The prospect of wildlife tourism

The paper extends an overview of the worldwided velopment of wildlife tourism, introduced the conception of wildlife tourism and its components, and analyzed the development of international wildlife tourism and its international trends. The sustainability of wildlife tourism, the protection of wildlife habitat, as well as the possible impacts of wildlife tourism development in China were discussed.     

The Degradation of Particleboard Strength

AlthoughPFresinsaregeneralIyrecognizedtobemuchdurablcthanUFresins,thcreisnotaclcardifferencebetwCcnparticlebordsbondedwiththesetwoadriesives.Infact,anumberofresearchcrshavefoundUFresinbondedparticleboardsandPFresinbondedparticleboardstodisplaythesimilarsh…     

The experiments of seed germinating of Dioscorea nippnica Mak

IntroductionDiOscoreaniPpniCaMakisanimportanttraditionalChinesemedicinaImaterialwithsignificanteconomicvalue.Inrecentyears,asimpactofresourcesex-ploitationagainstD.niPpnbe,itspopulationdistribu-tionandamountofgrowingstockhavedecreasedconstantlyAsaresuIt,thisspecieshasbeenlistedatnationaIsecondrankpreservepIants(Xie1995).Itisurgenttosurveytheresourcesandstudyitsendan-geredmechanismofD.'ntoPniCa.Speciessurvivalrelayonreproduction,andeveryspecieshasaspecialreproductivestrategylnad-vancedpl…     

The Method of Calculating Average Skidding Distance

INTRoDUCTIONAverageskiddingdistanccisalnainfactorthatshouldbeconsideratcdwhcntvccalculatctl1eforn1ulaofreasonableforcstroadnetx`,ork-anditisanimportantfactortoevaluatctl1eallocationquality'ofroadnctx"orL.Thefon11ula(l)isgi\'cnby'profYx`aka``,a,aJapanese.E…     

The experiments of seed germinating of Dioscorea nippnica Mak

Dioscorea nippnica Mak is an important traditional Chinese medicinal material with significant economic value. Seeds ofDioscorea nippnica Mak were collected from three forest areas. Germination experiment was carried out with three mediums. Experimental results showed that the species had lower percentage of germination on all mediums. The limiting factors for germination were analyzed. Biography: L{upi} Jing-hua (1969-), male, assistant. Jilin Military Medical College of The Fourth Military Medical University, Jilin 132013, P.R. China Responsible editor: Song Funan     

The result of bagged Pyrinuron baits for controlrodent pest of forests

Introduction' CI6thrionomus rutilus and C. rufocanus were majorforest rodent pests in Northeast China (Yang 1997).As the area of artificial forestS has been increasinglyenlarged, the occurrence of rodent pests also has anincreasing t6ndency in Heilongjiang Province (Hou1995). The plantstions of LaFiX gmelipi and PioussylvestFiS var mongoliCS suffer from rodent peStsmore seriously, even affected forestry produCtion.Pyrinuron, a kind of rot6nticide which was formulatedby authors' self, w…     

The Fractal Nature of Wood Revealed by Drying

An experiment on wood drying at different temperatures was conducted to show the fractal nature of the pore space within wood. Cubic blocks made from ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) and Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima) wood were used. Samples were dried in oven at the temperature of 20, 40, 60 and 100 ℃, respectively. All the drying procedures lasted four hours. The mass was weighed and the dimensions were measured immediately for each sample when every procedure of drying ended. The fractal dimensions of the samples were obtained from the measurement. Results showed that the fractal dimensions increased with the drying temperature from 20℃ to 60℃ and the fractal dimensions keep a constant in the main. Results from different species and for different temperatures suggested thefractal dimension was a new parameter to characterize the porosity of wood.     

The non‐timber value of northern Swedish forests

For the forests in the county of Västerbotten in northern Sweden, this study attempts to quantify the non‐timber value arisen from on‐site consumptive use (berry‐ and mushroom‐picking), on‐site non‐consumptive use (hiking, camping, etc.), and off‐site visual experience. The contingent valuation method (CVM) was applied in a mail survey for obtaining empirical data. A follow‐up survey was also conducted in order to get knowledge about the representativeness of the respondents to the CVM survey. The results indicated that the non‐timber value accounted for a considerable portion of the total forest value. On‐site consumptive use was more valuable to rural people than to urban, while on‐site non‐consumptive use was more valuable to urban people. Taken together, these on‐site use values—which to a large extent depend on the Right of Common Access—accounted for two‐thirds of the non‐timber value. The value of the off‐site visual experience thus accounted for one‐third of the non‐timber value.     

The Status and Management of Bear Resources in China

DISTRIBUTIONoFBEARRESOURCESlNClIINAFroml99ltol9()4.tI1cll1\'cstigationofbcarsor-ganizedbyCWCA(Cl1il1aWi1dlifCCo11scrsationAsso-ciation)wasconductedin22proxinccsofCl1ina.Rcsultsshot`,edthatthccontinuousdistributionofbIackbcarshadbeendividcdintosoutl1t"csta…     

The elastic dynamics analysis of band saw tightening system

Structureandprinciple14Theeffectsuchasdifferenceofdiameter,rigidity,speedoffeed,tartnessofblade,andthedisfigurementwillbringtheinstantaneouschangeofsawbladelength.Ifitwasoutofcontrol,theflexuosityinthesectionsurfaceofsawwillarise,andevenleadstotheruptureofsawblade.Inordertoguaranteesawbladebetweentwosawwheelsworkingsteadily,manykindsoftighteningsystemareused,theuppersawwheelcanriseordescendalongwiththelengthchangeofsawblade(Reynoldsetal.1996).Thereby,thetighteningforceofsawbladeisheldconstant…     

