橡胶树红根病病原菌的鉴定

海南岛橡胶树红根病病原菌的种与国外报道的橡胶树红根病菌是相同的。但子实体的外部形态、内部的微观结构－担孢子、管孔间隔膜等特征存在差异，对十三吗啉农药的反应、培养菌的生长速度和担孢子萌芽等也有所不同。初步认为，海南岛橡胶树红根病菌可能有２个不同的变种。     

12种杀菌剂对橡胶树褐根病菌的毒力测定

采用菌丝生长速率法测定了12种杀菌剂对3株橡胶树褐根病菌的抑菌能力。结果表明：百菌清、腈菌唑、咪鲜胺、三唑酮、戊唑醇、异菌脲、抑霉唑、十三吗啉、丙环唑9种药剂对橡胶树褐根病菌的毒力较强,抑菌效果较好,对橡胶树褐根病菌的EC50在0.013 2～2.972 6 μg/mL,其中丙环唑和戊唑醇的EC50均小于0.1 μg/mL,对橡胶树褐根病菌的抑制效果最佳;嘧菌酯、甲基硫菌灵的效菌效果较差;多菌灵对褐根病菌的抑制效果最差,3株褐根病菌的EC50在138.655 0～492.298 2 μg/mL。     

八种杀菌剂对橡胶树红根病菌的毒力测定

采用生长速率法,在室内测定8种杀菌剂对橡胶树红根病病原菌Ganoderma pseudoferreum(Wakef.)Over．et steinm GP-010菌株的毒力。结果表明：参试药剂对橡胶树红根病病原菌均具有较高的敏感性,其中12.5% 己唑醇WP对橡胶红根病菌生长的抑制作用最强,其EC50值为0.04 mg／L;25% 戊菌唑WP、25% 丙环唑EC的抑制作用相对较强,其EC50值分别为0.29和0.32 mg／L,其余依次为75%十三吗啉EC、20%三唑酮EC、12.5% 烯唑醇WP、25% 咪鲜胺EC及25%腈菌唑EC,EC50值分别为0.46、1.38、1.46、2.39 和2.94 mg／L。     

橡胶树红根病的蔓延速度及预测预报

橡胶树红根病菌主要依靠根系接触蔓延传染,其蔓延速度与橡胶树种植密度等有关。依据大田橡胶树发病情况调查,推导出红根病在橡胶树林段中的蔓延速度公式。运用此公式对橡胶树红根病在大田中的蔓延发展进行预测预报,结果与实际情况相似     

橡胶树红根病病原菌的鉴定(Ⅱ)

通过对室内人工培养的２种类型橡胶树红根病菌子实体的外部形态、内部微观结构包括担孢子、管孔、管孔间隔膜等分类学上特征的观察，以及与大田病树上子实体的比较，进一步证实海南岛２种类型橡胶树红根病菌的性状差异达到变种级水平。类型Ⅰ和类型Ⅱ可区分为２个不同的变种。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1与化学杀菌剂协同防治橡胶树根病

为探究枯草芽孢杆菌与化学杀菌剂协同防治橡胶树根病的可行性,为橡胶树根病的可持续防治提供依据。采用抑菌圈法和平板菌落计数法分别测定7种杀菌剂和枯草芽孢杆菌Czk1菌株对橡胶树红根病菌、褐根病菌的毒力以及杀菌剂与Czk1菌的生物相容性,并用Horsfall法确定复配方案。结果表明："根康"对橡胶树红根病菌和褐根病菌的EC₅₀分别为0.6253、0.0522 μg/mL,EC₅₀均最低且与Czk1菌有很好的生物相容性。"根康"（EC₅₀=0.6253 μg/mL）与Czk1(EC₅₀=6.46×10 ⁷ CFU/mL)混配,体积比V(Czk1)∶V("根康")=7∶3时,对红根病菌的增效比率值I_R值为1.60;"根康"（EC₅₀=0.0522 μg/mL）与生防菌Czk1（EC₅₀=2.33×10 ⁸ CFU/mL）混配,体积比V(Czk1)∶V("根康")=7∶3时,对褐根病菌I_R值为1.51。研究表明,"根康"可与Czk1联用协同防治橡胶树根病,菌药复配剂的防效明显优于单剂"根康"和单剂生防菌Czk1的防效,且混配剂中"根康"使用量只有单剂的1/3,大幅降低了化学药剂的使用量。     

