14CO2 Assimilation and Translocation of 14C-Photosynthates by Different Parts of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)

The role of leaves, stem and reproductive parts in ¹⁴CO₂ fixation and subsequent photosynthate translocation was studied in Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea L.) at three growth stages. The data indicated that leaves, stem and pods are important sources of photosynthates for seed filling. At bud emergence stage leaves are the principle site of ¹⁴CO₂, fixation. The contribution of leaves declines at subsequent stages, where as the contribution of pod walls increased from bud emergence stage to ripening stage. The contribution of the stem remains more or less constant at all three growth stages studied. Although stem can fix ¹⁴CO², at bud emergence and flowering stages it imported ¹⁴C-photosynthates from leaves. However, stem exported photosynthates during subsequent growth stages.     

Interactive Effect of Nitrogen and Sulphur on Growth and Yield of Rape-seed-Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern. and Coss. and Brassica campestris L.) Genotypes

A simple randomized field experiment was conducted to assess the growth and yield of rape-seed-mustard in relation to sulphur and nitrogen interaction. Three levels of sulphur (0, 40 and 60 kg ha⁻¹) in combination with three levels of nitrogen (60, 100 and 150 kg ha⁻¹) were tested as treatments, T₁, T₂, T₃, T₄, and T₅. Results indicated significant favourable effects of sulphur and nitrogen, when applied together, on yield components, seed and oil yield. Maximum response was observed with treatment T₃ (having S and N of 40 and 100 kg ha¹, respectively). Percentage oil content of seed was maximal at T₄ (having S and N of 60 and 100 kg ha¹) in both cultivars. The increase in N dose from 100 to 150 kg ha⁻¹ without any change in applied S, i.e. 60 kg ha¹ (T₅), decreased the percentage oil content. The seed and oil yield, however, were similar to T₃. Favourable responses of S and N interaction on leaf area index, rate of photosynthesis and biomass production were also observed.     

Effect of Elevated CO2 and Nitrogen Nutrition on Photosynthesis, Growth and Carbon-Nitrogen Balance in Brassica juncea

The response of Brassica juncea var. Bio-183-92 to elevated CO₂ under increased nitrogen treatment was studied. There was an interactive effect of CO₂ and nitrogen nutrition, indicating that, on the addition of more nitrogen, the plants sustained the positive effect of CO₂ enrichment by utilizing additional carbohydrates for the development of new sinks. Excess carbohydrate enables plants to be flexible and responsive to additional nitrogen application to sustain the CO₂ enrichment effect.     

Effect of Elevated CO2 on the Photosynthesis, Growth and Water Relation of Brassica Species Under Moisture Stress

An attempt has been made to study the interactive effect of elevated CO₂ and moisture stress on photosynthesis, growth and water relations of Brassica species using open top chambers. It was observed that plants responded to elevated CO₂ significantly under moisture stress condition mitigating the adverse effects on photosynthesis and growth of Brassica species. Relatively drought susceptible species, viz. B. campestris and B. nigra , responded to elevated CC₂ markedly as compared to less sensitive B. carinata and B. juncea plants. The water status of plants significantly improved under elevated CO₂ concentration possibly by increasing stomatal resistance and/or by increased root growth.     

Effects during Period of Siliqua Developing of KH2PO4 and MgSO4 Application on Nitrogen Transportation in Pods of Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.)

An experiment was conducted in field experiment plot to investigate nitrogen transportation from hulls of pods in different periods at early stage of siliqua developing and effect of KH₂PO₄ and MgSO₄ application on it using ¹⁵N-urea.
More than 80 % of ¹⁵N applied on the surface of pods at lower terminal during flowering was recovered from all pods one month after flowering, most of them were still in the hulls of labelled pods, 17-27 % of ^l5N applied was transported into seeds, a small amount was transported to pods at upper terminal, a little amount was found in pods at branch. More ^l5N applied in middle period of flowering was transported to pods at upper terminal and branch than those applied in early period of flowering. It should be further investigated to conclude how will be going on transportation of nitrogen from hulls as preceding of siliqua developing towards maturity of seeds and its difference between ¹⁵N applied in more different periods.
Application of KH₂PO₄ and MgSO₄ with ¹⁵N-urea of surface of pods promoted transportation of ¹⁵N into seeds from hulls, effect of MgSO₄ was more notable.     

