27种农药对家蚕的毒性评价研究

采用浸叶法在室内测定了27种农药对家蚕的急性毒性,并根据其毒性范围进行分级,评价了其对环境的安全性。结果表明:有2种药剂的LC50 50 为0.1~10 mg/L,属于高毒级;7种药剂的LC50 为10~1 000 mg/L,属于中等毒级;10种药剂的LC50 >1 000 mg/L,属于低毒级。就农药对家蚕的毒性测定方法进行了讨论。     

氟虫腈对家蚕的急性毒性与安全评价研究

氟虫腈是我国稻桑混栽地区水稻上普遍使用的杀虫剂。采用食下毒叶法、口器注入法与药 膜法测定了不同条件下氟虫腈对家蚕的急性毒性。氟虫腈对2龄、3龄、4龄、5龄家蚕的摄入LC50值 (48 h,下同)分别为4.89、6.46、9.47、11.59 mg/L;对5龄家蚕的LD50值为1.38 μg/蚕;在25、30、35 ℃ 3个温度下,氟虫腈对2龄家蚕的LC50值分别为4.81、4.59、2.05 mg/L;桑叶浸药时间为1 s、10 s、1 min、10 min、1 h时,氟虫腈对3龄家蚕的LC50值分别为9.12、6.46、4.39、3.68、2.80 mg/L;家蚕在氟虫腈药膜上爬行1、10、30、60 min后, 对4龄家蚕的接触LC50值分别为2.82、2.35、2.05、1.57 μg/cm2。研究表明,胃毒是氟虫腈对家蚕的主要作用方式,氟虫腈在桑园附近水稻上使用对家蚕有较大风险。     

高效氯氟氰菊酯和啶虫脒及其复配剂对家蚕环境毒性的研究

本文采用食下毒叶法测定了高效氯氟氰菊酯和啶虫脒及其复配剂共8个农药制剂对家蚕2龄幼虫的毒性,结果表明:8种农药不同梯度浓度的药液浸渍桑叶饲喂家蚕后,各药剂对家蚕的LC50值均＜0.5mg/L,对家蚕有极高风险性.     

一些常用农药对斑马鱼的毒性与安全评价

采用半静态法在室内测定了一些常用农药对斑马鱼的急性毒性,并根据<化学农药环境安全评价试验准则>中农药对鱼类的毒性等级划分,评价了这些农药对鱼类的安全性.结果表明:有1种药剂的96h LC50＜0.1mg/L,属于剧毒级;6种药剂的96h C50为0.1～1.0 mgCL,属于高毒级;8种药剂的96h C50为1.0～10 mg,L,属于中毒级;6种药剂的96h LC50＞10 mg/L,属于低毒级.     

14种农药对9·芙家蚕(Bombyxmori)的急性毒性评价

旨在为桑园及周围农田合理用药提供科学依据,采用浸叶法首先比较了乐果对8种广东地区常见家蚕品系的急性毒性,并筛选出对乐果最敏感品系为9·芙,可推荐作为农药登记和风险性评估的广东地区的家蚕品种。同时对浸叶法中2种常见晾干方式进行了比较,以完善并提高家蚕急性毒性试验浸叶法的可比性和可靠性。结果表明,平铺自然晾干法更接近自然环境中桑叶接触农药后干燥的状态。以9·芙家蚕为供试蚕种,评估了14种农药对家蚕的急性毒性,结果表明:甲氧虫酰肼、阿维菌素和氯虫苯甲酰胺对家蚕96h的LC_(50)值分别为O.144、0.015 5和0.025 5mg a.i./L,属于剧毒级;噻虫嗪、杀螟丹、茚虫威对家蚕96h的LC_(50)值分别为1.94、3.87和2.76mg a.i./L,属于高毒级;杀菌剂吡唑醚菌酯对家蚕96h的LC_(50)值为20.8mg a.i./L,属于中毒级;杀虫剂虫螨腈、乐果,杀菌剂咯菌腈、戊唑醇以及除草剂双草醚、烟嘧磺隆和炔草酯96h的LC_(50)值均200mg a.i./L,属于低毒级。因此,在桑园及其附近大田使用农药时,应采取适当措施降低其对家蚕的急性毒性,同时严格控制安全间隔期,以免对桑蚕生产造成损失。     

