美国林业工业企业战略研究

根据竞争环境的变化，不断调整企业战略，是食品店企业生存与持续发展之关键。本文介绍了美国林业工业产业结构状态及企业战略重点态势，试图给我国林业工业发展战略讨论以启迪。     

Alternative fiber resources for pulp and paper industry of bangladesh: Why and what?

This study has evaluated the factors affecting the utilization of alternative fiber resources and efforts have also been made to outline the possible alternative fiber resources available in the country. Since 1989, paper consumption has exceeded production. Imports of industrial paper have increased and the future of newsprint export is dark. The government sector pulp and paper mills are highly dependent on forest based fiber resources and private sector paper and board mills depend on imported pulps. Uneven distribution of fiber resources has limited the raw material availability of the pulp and paper mills. Shortage of raw materials, irregular procurements, and low installed capacity are the main reasons for low paper production. On the other hand, paper demand will increase tremendously in the near future. But the present raw material availability is not sufficient to cope with the future demand for attaining self sufficiency in paper production. Therefore, immediate action is necessary for utilizing alternative fiber resources. Rangpur region has abundant lower grade jute. Jute cutting is available in Narayangonj area. Available bagasse supply is expected in the northwest regions after the end of this century. These resources are more than enough for supplementing the shortage of present raw materials during the 1997–2006 period. This is a revised of “Study of Non-wood and Forest Based Fiber Resources in Bangladesh — A Case Study on Pulp and Paper Industry” presented in the '95 TAPPI Pulping Conference. Ref. Proceedings 1995 Pulping Conference—Chicago, Book 2, TAPPI Press, Atlanta, 1995, 597–603.     

Bioenergy from the forest sector: Economic potential and interactions with timber and forest products markets in Norway

Abstract

A partial equilibrium forest sector model which is augmented to include bioenergy was applied to project the use of bioenergy based on forest fuels and forest industry by-products in Norway for three different scenarios of the future prices of electricity and oil. The impacts on forestry and forest industries of the different energy price scenarios were also studied. The advantage of the suggested methodology is that it allows for assessments of the economic potential of bioenergy, taking into account the competition for raw materials, the specific heat demand of various regions, and interregional and international trade. Bioenergy will, according to this study, be fairly competitive in some market segments with the current price levels of electricity and oil, and only a minor increase (decrease) in energy (roundwood) prices would release substantially increased bioenergy production levels. Pulpwood prices of pine and non-coniferous species are projected to increase substantially when assuming increasing energy prices. Except for particleboard mills, production levels of forest industries appeared relatively insensitive to the energy price changes.     

林木生物质原料收集半径分析——以景谷县生物质发电项目为例

结合景谷县生物质发电项目特点,以翔实的调查数据为依据,以成本的经济性为基点,通过分析原料供求现状、估算原料收集成本,构建原料收集成本与收集半径的关系模型,科学地确定了项目的原料收集半径,以期为项目投资运营的可行性提供科学依据。     

关于促进我国木材工业发展的几个问题

本文分析了我国木材工业的发展现状，指出了我国的木材工业企业只有实施原料基地化、规模经济化、经营国际化、品种多元化、企业信息化、营销理性化、管理现代化和产品品牌化，才能实现我国木材工业的跨越式发展。     

浅析我国造纸工业木材原料市场及发展趋势

随着纸及纸板生产与消费数量的不断提高,我国造纸工业结构调整的发展对木材原料的需求将持续增加。我国木材市场数据显示,以原木、锯材等为代表的木材原料,以木浆、木片为代表的造纸原料进口均呈平稳增长趋势,木材市场供需矛盾突出。造纸工业竞争的核心是木材原料的争夺,而我国木材市场自有木材供给的严重不足性和进口总量的绝对依赖性特征决定了造纸工业木材原料未来仍将依靠进口。     

氯化锌法低温活化制备桑枝活性炭的研究

世界活性炭需求量的增加,使原料变得紧张。开发和节约资源,是解决原料紧张的重要措施。用桑枝为原料,ZnCl2为活化剂,在充氮条件下,采用低温450℃活化,使活性炭得率为50％（原料以含水率20％桑木屑计）,同目前用的高温活化比较,生产1t活性炭就节约1t桑木屑。且制备出的药用活性炭亚甲基兰脱色高达285mg·g^-1,糖用活性炭A法焦糖脱色100％。     

Value-added strategies and forward integration in the Swedish sawmill industry: positioning and profitability in the high-volume segment