Effect of High Temperature Stress on 14CO2 Assimilation and Partitioning in Indian Mustard

Effect of heat stress on ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation and translocation by different parts was investigated in Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. Heat stress reduced ¹⁴CO₂ assimilation by leaves, stem and pods. Export of radioactive carbon from upper and lower leaves, upper and lower stem and stem of terminal raceme was inhibited in response to heat stress. Import of ¹⁴C-photosynthates into pods was also inhibited by heat stress indicating reduction in sink strength of the developing pods.     

甘蓝型油菜盐胁迫下幼苗鲜重和干重QTL定位及候选基因分析

盐胁迫是非生物胁迫中影响作物产量的一个主要因素,利用分子标记方法选育油菜耐盐品种对提高油菜产量具有重要意义。选用来自GH06与P174杂交后通过单粒传法连续自交获得的高世代重组自交系群体,以含16 g L–1Na Cl的Hoagland溶液培养幼苗进行盐胁迫处理25 d后,分别测定叶和根的鲜重及干重,根据已构建的高密度SNP遗传连锁图谱进行QTL定位,在QTL物理区间筛选耐盐相关基因并以极端表型材料进行q RT-PCR分析。采用复合区间作图法(CIM),在对照和盐胁迫处理中共检测到19个QTL,其中与盐胁迫相关的有6个,可解释的表型变异7.16%~16.15%,分布在A02、A04和C03染色体上,将QTL置信区间序列和拟南芥中与盐胁迫相关的基因比对分析,共找到8个候选基因。对其中4个候选基因在极端表型材料中的表达分析表明,BnaA02g14680D与BnaA02g14490D基因在盐胁迫处理后的48 h或72 h表达量均高于对照组,即基因的表达由盐胁迫引起,而BnaC03g64030D在敏感型材料中的相对表达量高于在耐盐型材料中,BnaC03g62830D在敏感型材料中没有明显变化,但在耐盐型材料中呈现先升高后降低的表达特征,其表达可能会增强植株对盐胁迫的耐受力。本研究为油菜耐盐基因功能挖掘和油菜耐盐品种选育奠定基础。     

Peroxidase Activity in Relation to Plant Height and Seed Yield in Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea L. Coss)

Peroxidase levels were assayed in 12 genotypes and in 36 F₁cross progenies of Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Coss) at twelve stages of development, starting from seed germination till seed formation. The levels of peroxidase activity and the coefficient of variation emphasized the role of differential enzyme activity at different stages of development. Genotypes were also evaluated for plant height and seed yield. The correlations of peroxidase activity in 24 h soaked seeds with plant height and seed yield were significantly positive while those of enzyme activity in 45 days old plants with these traits were significantly negative. The study suggests the changing role of enzyme at two critical stages of plant development.     

施氮量对油菜氮素积累和运转及氮素利用率的影响

于2010-2012年度以5个不同油含量的常规油菜品种为材料,设置120 (N1)、240 (N2)和360 kg hm^–2 (N3) 3个水平的氮肥处理,在初花期和成熟期取样及定期捡拾田间落叶,测定植株干物质积累量、氮素含量及油含量,研究氮肥水平对油菜氮素积累、运转及氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,随着氮肥用量增加,产量和氮素积累总量增加,氮素收获指数和氮素籽粒生产效率逐渐降低。不同处理叶片氮素运转率变幅为76.6%~80.2%,不同氮肥处理间无显著差异。不同处理茎枝氮素运转率变幅为36.0%~57.6%,随着氮肥用量增加而降低。不同处理落叶氮占植株总氮积累量比例的变幅为14.9%~20.3%,随着氮肥用量增加,落叶氮比例逐渐增加。不同处理初花期氮积累量占植株总氮量的变幅为75.5%~90.5%,随着氮肥用量的增加,其比例逐渐增加。初花期期积累氮素对后期产量形成作用较大,注重前期施肥可促进花芽分化,形成更多的有效角果,有利于获得高产。     