6种特异性杀虫剂对家蚕的毒性评价及中毒症状观察

采用食下毒叶法,测定6种农药对家蚕的急性毒性,结果表明,阿维菌素、多杀菌素对家蚕96 h的LC50分别为0.002 0,0.089 1 mg/L,属剧毒级农药;烟碱的LC50为7.260 4 mg/L,属高毒级农药;苦参碱、狼毒素和苏云金杆菌LC50均大于200 mg/L,属低毒级农药。通过观察家蚕中毒症状,毒性较高的杀虫剂中毒症状较明显,得出结论阿维菌素、多杀菌素及烟碱不适合在桑园及周边使用。     

毒死蜱与氟虫腈复配对环境生物的影响研究

本文测定了毒死蜱与氟虫腈及其复配对靶标生物小菜蛾和二化螟的室内活性,对非靶标生物意大利蜜蜂、家蚕、斑马鱼的毒性。试验结果为毒死蜱对小菜蛾,二化螟,蜜蜂,斑马鱼,家蚕的LC50分别为586.2,45.97,2.482,0.723,1.749mg/L;氟虫腈对上述生物的LC50分别为0.121 4,1.038,0.025 1,0.180,2.325mg/L;复配后对上述生物的LC50分别为0.5256,5.626,1.983,0.535,1.528mg/L。复配后对小菜蛾、二化螟的共毒系数为230.6、153.3,对蜜蜂、斑马鱼、家蚕的共毒系数为11.6、103.8、117.3。     

虫螨腈对家蚕的安全性评价

分别以240 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂1 000倍液、2 000倍液和45%毒死蜱乳油1 200倍液对桑树叶片喷雾,在药后第3天和第4天采集桑叶,开展家蚕饲毒试验,调查虫螨腈对家蚕的安全性。结果显示,用经过240 g/L虫螨腈悬浮剂处理的桑叶饲喂家蚕,与清水对照相比,3龄家蚕幼虫死亡率、后期结茧率、死笼率和茧重等指标均未受明显影响。说明该药剂在试验设计剂量下对家蚕相对安全。而经对照药剂45%毒死蜱乳油处理的桑叶对家蚕致死率达80%以上,死笼率也明显上升。     

6种农药对家蚕的毒性与安全性评价研究

采用毒叶饲喂法测定高效氯氟氰菊酯、茚虫威、吡虫啉、毒死蜱、杀虫单和百菌清对家蚕的毒性。4d结果表明:高效氯氟氰菊酯和茚虫威对家蚕LC50<0．5 mg·L-1,属剧毒级,吡虫啉、毒死蜱和杀虫单对家蚕LC50为0．5-20 mg·L-1,属高毒级;这5种杀虫剂的田间施药浓度／LC50比值远大于10,对家蚕都具有极高风险性。杀菌剂百菌清对家蚕的LC50 为2 828mg·L-1,对家蚕属低毒级,田间施药浓度／LC50比值介于0．1-1．0之间,对家蚕为中等风险性等级。     

六种杀虫剂对小地老虎的毒力及对土壤生物安全性评价

为筛选出高效安全的土壤处理杀虫剂,室内采用浸叶法比较了3种新杀虫剂与3种已登记的杀虫剂对小地老虎的毒力,同时用人工土壤法和密闭法分别测定了6种药剂对蚯蚓的急性毒性和对土壤呼吸强度的影响。结果显示,溴虫腈、茚虫威和甲维盐对小地老虎3龄幼虫的毒力明显高于3种已登记药剂毒死蜱、辛硫磷和高效氯氟氰菊酯;溴虫腈、茚虫威和甲维盐对蚯蚓的LC50分别为1320．80、1153．42和167．91mg／kg,均低于其它3种药剂,属于低毒级;供试杀虫剂中以溴虫腈对小地老虎和蚯蚓的毒力选择性最高,其毒力选择性比值（蚯蚓LC50／小地老虎LC50）为7115．23;6种药剂对土壤微生物均无危害性。     