The Policy Issues in Lin'an Modei Forest of China

Based on the analysis on policy such as property rights, tax and administration fee, harvesting and circulation of forest products in Lin 'an Modei Forest, some policy issues in the development of Lin 'an Model Forest towards sustainable forest management were raised: (1) The level of timber tax and fee is quite high and there are many kinds of taxes and fees such as fees for forest silviculture, forestry maintenance, forest protection, city construction, town-service, additional fee for education and others, value-added tax, taxfor special products of agriculture andforestry. (2) Coefficient of input and output for Bamboo shoot is 23.8 times than that for timber. (3) Some comments on the policy were changed in the development of modei forest such as compensation on the ecological benefit offorest, adjustment of tax and fees-collection policy for forest products, systematic management on transferring the right of land use, and integrated policy for production, processing and marketing of forest products     

The Preliminary Study on Juvenile-Mature Correlation of Pinus Koraiensis

IntroductionWoodisveryimportantfinaIproductinforestman-agement,andimprovingwoodproductandquaIityarecommongoaIinmostbreedingsystems.EarlyselectionfortreegrowthnotonIyprovideexceIIentnurserystorematerialforplantinghighyieIdforest,butaIsopossibIyimproveselec…     

The espinal: agroforestry systems of the mediterranean — type climate region of Chile

The Central Valley of Chile is largely occupied by a pseudo-savanna called espinal consisting of a single dominant tree species, Acacia caven (Mol.) Mol. (Leguminosae), and some 215 annuals, most of which were inadvertently introduced from the Mediterranean Basin. The probable origin and current distribution of the espino (Acacia caven) and the espinales in Chile are described. Predominant production systems of the espinal in both the semiarid and subhumid regions of Chile are outlined, with emphasis on the later region. Causes of the current low levels of productivity are discussed, and various strategies for long-term improvement of the espinal are presented.     

How to take advantage of a new crop? The experience of Melanesian smallholders

Coconut-based agroforestry systems have a central role in livelihoods on Malo Island in the South Pacific. These mixed plantations provide households with both food and a cash income, thanks to the association in space and time of root crops, vegetables, and cash crops (coconut, cocoa and vanilla). Vanilla has been developed on the island since the year 2000. Farmers have tried to adapt their production systems to include it, with some choosing to do so by associating vanilla with their main cash crop, coconut. A survey of these innovative practices and their economic results conducted in 2005 resulted in an economic modelling of this new agroforestry system with the software Olympe. This study illustrates the use of economic modelling with Olympe to simulate and test new agricultural practices in complex agroforestry systems. The software proved to suit agroforestry systems very well and provided useful information, particularly on economic aspects.     

The effect of the G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of tropical hardwoods

Context and aim

This study aimed to examine the effect of the tension wood G‐layer on the viscoelastic properties of wood.

Methods

Tension wood and opposite wood samples were obtained from six French Guianese tropical rainforest species (Sextonia rubra, Ocotea guyanensis, Inga alba, Tachigali melinoni, Iyranthera sagotiana and Virola michelii); the tension wood of the former three of these species had a G‐layer, whilst the tension wood from the latter three had no G‐layer. Tensile dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was performed on green never dried wood samples in the longitudinal direction with samples submerged in a water bath at a temperature (30°C) and frequency (1 Hz) representative of the conditions experienced by wood within a living tree. Then, DMA was repeated with samples conditioned to an air-dried state. Finally, samples were oven-dried to measure longitudinal shrinkage.

Results

Tension wood did not always have a higher longitudinal storage (elastic) modulus than opposite wood from the same tree regardless of the presence or absence of a G‐layer. For the species containing a G‐layer, tension wood had a higher damping coefficient and experienced a greater longitudinal shrinkage upon drying than opposite wood from the same species. No difference was found in damping coefficients between tension wood and opposite wood for the species that had no G‐layer.

Conclusion

It is proposed that the different molecular composition of the G-layer matrix has an influence on the viscoelasticity of wood, even if a biomechanical gain is not yet clear. This study shows that rheological properties and longitudinal shrinkage can be used to detect the presence of a G‐layer in tension wood.

     

The Impact of Cane Supply on Rattan Trade in China

Rattan-related products from China are popular and well known in international market, but China is facing shortage of rattan cane supply, and extinction of some rattan species. The big gap between demand and supply of rattan canes in China market is urgent to be bridged. This paper makes a brief introduction on rattan in the world and analyzes the rattan trade in China. The loss of habitats, overexploitation and inadequate replenishment of rattan result in a depleting resource and there are many challenges and technical issues needed to be dealt with. The forest policies should not only state broad desires but also commit governments to undertake adequate and appropriate measures to protect and develop the resource on a sustainable basis.     

The Development Trend and Characteristics of Urban Forestry in China

Urban forestry, which rose in the west in the latter half of the 20th century, is a type of forestry serving for city. Its important characteristic is that it makes through its narrow sense, or "urban afforestation", whose objective is to make city green and beautiful, and develops into a forestry system serving for the urban system. The consequence of rapid modern civilization is that skyscrapers concentrate in urban district and green space become narrower, resulting that green     

The NDT detection of knobs'''' shape by video treatment technique

Introduction1Withautomationoftimberprocessingandtheincreasingneedsforbatchproductoftheintegratedlumbers,suchassuperiorqualitywoods,theautomaticdiscernofthetimberknobsbecomesmoreimportsnt.IntheprocessoftheintegratedlumbersinChina,sometimesthetimberswithknobsontheirbackornoknobonrightsidescouldnotbedistinguishedbyusingartificialdiscern,whichmadetheintegF8tedtimberreducetoalowerrank.Knobsarethenaturaldrawbackduetothebranches'growing.Therehardlyexisttimberswithoutknobs.KnobswouldaffecttheteXture…