外源钙离子对低温胁迫下扁穗牛鞭草叶片保护酶活性的影响

为提高扁穗牛鞭草在中高海拔地区的越冬率,采用不同浓度Ca Cl2溶液对2个扁穗牛鞭草材料处理后进行低温胁迫处理,研究外源Ca2+对各材料叶片保护酶活性的影响。结果表明,扁穗牛鞭草在低温胁迫下,SOD活性变化规律是先升高后下降,然后再升高,但处理1-4的SOD活性是一直下降,处理2-2和2-4是先升高再下降,处理2-3是先下降再升高;POD活性是先升高,后下降,再升高,低温处理72 h后,2种材料中处理1-3、2-3的叶片POD活性最高,分别为652.65、708.10 U/g;CAT活性的变化都是急剧下降,低温胁迫72 h后,处理1-3及2-2的叶片CAT活性最高,分别为21.68、17.28 U/g。适宜浓度的Ca2+(10 mmol/L)能显著提高低温胁迫过程中扁穗牛鞭草的SOD、POD、CAT活性,对低温胁迫下扁穗牛鞭草的膜结构具有保护作用,可提高其抗寒性。     

干旱胁迫下油菜消减文库的构建及分析

以抗旱能力强的油菜Holiday为材料,以干旱处理的样品为Tester,正常水分管理(对照)为Driver构建干旱诱导的甘蓝型油菜叶片正向抑制性消减杂交 (SSH)文库。随机挑选24个阳性克隆进行PCR验证,结果表明,其中23个含有插入片段,平均大小在750 bp左右。将96个阳性克隆测序,并拼接和去除冗余,获得重叠群4条,单拷贝序列82条,平均长度为542 bp。经BlastX程序比对蛋白数据库发现,11条EST没有找到同源性序列,75条有同源序列。KOBAS分析发现,28条EST被定位到67条代谢途径中,根据P值推测,光合中的碳固定、有氧呼吸的电子供体、氮代谢、乙醛酸和二羧酸代谢在植物干旱胁迫中发挥着极为重要的作用。这些EST涉及到的功能中所占比例最大的分别是细胞器(58.82%)、结合(30.77%)和新陈代谢过程(43.72%),表明甘蓝型油菜面对干旱胁迫时,细胞器组件上的功能发挥了重要的作用,结合基因和蛋白被激活,加强了新陈代谢。     

Effects of Melatonin on the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities and Seed Germination of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under Salt-Stress Conditions

[Objective] Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seed germination, in which melatonin plays an important regulatory role, is seriously affected by soil salinization. Cotton seed germination, antioxidant enzyme activity levels and other physiological indicators were analyzed to clarify the regulatory effects of exogenous melatonin on cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions. [Method] The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of Hebei Agricultural University in Baoding City, Hebei Province from 2018 to 2019 using Guoxin Cotton 9 as the material. The germination rate, germination potential, seed biomass after germination, superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, of cotton seeds were measured after exposure to different melatonin concentrations (0, 10, 20, 50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) and 150 mmol·L^－1 NaCl treatments. [Result] After germination, the germination rate, germination potential, radical length and seed biomass significantly decreased, as did the SOD, POD and CAT activities. However, the MDA content significantly increased under salt-stress conditions. Low exogenous melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the germination potential, germination rate and biomass of cotton seeds, and promoted the elongation of radicals; however high melatonin concentrations (50 and 100 μmol·L^－1) inhibited cotton seed germination and decreased seed biomass after germination. Low melatonin concentrations (10 and 20 μmol·L^－1) increased the SOD, POD and CAT activities and decreased the MDA content in cotton seeds. [Conclusion] Low melatonin concentrations could promote germination and improve the salt tolerance of cotton seeds, while high melatonin concentrations could inhibit their germination. A 20 μmol·L^－1 melatonin concentration is appropriate for regulating cotton seed germination under salt-stress conditions.     

