的增效作用,共毒系数达178.9。啶虫脒与硫丹按有效成分1∶1713配比亦表现增效作用,共毒系数为203.8。2种药剂以最佳比例进行增效混配,不仅可以优化单剂的毒杀效果,还可延长单剂的使用寿命,延缓棉蚜的抗性发展。     

百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑对芒果蒂腐病菌的联合毒力

为明确百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑混配药剂对芒果蒂腐病菌(Botryodiplodia theobroma Pat.)的毒力增效作用,采用菌丝生长速率法测定百里香酚、苯醚甲环唑及其混配药剂对芒果蒂腐病菌的毒力,结合Horsfall法筛选混配药剂的增效比例,以孙云沛共毒系数法评价其联合毒力。结果显示,百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑配比为8∶2、7∶3和6∶4时,对抑制芒果蒂腐病菌菌丝生长表现为增效作用,其中以7∶3时增效最明显,毒性比率TR值为1.26;共毒系数法显示,百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑以7∶3混配时的EC50值为16.53 μg/mL,CTC值达175.25,增效显著。百里香酚与苯醚甲环唑混剂抑制芒果蒂腐病菌菌丝生长的最佳增效配比为7∶3。     

稻瘟灵与三乙膦酸铝混剂对稻瘟病的防治效果

分别采用孢子萌发法和菌丝生长法测定了三乙膦酸铝与稻瘟灵5种不同质量配比混剂对稻瘟病菌的毒力。结果表明,不同质量配比的三乙膦酸铝与稻瘟灵混剂都有不同程度的增效作用,其中以三乙膦酸铝与稻瘟灵质量比为1：1混剂的增效作用最为显著,其抑制孢子萌发和菌丝生长的共毒系数分别为203．92和190．24。田间试验结果表明,以40％三乙膦酸铝WP与40％稻瘟灵WP质量比为1：1的混剂（1g·L^-1）对稻瘟病的防治效果最佳,达87．20％,分别比40％三乙膦酸铝WP（2．86g·L^-1）和40％稻瘟灵WP（1．25g·L^-1）单用的防治效果提高14．40％和12．28％。     

1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂对温室黄瓜蚜虫防治效果试验

[目的]比较3种1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂对温室黄瓜蚜虫防治效果。[方法]施用3种试剂,并在处理前及处理后1、3、7 d分别调查蚜虫数量。[结果]三保奇花-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂、清源保-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂和碧琪-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂,药后7d对黄瓜蚜虫的防效分别为90.26%、81.82%和70.42%。[结论]三保奇花-1.5%除虫菊素水乳剂作为生物农药表现出优异的防效。     

小麦脱水素TaDHN-2基因功能与结构分析

脱水素是一类在逆境胁迫过程中诱导表达的重要功能蛋白。为了探讨脱水素基因的生物学功能,本研究以洛旱2号为研究材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆了小麦脱水素基因TaDHN-2,qRT-PCR分析了其在ABA诱导、PEG、NaCl胁迫处理下的表达模式,检测了TaDHN-2体外活性。结果表明,TaDHN-2可编码152个氨基酸,N端包含Y片段(VDEYGNP)及S片段(SSSSSEDDGMGGRRKK),C端包含两个保守的K片段(KIKEKLPG),属于脱水素的YnSKn亚类;表达特性分析显示,TaDHN-2受植物激素ABA诱导,属于ABA依赖的基因表达调控通路。渗透胁迫过程中,该基因在中国春和洛旱2号两个品种中具有不同的诱导表达模式,在中国春根系中的诱导表达幅度显著高于洛旱2号,而在洛旱2号叶片中的诱导表达量更高;体外活性鉴定发现,60℃高温条件下,浓度为100μg·mL~(-1)的TaDHN-2可使α-淀粉酶活性提高2倍;在4℃低温条件下,TaDHN-2在浓度大于20μg·mL~(-1)时可以提高α-淀粉酶的活性,当浓度增加到100μg·mL~(-1)时,可将α-淀粉酶活性提高为对照的1.6倍。以上结果说明,TaDHN-2蛋白具有显著的酶活性保护功能。     

唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用防除大豆田杂草技术研究

为了明确唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用的适宜配比及防除大豆田杂草的施药剂量,采用盆栽法测定了唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺5个配比的稗草生物活性,通过田间试验研究了4个混用剂量对大豆出苗数、株高、产量的影响和对杂草的防效。结果表明:唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用具有很好的增效作用,对大豆安全,适宜的混用比例为1∶20,适宜的施药量为900~1 200 g·hm~(-2)。唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺按1∶2.5、1∶5、1∶10、1∶20、1∶40混用的5个配比对稗草的生物活性均表现为增效作用,共毒系数为240.72~380.59,其中以1∶20配比的共毒系数最高。唑嘧磺草胺与精异丙甲草胺混用比例为1∶20时,施药量600,900,1 200,1 800 g·hm~(-2)施药后45 d对杂草的总株防效为78.9%~98.2%,鲜重防效为85.3%~99.6%,4个混用处理与人工除草处理之间在大豆出苗数、株高和产量方面均没有显著差异。     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

