无机盐对乙酸底物甲烷发酵动力学的影响

厌氧发酵反应器中的甲烷化以乙酸降解途径为主。已知的数十属产甲烷菌中只有Methanothrix和Methanosarcina以乙酸为底物,其中Methanothrix常为消化器中的主力。该文以乙酸为碳源培养了Methanothrix优势菌液,分析了温度与无机盐对甲烷发酵的动力学影响。结果表明,通过调整无机盐浓度,可使常规浓度培养液的总反应速度常数提高8倍,对Methanothrix产甲烷有显著影响;以研究较为成熟的温度因素作参照,当温度与无机盐在工程范围变化时,引起的动力学常数的变化幅度分别为0．01～0．43和0．04～0．59,无机盐与温度具有相同数量级的影响力。此外,该文采用适于厌氧水解的动力学模型研究乙酸底物甲烷发酵过程,结果表明,其产甲烷进入对数期后与试验数据基本吻合。     

荞麦淀粉的真菌淀粉酶酶解动力学研究

为掌握真菌α-淀粉酶对荞麦淀粉的酶解特性,该文研究了不同底物浓度、酶浓度、pH值及温度对水解反应速率的影响,运用米氏方程对水解动力学过程进行描述和拟合,用Lineweaver-Burk和Wilkinson统计法求解动力学参数。结果表明,真菌α-淀粉酶对荞麦淀粉的水解反应初期遵循一级反应规律,可用米氏方程对水解动力学过程进行描述和拟合,在酶浓度为0.5 U/mL、pH值5.5、温度为55℃时米氏常数K_m为5.470 mg/mL,最大反应速率V_m为1.587 mg/(mL·min)。确立的包括底物浓度、酶浓度、水解温度在内的荞麦淀粉酶水解动力学模型,在303.15～333.15 K的温度范围内适用。     

红霉素菌渣厌氧消化产气潜能及动力学特性

为探究未经脱抗预处理的抗生素菌渣作为单一底物厌氧无害化处理的可行性,该研究以新鲜的红霉素菌渣（erythromycin fermentation residue,EFR）及其上清液为原料,在常温（20 ℃）、中温（35 ℃）和高温（55 ℃）条件下开展产气潜能及其动力学研究。研究结果表明：中温条件下,EFR获得最高的累积甲烷产量,为460 mL/g,比常温和高温时分别提高了163%和55.5%.通过一级动力学模型可以看出,EFR的产甲烷过程呈现明显的两阶段特性,其中高温时的产甲烷速率（ k₁ =0.1 422 d^-1）显著高于常温（k₁ =0.0 429 d^-1, P<0.05）和中温（k₁ =0.0 363 d^-1, P<0.05）。物料衡算分析显示,随着发酵温度的升高,EFR的水解转化率逐级提高,高温时最高为87%,表明高温条件下菌渣中残留的红霉素对水解菌基本未产生抑制作用。未经脱抗处理的EFR可直接作为厌氧发酵的原料,为菌渣的减量化和资源化处理提供了新的思路。     

嗜酸乳杆菌微胶囊的热稳定性及热动力学研究

为了使嗜酸乳杆菌微胶囊得到较好的应用，并为其保质期提供理论依据，根据其活菌数，对嗜酸乳杆菌微胶囊的热稳定性和热动力学进行分析研究。结果显示：在试验温度为45～60℃下，微胶囊的失活常数随温度的升高逐渐增大，90%微胶囊中的菌失活所需要的时间(D)分别为140.85 h、64.52 h、31.06 h及14.40 h，且在45～60℃范围内，D值变化90%时的温度变化量(Z)为15.20℃；利用Arrhenius方程计算出表观活化能(E)为124.43 kJ/mol。     

发芽条件对发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸含量的影响

以糙米为原料,研究浸泡温度、发芽温度和发芽时间对发芽过程中γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量变化的影响,建立基于GABA含量的糙米发芽动力学模型,以获得富含GABA发芽糙米的最佳工艺条件。结果表明：浸泡温度、发芽温度和发芽时间对GABA的含量有显著影响,采用Logistic生长模型建立的糙米发芽动力学方程能较好地描述GABA含量的变化规律。在30～40℃浸泡和33～38℃发芽,GABA的增长速率常数b和积累极限k均达到较高水平;基于GABA含量的最佳发芽条件为33.0℃浸泡12 h,35.1℃发芽26 h,此条件下GABA的含量可达32.23 mg/(100 g)。     