5种药剂对不同发育阶段白蜡绵粉蚧Phenacoccus fraxinus的室内毒力

白蜡绵粉蚧Phenacoccus fraxinus Tang是白蜡Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.的一种重要害虫。为筛选出高效防治白蜡绵粉蚧的药剂,本试验采用浸渍法测定了5种药剂对不同龄期白蜡绵粉蚧的毒力。测试的5种药剂对白蜡绵粉蚧1龄若虫致死中浓度为18.48~24.52 mg/L,均表现较高的毒力。对2龄若虫和成虫的致死中浓度分别为18.48~76.25 mg/L和44.00~79.53 mg/L,毒力稍低于1龄若虫。但5种药剂对白蜡绵粉蚧3龄若虫的毒力明显低于其他龄期,除20%丁硫克百威乳油毒力较高(42.00 mg/L)外,其余4种药剂的致死中浓度为97.73~132.24 mg/L。因此,5种药剂对白蜡绵粉蚧1、2龄若虫和成虫毒力较强且稳定,均可作为防治白蜡绵粉蚧低龄若虫和成虫的优良药剂,但3龄若虫最好选用毒力较高的20%丁硫克百威乳油进行防治。     

9种农药对黄瓜新绥螨若螨和卵的影响

本文采用4种方法测定了已测试对黄瓜新绥螨Neoseiulus cucumeris(Oudemans)雌成螨无毒的9种常用农药对其若螨和卵的影响.结果表明:25%噻虫嗪(阿克泰)水分散粒剂和0.5%苦参碱烟碱(果圣)水剂对若螨和卵的LC50分别为3128.49mg·L-1和1802.67mg·L-1、26.37mg·L-1和27.01mg·L-1;喷雾法和二次中毒测定发现这2种农药常规使用浓度对若螨和卵的校正死亡率均低于10%,表明这2种农药对若螨和卵影响很小.0.3%印楝素乳油对若螨和卵的LC50分别为7.43mg·L-1和8.70mg·L-1,喷雾法和叶片残毒法测定发现其常规使用浓度对若螨和卵的校正死亡率分别为5.17%～36.21%和3.95%～28.95%,表明该农药对若螨和卵低毒.80%代森锌可湿性粉剂、80%代森锰锌(大生M-45)可湿性粉剂、50%代森锰锌可湿性粉剂和50%多菌灵+福美双(普雅图)可湿性粉剂常规使用浓度对若螨和卵的校正死亡率均低于5%,表明这4种杀菌剂对若螨和卵无明显影响.86.2%氧化亚铜(铜大师)可湿性粉剂和77%氢氧化铜(可杀得)可湿性粉剂常规使用浓度对若螨的校正死亡率最高分别达到16.81%和9.32%,对卵的校正死亡率均低于5%,表明这2种杀菌剂对若螨低毒,对卵无明显影响.     

Effect of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos on locomotor behaviour and acetylcholinesterase activity of subterranean termites, Odontotermes obesus

The acute toxicity of chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos to subterranean termites, Odontotermes obesus (Rambur), has been studied by a paper contact method. The LC50 values for chlorpyrifos and monocrotophos were 0.046 and 0.148 microg cm(-2), respectively. Chlorpyrifos was 3.22-fold more toxic than monocrotophos. The effect of the pesticides on locomotor behaviour (velocity) and head acetylcholinesterase (AChE: EC 3.1.1.7) activity was estimated in LC50-exposed termites at intervals of 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h. Chlorpyrifos- and monocrotophos-treated termites showed, respectively, 97 and 88% reduction in locomotor behaviour (velocity) after 24 h. At all time intervals the chlorpyrifos-treated termites exhibited more AChE inhibition and showed greater distorted behaviour than those exposed to monocrotophos. In vitro studies indicated that the I50 value (50% inhibition) for chlorpyrifos against AChE was 8.75 times that of monocrotophos.     

Velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) extracts: impact on Meloidogyne incognita survival and on Lycopersicon esculentum and Lactuca sativa germination and growth

Velvetbean (Mucuna spp.) is a summer annual that has been used as a cover crop to reduce erosion, fix nitrogen and suppress weeds and plant-parasitic nematodes. Crude aqueous extracts (1:15 dry weight plant/volume water) were made from velvetbean plant parts, and various concentrations of the extracts were evaluated in vitro for toxicities to different stages of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood and for suppression of hypocotyl and root growth and inhibition of germination of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Germination was only affected by the full-strength extract from leaf blades. Lettuce root growth was the most sensitive indicator of allelopathic activity of the plant part extracts. Lettuce and tomato root growth was more sensitive to the extract from main roots than to extracts of other plant parts, with lethal concentration (LC50) values of 1.2 and 1.1% respectively. Meloidogyne incognita egg hatch was less sensitive to extracts from velvetbean than the juvenile (J2) stage. There was no difference among LC50 values of the extracts from different plant parts against the egg stage. Based on LC50 values, the extract from fine roots was the least toxic to J2 (LC50 39.9%), and the extract from vines the most toxic (LC50 7.8%). The effects of the extracts were nematicidal because LC50 values did not change when the extracts were removed and replaced with water.     

The relative toxicities of insecticides to earthworms of the Pheretima group (Oligochaeta)

An artificial soil test was used to determine the LC50 values of carbaryl, chlorpyrifos, imidacloprid, cyfluthrin and fipronil against earthworms of the Pheretima group. For a 24-h interval, carbaryl was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 77 mg kg-1), followed by imidacloprid (155 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (351 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (390 mg kg-1) and fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1) as the least toxic. For the 48-h and 7-day intervals, imidacloprid was the most toxic to earthworms (LC50 = 5 mg kg-1 and 3 mg kg-1 respectively), followed by carbaryl (16 mg kg-1; 9 mg kg-1), cyfluthrin (128 mg kg-1; 110 mg kg-1), chlorpyrifos (330 mg kg-1; 180 mg kg-1) and the least toxic was fipronil (> 8550 mg kg-1 both intervals). The surface application rates required to achieve these values are compared with the rates recommended for the control of turfgrass pests.     

毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蚯蚓毒性与安全评价研究

按照“化学农药环境安全评价试验准则”的规定,测定了2种常用农药毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蚯蚓的毒性。结果表明：对蚯蚓的LC50(7d)毒死蜱为89．25mg／kg,甲氰菊酯为142．4mg／kg;LC50(14d)毒死蜱为83．63mg／kg,甲氰菊酯为36．41mg／kg。供试2种农药对蚯蚓的毒性均为低毒。     

Insecticidal properties of essential plant oils against the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus (Diptera: Culicidae)

The insecticidal activities of essential oil extracts from leaves and flowers of aromatic plants against fourth-instar larvae of the mosquito Culex pipiens molestus Forskal were determined. Extracts of Myrtus communis L were found to be the most toxic, followed by those of Origanum syriacum L, Mentha microcorphylla Koch, Pistacia lentiscus L and Lavandula stoechas L with LC50 values of 16, 36, 39, 70 and 89 mg litre-1, respectively. Over 20 major components were identified in extracts from each plant species. Eight pure components (1,8-cineole, menthone, linalool, terpineol, carvacrol, thymol, (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene and (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene) were tested against the larvae. Thymol, carvacrol, (1R)-(+)-alpha-pinene and (1S)-(-)-alpha-pinene were the most toxic (LC50 = 36-49 mg litre-1), while menthone, 1,8-cineole, linalool and terpineol (LC50 = 156-194 mg litre-1) were less toxic.     

两种农药不同亚致死浓度对梨小食心虫生长发育和繁殖的影响

在室内将梨小食心虫即将孵化的卵置于浸药幼果上,测定高效氯氟氰菊酯和氯虫苯甲酰胺不同亚致死浓度对梨小食心虫不同龄期幼虫发育时间、幼虫和蛹的发育历期、化蛹率和成虫羽化率、成虫产卵量的影响。结果表明,两种药剂不同亚致死浓度均使害虫不同龄期发育时间、幼虫和蛹发育历期显著延长,且随药剂浓度增加而增加;对化蛹率影响较小;两种药剂较高浓度会显著影响羽化率。两种药剂不同亚致死浓度对蛹重和产卵量影响显著:高效氯氟氰菊酯3个浓度均会显著减轻雌、雄蛹重量,且对雌蛹重量抑制率要高于雄蛹,并使成虫产卵量减少;氯虫苯甲酰胺LC50剂量也会显著减轻雌、雄蛹重量,使成虫产卵量显著减少,当药剂浓度降至LC20和LC30时,氯虫苯甲酰胺对雌、雄蛹重量和成虫产卵量影响不显著,但抑制率出现负值。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。