先玉335、郑单958和京科968抗虫能力的比较研究

以先玉335、郑单958、京科968为材料,以玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)、黏虫(Mythimna separata)和禾谷缢管蚜(Rhopalosiphum padi)为供试昆虫,探究玉米品系大喇叭口期对玉米螟和黏虫及抽雄期对禾谷缢管蚜抗性差异,测定其主要抗虫化合物丁布类物质的含量。结果发现,京科968对玉米螟及禾谷缢管蚜抗性均高于另外两个品系;对黏虫的抗性,郑单958和京科968高于先玉335。大喇叭口期京科968中丁布类物质含量最高,抽雄期郑单958和京科968中主要丁布成分含量均高于先玉335,上述组织中丁布合成相关基因在郑单958及京科968中的表达量也均高于先玉335。本研究揭示杂交玉米抗虫性与抗性相关化合物含量及其相关基因表达间存在正向相关关系,为抗虫玉米分子育种提供理论参考。     

Effect of a continuous hot water treatment of potato tubers on seed-borne fungal pathogens

Summary The viability of five pathogens was decreased by treatment with hot water when tested in vitro.Polyscytalum pustulans was most sensitive andRhizoctonia solani least sensitive. Potato tubers were exposed to 55°C for 5 min in a commercial continuous hot water treatment plant using naturally contaminated seed tubers and tubers which had been inoculated by dipping in comminuted cultures. The frequency of eyes colonised byP. pustulans, Helminthosporium solani, andR. solani was reduced to virtually zero and the effect persisted on tubers subsequently stored at 4°C and at 15°C for up to 16 wk. Results withColletotrichum coccodes were inconclusive. Treatment suppressedPenicillium spp. which, however, rapidly recolonised the eyes during storage, leading to higher contamination levels in the treated than in the untreated tubers. With tubers inoculated withPhoma foveata, good control was achieved when the incubation period before treatment was 10 d but not when the period was 42 d.     

Evaluation of fungicides to control Petri disease pathogens in the grapevine propagation process

The efficacy of fourteen selected fungicides against Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Phaeoacremonium aleophilum was evaluated in vitro by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Azoxystrobin, carbendazim and tebuconazole were the most effective fungicides against P. chlamydospora, while carbendazim and didecyldimethylammonium chloride were the most effective against P. aleophilum. An assay was also conducted with cubiet, hydroxyquinoline sulphate and didecyldimethylammonium chloride to determine their potential to prevent infections caused by these pathogens during the hydration stage in grapevine propagation. The results of this experiment demonstrated that P. chlamydospora and P. aleophilum were able to infect healthy cuttings during the hydration stage and showed that didecyldimethylammonium chloride was consistently the best treatment as a disinfectant soak for grapevine cuttings. Additionally, semi-commercial trials were conducted in two grapevine nurseries to evaluate the effectiveness of several strategies with carbendazim, flusilazole and hydroxyquinoline sulphate at different nursery stages. Soaking planting material in carbendazim during the hydration stage was the most effective treatment since neither P. chlamydospora nor P. aleophilum were isolated from planting material in either nursery.     

Evaluation of diploid potato clones for resistance to tuber soft rot induced by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica,E. carotovora subsp.carotovora andE. chrysanthemi

Summary Tubers of clones from a diploid hybrid population ofSolanum phureja andS. stenotomum were screened for resistance to tuber soft rot caused by strains ofErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica (Eca),E. carotovora subsp.carotovora (Ecc) andE. chrysanthemi (Ech). Significant, positive correlations between resistance to the different strains and species were observed, indicating that screening for resistance to tuber soft rot could be accomplished by using just one of the three pathogens. Strains of Ecc and Ech were found to be much more virulent than strains of Eca. Inoculating with Ecc and Ech resulted in more distinct differences among susceptible, moderately resistant and resistant clones than inoculating with Eca.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

玉米灌浆期3种鳞翅目害虫的空间分布

采用网格式取样200株玉米,整株剖秆调查亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和棉铃虫在玉米上的数量,用地统计学的方法分析和模拟它们在田间的水平分布;采用生态位理论分析3种害虫在玉米植株上的生态位和种间竞争。结果表明,亚洲玉米螟、桃蛀螟和3种鳞翅目害虫整体在玉米田中的水平分布分别适合球形、高斯、球形模型拟合,均属于聚集分布。Kriging插值模拟图显示,亚洲玉米螟和桃蛀螟为核心分布型;在垂直分布上,雌穗上3种害虫数量最多,占总虫量的69.82%。亚洲玉米螟的基础生态位宽度最大,在整株玉米上都可危害;桃蛀螟则主要在玉米中、上部;棉铃虫基础生态位最窄,只在雌穗附近危害。3种害虫在玉米茎秆上种间竞争激烈,异种害虫无法共存;雌穗上种间竞争程度小于茎秆,异种害虫可以共存。