中温和高温环境下乙酸和丙酸厌氧发酵产甲烷动力学特征

采用不同浓度的乙酸和丙酸在中高温下进行厌氧发酵批次试验,采用修正的Gompertz模型和产甲烷的一级动力学模型分析,研究酸浓度和温度对发酵产气动力学的影响。研究表明,当乙酸和丙酸浓度较低时降解较快,高浓度酸抑制产气。乙酸在中温条件下降解较快,质量浓度为5 000 mg/L时中温反应有最大产甲烷速率101 mL/d;质量浓度为10 000 mg/L时高温条件下有最大产甲烷速率77 mL/d,随酸浓度增加,最大产甲烷速率减小,高温反应器对酸的耐受度较高。丙酸在高温条件下更易降解,浓度为4 000 mg/L时,中高温反应均有最大产气速率：78 mL/d（中温）和96 mL/d（高温）。另外,高浓度乙酸和丙酸厌氧降解产气具有滞后性,且随酸浓度的增加滞后期延长,降解过程受到抑制,一级动力学常数减小。温度对厌氧降解的影响大于酸浓度对厌氧降解的影响。     

预发酵方式对餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌及甲烷发酵的影响

餐厨垃圾水分和有机物含量高,在收集储运过程中易酸腐变臭,影响其资源化利用。该文在新鲜餐厨垃圾中分别接种酵母菌和乙酸菌进行乙醇和乙酸预发酵,预发酵后的餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合进行甲烷发酵,并与不接任何菌种的对照组比较,考察2种预发酵方式对餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌及其与酒糟混合甲烷发酵的影响。研究结果表明,乙酸和乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾均具有良好的酸化抑菌效果,其大肠杆菌和金黄葡萄球菌数均比对照组降低了2个数量级以上;累积甲烷产量由高到低的顺序是:乙醇预发酵对照乙酸预发酵组,前者累积产甲烷量比对照组和乙酸预发酵组分别提高21.3%和49.8%;乙醇预发酵组乙醇浓度最高,而乙酸和丙酸浓度均最低;相反,乙酸预发酵组挥发性脂肪酸浓度积累导致产甲烷菌活性较低,其产气效率最低。因此,乙醇预发酵是一种既能实现餐厨垃圾酸化抑菌,又能维持发酵系统的稳定性,提高其后续产甲烷效率的有效预发酵方式。     

乙醇预发酵对餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合甲烷发酵的影响

为了解决餐厨垃圾两相干式厌氧发酵产甲烷过程中的挥发酸抑制问题,该试验在酸发酵阶段添加产乙醇菌分别进行12、24和48 h的预发酵,然后在相同条件下进行甲烷发酵,考察不同乙醇预发酵时间对餐厨垃圾与酒糟混合发酵产甲烷的影响,考察其甲烷发酵过程中的pH值、总挥发性有机酸(total volatile fatty acid,TVFA)、乙酸、丙酸、乙醇等参数的变化,并与未经乙醇预发酵的对照组比较,以期为相关领域的理论与实践研究提供参考经验。结果表明:各组乙醇浓度和pH值从高到低的顺序依次为:预发酵48 h组24 h组12 h组对照组,而乙酸和TVFA则呈现相反的顺序;由于乙醇为中性物质,且比丙酸容易转化为乙酸,故可缓解由有机酸累积而导致的酸抑制,使乙醇预发酵12、24、48 h组的累积产甲烷量分别比未经预发酵对照组高9.1%、31.6%、19.9%左右,其中,乙醇预发酵24h时厌氧消化效果较好。研究为厌氧发酵产甲烷过程中的解决酸抑制问题提供参考。     

酵母菌PA4酿造苹果酒发酵条件的优化

通过三因素二次正交旋转回归实验设计，考察了发酵温度、接种量、发酵液初始pH值对酵母菌PA4酿造苹果酒品质的影响，得出苹果酒质量与影响因素的回归模型。结果表明：发酵温度和接种量对苹果酒质量的影响极显著(p＜0.01)，发酵液初始pH值对苹果酒质量的影响显著(p＜0.05)；菌株PA4酿造苹果酒的最佳工艺参数是发酵温度为24℃，接种量为10%，pH值为3.4。     

杨梅澄清汁及浓缩汁中花色苷热降解动力学的研究

杨梅花色苷易受温度、pH值等因素的影响而发生降解,是导致产品外观品质变劣的主要原因。本文研究了杨梅澄清汁及浓缩汁内花色苷在不同pH值和不同加热温度下的热稳定性。花色苷降解动力学数据的分析结果表明：杨梅花色苷热降解属动力学一级反应,随着pH值和温度的升高,杨梅花色苷降解的半衰期(t_1/2)和热降解活化能(Ea)显著下降,即花色苷的降解速度增大;同一处理条件下,浓缩果汁的t_1/2明显低于澄清汁。而反应速率常数k和Ea值大于澄清果汁,说明澄清汁花色苷的热稳定性优于浓缩汁。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.