外源硼酸对铀胁迫下四季豆生理以及铀富集的影响

为了研究外源硼酸对铀胁迫下四季豆生理生化以及铀富集能力的影响,笔者以四季豆(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)为材料,通过盆栽控制试验,在含有铀污染的土壤中分别施加0、10、20、30、40、50 mg/kg的硼酸,在温室中种植培养四季豆,待四季豆开花前取样测定其生理指标和铀富集含量。结果表明:(1)随着硼酸浓度的升高,最大光化学效率(FV/Fm)和光合性能指数PIABS以及单位反应中心吸收的光能(ABS/RC)、单位反应中心捕获的能力(TRo/RC)、单位反应中心捕获的用于电子传递的能量(ETo/RC)和单位反应中心耗散的能量(DIo/RC)均呈现先升高后下降的趋势;叶绿素、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、可溶性蛋白、可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸也呈现先上升后下降的趋势;丙二醛(MDA)呈现先下降后升高的趋势;(2)随着外源硼酸浓度的升高,四季豆地上部和地下部铀含量以及植物铀含量都升高。说明了外源施加适宜浓度的硼酸可以提高四季豆对重金属铀的抗性,增加四季豆对铀的富集能力和转移能力。     

中国白菜小孢子离体培养和双单倍体植株再生

摘 要: 采用略加修改的NLN培养基（无机大量元素1/2）和甘蓝型油菜小孢子的胚状体诱导方法,培养了5个中国菜用小白菜品种和1个中国大白菜品种的小孢子,进行了双单倍体的诱导。结果表明,不同品种的小孢子产胚量差异很大,在接种的6个基因型中,有5个诱导出胚,诱导成功率83.33％ 。其中的中萁青抗热605产胚量最高,是8.676个胚／10蕾。这些胚在添加了NAA和PP333（多效唑）的B5培养基发育成健壮的小植株。关于6个基因型的小孢子胚胎发生能力,还有待进一步研究。     

大白菜TPS基因家族鉴定及其在高温胁迫下的表达分析

为明确大白菜TPS(BrTPS)家族成员信息及对高温胁迫信号的响应,本研究利用生物信息学方法,在大白菜基因组数据库中鉴定了BrTPS基因家族成员,并对其理化性质、进化特征、蛋白结构及在高温胁迫下的表达模式进行分析。结果表明,大白菜全基因组含有15个TPS基因家族成员,分布于8条染色体上。除BrTPS14和BrTPS15外,其余成员各含有1个TPS和1个TPP结构域,并且所含motif的排列顺序也完全一致。理化性质分析发现,15个成员的氨基酸长度介于129~1459 aa之间,分子量大小在14.73~165.83 kD之间,大部分BrTPS蛋白为酸性蛋白和亲水蛋白,以无规则卷曲作为二级结构主要构成元件。进化分析表明,大白菜TPS基因家族成员可分为2类,其中ClassⅠ包含5个成员,ClassⅡ包含10个成员。本研究对高温胁迫前后不同组织和持续高温胁迫下叶片中的表达分析,发现大部分的BrTPS基因可对高温胁迫产生响应,但在表达规律上存在差异。这些研究结果为后续研究大白菜TPS基因提供一定参考。     

The Effects of Foliar Application of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) on Antioxidant Enzymes Activities, Lipid Peroxidation and Proline Accumulation of Canola (Brassica napus L.) under Conditions of Salt Stress

The effects of salt stress on protein (PROT) content, lipid peroxidation, proline accumulation, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and superoxide dismutase (SOD; EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6) and peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) activity were studied in the leaves and roots of canola (Brassica napus L. cv. Okapi). Four weeks after sowing (at the V₄ stage), plants were exposed to salt stress by the application of NaCl solution (200 mm ) for 6 days daily, After 6 days followed by foliar application of ascorbic acid (AsA) solution (25 mm ). The activity of all the antioxidant enzymes assayed (except SOD in the roots) was increased significantly in the plants under conditions of salt stress. The application of AsA decreased enzyme activity in the leaves, but it had no effect on enzyme activity in the roots. The total PROT content of the leaves and roots decreased under the conditions of high salinity. AsA treatment of plants under salt stress increased the total PROT content significantly in both leaves and roots. Measurement of the malondialdehyde content of leaves and roots showed that lipid peroxidation was increased by interaction with damaging reactive oxygen species during salt stress, and that application of AsA reduced lipid peroxidation only in the leaves. The Chl content was also affected by salt stress. There was significant difference between the controls and salt‐stress treatments in Chl content. The results of the present study indicate that usage of AsA reduces the harmful effects of salinity and increases resistance to salinity in canola plant.     

