我国林业税费体制分析

随着我国农村税费改革的不断深化,作为农村税费改革一个重要组成部分的林业税费改革越来越引起各级政府和社会有关方面的关注。文章针对我国林业税费改革中的突出问题,在客观、准确地描述现行林业税费体系的基础上,用经济学的方法对林业税费进行分析,提出对我国林业税费改革的建议。     

The small-scale forestry group 1986–2006: an overview on the group activities during the last 20 years

This paper documents the history of the first 20 years of the Small-scale Forestry Group of the International Union of forest Research Organisations (IUFRO). The origins of the Small-scale Forestry Group can be traced back to the ‘Five Year Report 1982–1986, IUFRO Division 3 Forest Operations and Techniques’ where ‘Division 3 took the initiative to intensify research in the area of Small-scale Forestry by promoting a new project group P 3.04 ...’. In 1986 this group was founded during the IUFRO World Congress in Ljubljana. The emergence of the Small-scale Forestry Group reflects the expanding interest in small-scale forestry as a field of study and its increasing social and economic importance. This paper describes and critically assesses the how the Group has developed during the last 20 years, and reviews the activities which have been undertaken, and makes some forecasts about the future of the Group. The key impression is that the Group has been remarkably active, and has achieved much more than could have been predicted at the time it was formed.     

The forest planning system in relation to the forest resource and forestry policies

The current forest planning system of Japan has been in place since the formulation of the Forest Law back in 1897. During this time, although addressing specified forests as demonstrated in the system for protection forests, in a more general sense, the execution of the forest planning system has placed forestry management at the core. In other words, it has instead been forest administration delivered in a manner relevant to forestry management. This trend is exhibited in, for instance, policies for the reorganization of common forest, the forest management planning system, forest owners associations, the proceeds-sharing reforestation system, cooperative silviculture management, and valley forestry revitalization; which have all been implemented.In this paper I review the results of these practices and explore the contemporary forest owners pattern of behavior. I also discuss the passive attitudes among forest owners, especially in comparison with the attitudes prevalent during the postwar reforestation era, continuing up to the 1960s, and the current tendency towards neglect in the afforested areas, as well as the increasing number of forest owners giving up forestry practice.In the postwar era (up to the 1960s), forestry had been following an upward trend of development that motivated forest owners to afforest, as this was the optimal choice for increasing the familys stocks for future generations (in the manner of holding an asset), and thus a rapid expansion of plantation forests resulted. By the 1970s, when domestic wood supply became less than a half of all domestic wood demand (it is still declining now), forest owners gradually began to lose interest in reforestation and care of the forest as a method of increasing assets. The current share of domestic wood supply in total consumption has dropped to 20%, and the annual cut volume is only 23% of the annual volume increment.Forests are as much a public property as they are private and, moreover, represent a globally significant resource. Active stewardship, such as materializing internationally agreed notions of sustainable forest management, promoting forest certification systems, and complying with the Kyoto Protocol, are now important issues, both domestically and internationally.The paradoxical gap between current forestry trends and public aspirations for forests is widening with each year, thus creating a grave social problem. I have been focusing on forestry revitalization as the primary step towards the resolution of this issue. As the logical basis for executing this policy, I review the relations between forest resource policies and forestry policies.At the same time, by reviewing the forest planning system and its developmental process, I sought to investigate what new policies would fulfill the need to realize the public functions of forests while revitalizing forestry, form the point of view of forestry policies and their influence on the forest planning system. I have concluded that there is a case for separating forest management from forest ownership in units of forest compartments; namely to establish an incorporative management system by which forest owners can invest in their stands.     

THE PROBLEMS AND MEDITATION OF PRACTICING NEWTAXATION SYSTEM PRACTICED IN FORESTRY

AnewcirculationtaxationreformWhosemaincontCntsisaboutadded-valuetax,actedsincethefirstofJan.l994,plnysanimportantroleintmifyingtaxatiorilaw,beingfairintaxbUrden,simPlnyingtaxationsystemandgov-erningtaxationbylaw.Whataboutthesitua-tioninforesnylineafterpracticingthenewtaxationsystem?recently,wemadeaninvesti-gationonthisprobleminforestryadIllinistra-tionsandenterPrisesinsomeprovinces.MAINPRoBLEMSEXISTEDINPRAC-TICINGNEWTAXATIoNSYSTEMIncomeTaxImposedonStatc-ownedForestryFarm…     

关于建立林业生态建设项目支出绩效评价体系的构想

笔者从林业生态建设项目支出管理过程中存在的突出问题入手,提出了建立林业生态建设项目支出绩效评价体系的缘由和必要性,分析了存在的困难和问题,提出了解决问题的初步构想。     

我国首次截获一种危险性林业害虫—皱胸扁鞘天牛

文章首次介绍了在中国海口口岸截获的一种来自罗马尼亚的天牛——皱胸扁鞘天牛(Ropalopus clavipes (Fabricius,1775)),并对其异名、分类地位、分布、形态特征、生物学特性和危害性作了简单的介绍,为同行截获鉴定此虫提供帮助.     