不同地区橡胶树红根病菌的生物学特性及室内毒力测定

橡胶树红根病是我国分布最广、危害最重的橡胶树根部病害。为明确我国海南和云南地区橡胶红根病菌的生物学特性及对杀菌剂的敏感性,采用十字交叉法研究了不同培养条件对病菌菌丝生长的影响,并测定了10种不同杀菌剂对病菌的抑制作用。结果表明,病原菌在玉米+橡胶根的培养基上生长最快,对温度、pH等适应范围广,温度在13~31 ℃,pH在3~10均能生长,最适生长温度为28 ℃,多数菌株最佳pH为7~9,且能利用多种碳氮源;不同的碳源中,果糖、半乳糖、麦芽糖、葡萄糖和甘露糖较适合该菌的生长;在供试氮源中,菌丝在酪氨酸、牛肉浸膏的基础培养基上生长最快,在色氨酸和尿素的基础培养基上生长最慢;光照对病菌有抑制作用,黑暗有利于菌丝生长;菌丝的致死温度为47 ℃,10 min。不同地区的病原菌株间药剂敏感性存在一定差异,戊唑醇抑菌效果最好,其EC₅₀为0.0312 μg/mL,其次为嘧菌酯、十三吗啉、咪鲜胺和腈菌唑,EC₅₀分别为0.5581、0.6759、1.3763和1.5603 μg/mL。     

基于“MOOC”混合教学模式在《工程制图》教学中的应用

将分离自云南、海南两地的9株橡胶树红根病菌，分别在面粉培养基，MS培养基及二者各一半混合而成的培养基(1/2 MS)上培养，结果发现，其中7个菌株在1/2 MS上生长最佳，2个菌株在面粉培养基上生长最佳。同时，5个菌株在MS培养基上生长最慢，3个菌株在面粉培养基上生长最慢，一个菌株在1/2 MS培养基上生长较慢，这说明橡胶树红根病菌具有差异化的营养需求，而1/2 MS可以作为最有利于红根病菌生长的培养基。另外，病原菌在3种培养基上具有不同的形态特征，而且在1/2 MS培养基上最早出现黄化色变。     

橡胶树褐根病菌的分子检测

利用褐根病菌的一对特异性引物G1F/G1R,对不同来源橡胶树褐根病菌菌株的r DNA-ITS区进行PCR扩增,对发病组织进行分子检测,并构建橡胶树褐根病菌系统发育树。结果表明:10株不同来源橡胶树褐根病菌菌株DNA均能扩增出一条653 bp的特异性片段,而橡胶树红根病菌、紫根病菌、臭根病菌、白根病菌和清水对照均无扩增条带。发病组织检测结果表明,该引物能特异性检测到橡胶树褐根病菌的存在。引物对基因组DNA检测灵敏度为100 ag/μL。基于r DNA-ITS系统发育分析结果表明,供试菌株与Gen Bank中的菌株KF233592、KM079591聚在同一分支上,其亲缘关系最近,均属于Phellinus noxius。     

橡胶树几种根病的人工接种方法

以海南发生较严重的橡胶树褐根病、红根病、黑根病病原菌进行田间橡胶树根病接种方法的初步探索,结果表明:使用橡胶树病根根段、玉米粒培养基、橡胶树木屑菌棒制作成的3种接种体可以成功接种上橡胶树根病病原菌,其中以橡胶树木屑菌棒接种体进行接种操作较为简便,对橡胶树褐根病、红根病、黑根病病原菌均适用,成功率较其它两种接种方法的高,分别为100%、33.3%、100%。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.