橡胶树高截干苗的质量对植后生长的影响

本文报导了出圃时不同围径，不同主根长度的橡胶树高截干苗大田定植后后３３个月苗木成活和恢复生长情况，苗木围径大小，主根长度与其定植成活率和植后恢复生长速率有密切关系，出圃时围径９～１５ｃｍ的橡胶树高截干苗大田定植成活率高，恢复生长较快，围径９～１１ｃｍ的苗木主根长度以大于４５ｃｍ为宜，围径大于１１ｃｍ的苗木主根长度应大于５０ｃｍ。     

江西省颁布《江西省良种茶苗出圃分级标准》

江西省农牧渔业厅将1978年省农业局颁发的《江西省良种茶苗出圃分级标准》进行了修订,详见下表。并对茶树苗木出圃、调运、检疫等有关事项作出如下规定: 1.从外省调进苗木,应经地、市、县农业局许可,报省农牧渔业厅批准后,方可调进;苗木调出省外,应经省农牧渔业厅批准;调出地、县的苗木,除省计划任务外,应经地、县农业局批准。 2.出圃苗木应无严重病虫害及检疫性病虫。省际间调运苗木(包括接穗),必须持有省级的检疫证。 3.苗木出圃出售时,要包装严实,做到不露根于外,品种清楚无误。就地装车按百分之三加收包装费。凡不够标准的苗木,一律不准出圃,购买单位可以拒收。苗木出圃分级标准见下表。     

茶树短穗扦插不同品种与密度的效果比较

扦插密度对茶苗的生产效果有较大影响。本文依据茶苗的成活率、成活数、出圃率和出圃数4方面对茶树不同品种的扦插密度的效果进行了探讨,提出了按照茶苗出圃数的指标确定各品种的最适扦插密度。     

不同配比的腐熟基质对桉树育苗效果影响的研究

以腐熟椰糠、腐熟稻壳、腐熟木屑为原料,进行混料设计,研究3种腐熟原料对桉树育苗效果的影响,从而筛选出优质配方.结果表明:不同配比对桉树苗出圃率、成活率影响显著,对苗木鲜(干)重影响显著.从苗木出圃率、成活率、形态指标及生产成本综合因素考虑,筛选出适合桉树育苗的优质配方:腐熟椰糠∶腐熟稻壳∶腐熟木屑=2∶1∶4.     

不同围径,不同主根长度的橡胶树高截干苗定植试验

报道了出圃时不同围径、不同主根长度的橡胶树高截干苗大田定植成活和当年恢复生长情况。苗木围径大小、主根长度与其定植成活率和植后恢复生长速度有密切关系。出圃时围径９－１５ｃｍ的橡胶树高截干苗大田定植成活率高，恢复生长较快。围径９ｃｍ以上的苗木，主根长度以大于４５ｃｍ为宜；围径大于１１ｃｍ的苗木，主根长应大于５０ｃｍ。     

茶树苗期定剪效果的研究

福建省无性系茶苗的繁育,多数是在秋末初冬季节采剪暑梢、秋梢进行短穗扦插,至翌年“小阳春”或延续到春节前后出圃,苗期长达12～15个月,这对苗期长势旺的高生类型品种并不很适应。事实上,只要有中上水平管理,扦插后10个月(翌年8月份)即可达到出圃苗的规格要求。但是,此时正值署伏旱季,不便于移植,只得留养到秋末以后出圃,结果是大苗超高过多而无分枝,小苗比例较大,影响了苗木的整齐度和出圃     

海南省无公害农产品产地建设中存在的问题及发展对策

研究了橡胶树小筒苗筒底的不同悬空培养高度对其接穗生长的影响,为橡胶树优良小筒苗的培育提供理论依据。结果表明：小筒苗的根系穿出情况与筒底悬空高度密切相关,不同悬空高度对小筒苗的长势也具有显著影响;穿根率高的小筒苗长势较好,但定植费工费时,成活率较低;培育小筒苗适宜的控根隔离层高度是4 cm或4 cm以上,此时其大田定植成活率相对较高。     

不同悬空培养高度对橡胶树小筒苗接穗生长的影响

研究了橡胶树小筒苗筒底的不同悬空培养高度对其接穗生长的影响,为橡胶树优良小筒苗的培育提供理论依据。结果表明：小筒苗的根系穿出情况与筒底悬空高度密切相关,不同悬空高度对小筒苗的长势也具有显著影响;穿根率高的小筒苗长势较好,但定植费工费时,成活率较低;培育小筒苗适宜的控根隔离层高度是4 cm或4 cm以上,此时其大田定植成活率相对较高。     

红毛丹种苗嫁接繁育技术规范

基于我国红毛丹种苗繁育试验、调查和研究,针对种苗繁育中存在的相关问题,从苗圃地选择、砧木品种、砧木苗培育、苗木嫁接、苗木管理、苗木出圃、起苗运输等方面制定出了一套适合海南的红毛丹种苗繁育技术规范。     

湿地松大田育苗二次切根效果试验

[目的]培育优质健壮湿地松苗木,提高造林成活率。[方法]湿地松大田育苗在出圃前进行二次切根,调查其苗高、地径、侧根数、须根数等因子,并与未切根苗生长情况进行比较。[结果]经方差和多重比较分析,与未切根苗相比,湿地松二次切根苗的侧根数、侧根总长、须根数均显著增加,切根时间以9月中旬为佳。[结论]湿地松二次切根苗木根系发达,有利于造林成活率的提高。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.