Abstract

The changing market conditions for the Swedish sawmill industry place a focus on a better understanding of the pros and cons of value-added and forward integration strategies. The purpose of this article is to describe and explain recent value-added strategies in the Swedish sawmill industry. The study includes strategies from 13 of the 15 largest sawmill companies for the period between 2002 and 2005, describing a differentiation between value added in primary sawmill production and forward integration into secondary production. It also aims to relate some basic conditions, such as company size, company growth and corporate strategy, to value added and forward integration to profitability. The results show strong positive and significant correlations between forward integration, value added in primary production (somewhat weaker) and unit revenue, and profitability measured as return on investment. There were no strong or significant correlations between size and profitability, playing down the importance of economies of scale (among these already large companies). An interesting result is the much higher profitability of the buying sawmill companies compared with the forest corporations, stressing the importance of both a long-term strategy when investing in value-added activities and ultimately the priorities of ownership.     

四川盆地西缘柳杉人工林结构及生长预测的初步研究

运用多元统计分析的方法,研究了四川盆地西缘山地柳杉人工林的密度和直径—株数分布的规律,筛选出了影响林分密度的主导因子(林今年龄、地位指数和林分平均直径),并建立了林分密度预测模型。还根据西泽正久(1978)所提供的求解Weibull分布参数e的gamma和Cud数值表,对48块林令标准地的林木株数调查结果用Weibull分布函数进行了拟合。结果表明:有33块标准地的拟合结果经卡方检验达到极显著水牛(α=0.01),有10块标准地达显著水平(α=0.05),另有5块标准地的拟合结果则不符合weibull分布。在此基础上,对影响柳杉人上林Weibull分布函数的 b、c参数的林分结构因子进行了回归分析,并用易测林分结构因子建立了两个参数的预测模型。 通过建立上述预测模型,作者对柳杉人工林的结构和生长量进行了综合预测。经检验结果表明:本次研究所建立的预测模型达到精度要求,为森林资源预测、森林经营管理、抚育间伐提供科学依据。     

The consequences for the forest sector of nuclear power discontinuation in Sweden

Electricity prices in Sweden will most probably double, or more, during the next 10 to 15 years as a result of the decision to discontinue nuclear power production. This will substantially change the comparative advantage of all forest‐based product industries, some to the worse, some to the better. Roundwood prices and fellings will be affected and possibly the competitive position of wood‐based energy production. This paper estimates various types of effects with a long run pulpwood market model. The effects on electricity intensive production (CTMP, newsprint, etc.) may be drastic. However, the fall in total industrial consumption and price of pulpwood will be limited. The reduction in price is not sufficient to make pulpwood economically attractive as fuel. Own‐price elasticities of electricity demand are greater than reported elsewhere.     

关于木材需求曲线修正法的讨论

木材需求曲线与森林环境需求曲线的价格需求弹性是不同的,后者远比前者大。在这种的情况下,用木材需求曲线近似代替计算森林环境价值,会严重低估森林环境价值,理论上有严重的缺陷。加上以木材价值替代全部森林非木材产品的价值,也会导致对森林环境价值的低估。这2个相同方向的差异累积后,导致木材需求曲线修正法严重低估森林环境价值。另外,木材需求曲线修正法也不能评价具体的涉及森林环境价值的项目,因此,没有实际的应用价值。     

利用木质剩余物和向日葵秸秆制作外包装材料的研究

近年来,利用农作物秸秆作为原料制成包装材料得到科学研究人员越来越多的关注,该产品既能缓解包装行业对木材的需求,克服纯木质包装材料使用中的主要缺点,又能将农业剩余物变废为宝,综合利用农业资源,节约木材,保护森林资源。同时这种包装材料由于低成本、低消耗、低污染的优势特点更使其具有广阔的发展和应用前景。在介绍我国森林资源和实木包装现状的基础上,阐述了利用木质剩余物和向日葵秸秆制作外包装材料的可行性并对其生产制备工艺中的影响因素进行了分析。     

Paper or plastic? The United States’ demand for paper and paperboard in packaging

Analysis of consumer demand for packaging suggests that: plastic packaging is a luxury good, while paper packaging is a normal good, paper packaging demand increases with the price of plastic packaging, and that demand for paper packaging is most sensitive to its own price, and to the income of consumers. In a complementary analysis of input demand in the converting paper industry it was found that the demand for each paper grade is price inelastic, capital and other materials are substitutes for paper, while labor is a complement, technical change rapidly decreases the use of unbleached kraft packaging and industrial converting, and increases the use of other grades. The demand for each paper grade, derived from the consumer demand and the factor demand functions, showed that, from 1983 to 1991, the demand for paper in packaging was influenced mainly by consumer income, and by the price of paper packaging, and less so by the price of paper itself, or by the price of plastic packaging.     