不同氮素籽粒生产效率油菜品种苗期叶片光合特性差异

2007-2008年度通过对不同氮肥水平下28个品种苗期叶片叶绿素含量和光合参数以及氮素籽粒生产效率的测定,结果表明：（1）不同品种氮素籽粒生产效率差异较大,施用氮肥氮素籽粒生产效率显著降低。（2）多数品种施用氮肥叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值),净光合速率(Pn)增加;PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm),光化学淬灭系数(qP)增加,非光化学淬灭系数(qN)减小。（3）叶片叶绿素含量(SPAD值)与净光合速率(Pn)之间,净光合速率(Pn)与PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)之间都表现显著正相关关系。（4）氮素籽粒生产效率与苗期叶片PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)呈显著正相关,不施氮肥条件下氮素籽粒生产效率与SPAD值呈显著正相关。     

Physiological Genetics of Salt Tolerance in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Performance of Wheat Varieties, Inbred Lines and Reciprocal F1 Hybrids under Saline Conditions

Four bread wheat cultivars were studied at two salinity levels. Tobari 66 had the lowest uptake of Na⁺ and Cl⁻, and the highest K⁺/Na⁺ ratio; Pato had the highest uptake of these ions and Lyallpur 73 was intermediate. Intervarietal differences were greater at higher salinity, suggesting that they were not caused by variation at the Kna1 locus. There were significant differences between inbred lines for Na⁺, particularly in Blue Silver, suggesting the possibility of selecting genotypes with enhanced tolerance from within existing cultivars. Pato, Tobari 66 and their reciprocal F₁ hybrids were further evaluated at four salinity levels. The hybrids exhibited similar relative grain yield to Tobari, with better Na⁺ and Cl⁻ exclusion and higher K⁺/Na⁺ ratios than Pato. Overall, Tobari had the highest absolute yield under salinity, and the hybrids were closer to Tobari than to Pato. Tiller and grain numbers, 100-grain weight and yield were more affected by salinity than were height, spike length and spikelet number. We conclude that intervarietal variation for salt tolerance in wheat is controlled by genes which could be transferred to sensitive genotypes to improve their tolerance, and that the K⁺/Na⁺ ratio of the youngest leaf could be used to screen for salt tolerance.     

模拟干旱胁迫下不同甘蓝型油菜品种发芽能力的配合力与遗传效应分析

选择7个干旱胁迫下发芽能力不同的甘蓝型油菜品种进行完全双列杂交, 将亲本及F₁代种子在10% PEG模拟干旱胁迫条件下发芽, 测定相对单株鲜重、相对茎长、相对成苗率、相对发芽率、相对发芽势和相对活力指数, 用Griffing I方法对发芽性状进行一般配合力(GCA)和特殊配合力(SCA)遗传分析。结果表明, 一般配合力方差在42个组合间各性状达到了极显著水平, 特殊配合力方差在42个组合间除了相对活力指数外的各性状也达到了极显著水平。其中, 中双9号上述6性状的一般配合力效应值最高分别为0.0656、0.0708、0.1185、0.1048、0.1096和0.0861; 中双6号一般配合力效应虽然不高, 但其组合中双6号×西农长角和中双6号×中双10号的特殊配合力效应较高, 是耐旱性较强的组合。     

B_9、PP_(333)和ABA对芋头种质离体保存的影响研究

为延长芋头试管苗的保存时间,提高试管苗的成活率,以槟榔芋丛芽为试验材料,采用3种不同浓度的生长延缓剂和不同的温度和光照培养条件对芋头试管苗成活率的影响进行研究。结果表明,在常温(25±2)℃光照培养条件下,PP333、ABA和B9的最佳处理浓度分别为2.0、2.0、1.0 mg/L;在低温(5±1)℃光照培养条件下,PP333、ABA和B9的最佳处理浓度分别为1.0、1.0、0.5 mg/L;在低温(5±1)℃暗培养条件下,PP333、ABA和B9的最佳处理浓度为1.0、1.0、0.5 mg/L。与常温光照培养相比,低温光照培养的芋头试管苗成活率更高,生长延缓剂的最佳处理浓度也相对更低。与低温光照培养相比,低温暗培养的芋头试管苗的存活率相对更高,两者的处理浓度相同,但低温暗培养提高了芋头试管苗的存活率。通过离体保存的试管苗恢复生长后,长势旺盛,与对照株无明显差异,3种植物生长延缓剂均能有效提高芋头试管苗的成活率。