灰色系统理论在林业中的应用

本文全面阐述了灰色系统模型的建立与预测，利用GM（1，1）模型及灰色马尔柯夫预测结合林业进行了模型拟合及预测。     

珠三角地区乡村林业的变迁及其对林权改革的影响

以广东省珠三角地区中山市三乡、南区和五桂山为调查点,采用召开社区村民会议、绘制社区土地资源利用图和横断面图等方法,调查了乡村林业发展、制度变迁与林权改革的现状。并对村民的参与性在林权改革中的地位和作用进行了分析,提出珠江三角洲地区的林权改革存在的问题与推进改革的政策建议。     

失水程度对苗木质量的影响

失水程度对造林成活率和初期生长量有显著影响,失水超过一定程度苗木即失去生机     

插条粗度和萌芽度对降香黄檀扦插成活率的影响

在江门市林科所苗圃选择不同粗细度、不同萌芽度的降香黄檀插条进行扦插繁殖试验,每10 d进行1次成活率调查。结果表明:插条的萌芽度和粗细度均极显著影响扦插的成活率,萌芽度和粗细度的交互作用对扦插的成活率也有极显著影响;未萌芽插条扦插成活率明极显高于已萌芽插条的扦插成活率;3种粗细度的枝条中以粗细度为0.7~1.2 cm的插条扦插成活率最高;在枝条萌芽度及粗细度交互作用下,粗细度为0.7~1.2 cm的未萌芽插条扦插成活率最高,粗细度小于0.7 cm的已萌芽插条扦插成活率最低。     

近15年来气候变化对中国经济的直接影响

以国家权威部门发布的统计资料为基础数据,分析气候变化对中国经济的影响,结果表明:近15年来气候变化对中国经济的影响在加剧。1991~2005年期间与气候变化相关的自然灾害造成的直接经济损失在932亿~3 570亿元之间,呈明显上升趋势;所占GDP的比重为5.70%~1.31%,呈下降趋势。在此期间,干旱、农作物病虫害、草地病虫害、风暴潮、森林火灾的直接经济损失呈现上升趋势;洪涝灾害和台风上升趋势不明显;森林病虫害和草地火灾呈下降趋势。2000年以来自然灾害的直接经济损失一直稳定在相当于GDP 1.08%~2.05%的水平,气候变化对国民经济存在不可忽视的负面影响。     

彩叶植物在北方园林中的适应性评价

随着人类对居住环境要求的不断提高,彩叶植物以其色彩艳丽,观赏期长,营造的园林景观稳定性强,色相变化明显等无可比拟的优越性在园林行业中占有相当大的优势。选取紫叶矮樱、紫叶李、紫叶碧桃、美人梅等九种彩叶植物对其生态适应性和景观效果进行了分析评价。     

建设二滩水电站库区防护林体系的探讨

针对二滩水电站库区水土流失的现状,提出实施库区防护林体系的分类建设技术,并探讨了有关的建设保障措施.     

湖南省森林火灾应急资源规模测度指标体系研究

从影响森林火灾应急资源建设规模的因素入手,分析其与应急资源规模之间的关系,并采用统计学的变异系数法和相关系数法对指标进行筛选,从而构建起确定森林火灾应急资源规模的指标体系.结果表明,湖南省森林火灾应急资源的建设规模与当地的经济、交通、人口密度、森林资源分布、火灾频度等密切相关.     

The dehesa: an agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain

A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system's functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined.     

The dehesa: an agrosilvopastoral system of the Mediterranean region with special reference to the Sierra Morena area of Spain

A multidisciplinary team undertook a six-year investigation on the agro-ecological and socio-economic aspects of the dehesa system in the Sierra Norte area, a part of the Sierra Morena of the Sevilla Province, Western Andalusia, Spain. This paper summarizes its findings on the various agro-ecological features of the system and evaluates the system's functional aspects vis-a-vis the trends and developments in land use in the region over the past few centuries. The synergistic effects of tree cover on understorey grassland vegetation is discussed in terms of soil fertility build-up and favourable micro-climatic and hydrological features, and the potential use of this information in future research and development programmes to improve the dehesa system in the Mediterranean region is outlined.