糠醛连续精制新流程的研究

本文为糠醛连续精制技术的系列报告之一。本研究所采用的流程系在原研究基础上提出的新流程,具有第二代连续精制流程的性质。研究属中间试验性质,在生产规模下进行;研究的主要目的是为了对新流程的可行性及有关技术经济指标进行测定及论证。新流程的主要特点是:①从脱水塔顶馏份水层脱去低沸点杂质并回收糠醛;②连续回收精制塔釜液所含糠醛;③从中和前粗醛水层中回收糠醛;④利用玉米芯为原料生产糠醛时精制塔精馏过程可以省略。测试结果表明新流程在技术上是可行的,较原流程可节约设备投资20.0％及金属材料11.9％。产品质量符合工业糠醛国家标准GB 1926-80所规定的优级品指标。     

Determining effective criteria for the selection of MDF industry locations in Mazandaran Province: Application of AHP

Selecting the optimum location with attention to conditions and restrictions is one of the most importantfactors in establishing a manufacturing plant. Identification of effective criteria is an important stage in the selection for the location of industrial units. In this study, an analytic hierarchy process （AHP） was applied to select the most effective criteria for the location of MDF （medium density fiberboard） industry in Mazandaran Province, Iran. A consideration in ttaining this goal is that Mazandaran is favored over other provinces because of its resources of raw lignocellulosic ma- erial required for wood and paper industries. The results indicate that the criterion of ＂materials and products＂ and the ub-criterion of ＂reliability of supply of raw material＂ are the most important factors.     

Corporate responsibility reporting by large pulp and paper companies

The forest-based industry has a crucial role in global sustainable development because of its unique raw material basis and increasing internationalisation. Using institutional organisation theory as a background this paper analyses corporate responsibility reporting in the world's ten largest pulp and paper companies, representing 25% of global production capacity. The studied companies have their headquarters in Japan, the Nordic countries or North America, and have very different geographical and cultural bases and variable company product portfolios ranging from wood-based products and printing papers to packaging boards and consumer goods. Both quantitative and qualitative economic, environmental and social metrics from the annual and social responsibility reports of the companies were analysed regarding institutionalised, culture-specific and company-specific characteristics. The results showed that regulated financial and environmental reporting leaves little flexibility for company-specific diversification in reporting. Only a few regional characteristics were identified, mainly in social responsibility reporting, while the reporting largely reflected a general North American–Nordic type of corporate responsibility and the globalisation trend of the studied companies. Regardless of the many challenges in the assessment of corporate responsibility, the concepts discussed in this paper are potentially useful tools for helping to achieve sustainable development in the pulp and paper industry.     

蚁群算法在定制家具矩形零件排样中的应用

零件排样,是指在一定规格的原料板材上,按照一定规则排布若干个不同尺寸规格的零件,在满足订单配套和切割要求的前提下,达到一定的优化目标.本研究以定制家具的零件排样问题为对象,根据定制家具零件排样生产的实际情况,将零件排样问题与蚁群算法(ACA)结合,以最优化原材料利用率为目标构建批次订单排样的数学模型,搜索得到批次零件的...     

Study on Balance between Supply and Demand for Timber and Timber Products in China

INTRODUCTION Because China is deficient in forest resources, and the forest has the characteristics of low quality, uneven distribution, slow growth and severe situation of ecological environment, the ecology construction has become the first requirement in society and with the implementation of the “Natural Forest Conservation Program”, Chinese forestry is in the historic transition from timber production to ecological construction. Therefore, the timber production in China increases…     

中密度纤维板的过去、现在和未来

８０年代以来，ＭＤＦ是各种人造板中发展最迅速的产品，受到广泛的关注。本文介绍了自１９６６年世界上第一条ＭＤＦ生产线在美国建成至今ＭＤＦ的发展史，分析了世界森林资源的变化，人类环境保护意识的增强及技术的进步等因素对ＭＤＦ发展的推动作用。指出在新建ＭＤＦ厂时必须考虑的市场，原料、设备与技术的选择及资金等因素。介绍了我国ＭＤＦ的科研设计和生产发展情况。