异色瓢虫人工繁育中滞育成虫的冷藏条件

为延长异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis成虫的货架期,提高规模化生产的灵活度,于室内条件下测定不同温度和光周期对异色瓢虫滞育率的影响、不同温度对异色瓢虫滞育持续时间的影响及不同冷藏温度和冷藏时间对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响。结果表明,在低温和短光照条件下能诱导异色瓢虫成虫滞育,当温度为20℃、光周期为10 L:14 D时其雌、雄成虫的滞育率均高于95.0%。异色瓢虫的滞育持续时间受滞育诱导温度影响较小,在温度15℃、光周期10 L:14 D和温度20℃、光周期10 L:14 D两种条件下诱导的滞育异色瓢虫在温度25℃、光周期14 L:10 D下均能快速解除滞育,在该条件下饲养10 d时其滞育解除率达90.0%以上。与8℃和12℃冷藏30 d相比,4℃冷藏30 d时异色瓢虫的存活率、总产卵量和捕食量均显著下降;当冷藏温度为12℃,冷藏时间显著影响异色瓢虫雌成虫的捕食量、寿命、产卵前期、总产卵量和卵孵化率,但对雄成虫的捕食量无显著影响。异色瓢虫冷藏期间主要以脂类和糖类作为能量物质,其冷藏期间存活率与相对总脂含量、总糖含量正相关。综上,在实际生产中异色瓢虫可在温度20℃、光周期10 L:14 D条件下诱导滞育,在12℃冷藏90 d不会降低生物适合度。     

七星瓢虫不同虫态的低温贮藏条件

为了探究七星瓢虫不同虫态的低温贮藏条件,本研究在不同恒定低温-时间与变温预处理后恒定低温-时间组合下分别测定了七星瓢虫卵、蛹及成虫的孵化率、羽化率及成虫存活率。结果表明,无论恒定低温或变温预处理,卵在常温下3 d均可孵化,恒温和变温的孵化率分别为72.56%和73.93%,且当保存时间不超过5 d时,卵在8℃、10℃及12℃时孵化率均在50%以上,保存时间为10 d时,卵在10℃及12℃时孵化率均在50%以上。七星瓢虫蛹在恒温和变温预处理条件下,在10℃保存3 d时均可完全羽化,且羽化率与对照组无显著差异,但当保存时间达到50 d,恒定温度在2℃、4℃、6℃和8℃下畸形率达到了100%,而其余保存天数下均未出现畸形率,当变温预处理后,仅在2℃下保存20、30和50 d分别出现100%、50%和100%的畸形率。在25℃保存时,恒温和低温预处理下的成虫保存40 d时,全部死亡,但恒温8℃下保存60 d和变温预处理10℃下保存60 d的成虫存活率分别达到60.46%和63.29%。综合分析表明,一定时间下的恒定低温和变温预处理保存均能延长七星瓢虫卵、蛹及成虫寿命,从而为七星瓢虫不同虫态商品化及其货架期的延长提供有效支持。     

非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫生物学特性的影响

为明确一种非昆虫源人工饲料对异色瓢虫的饲养效果,以豌豆蚜为对照,研究了该人工饲料对异色瓢虫生长发育和生殖能力的影响。结果表明,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫从卵到成虫的累计存活率达到82.2%,饲喂蚜虫的对照组为71.1%;与对照组相比,取食人工饲料的异色瓢虫幼虫总历期延长(人工饲料16.24 d,对照12.47 d),蛹重减轻(人工饲料27.74 mg,对照33.93 mg),成虫寿命延长(人工饲料雌虫103.6 d,雄虫82.9 d;对照雌虫85.7 d,雄虫77.1 d),10 d累计产卵23.5粒,约为对照组的5%,但人工饲料对异色瓢虫的羽化率和后代卵的孵化率无显著影响;幼虫期饲喂人工饲料、成虫期改喂蚜虫的异色瓢虫10 d产卵量352.1粒,约为对照组的80%。本研究所用人工饲料能提高异色瓢虫幼虫存活率和成虫寿命,且幼虫期取食人工饲料对成虫期产卵量影响较小,因此适于作为异色瓢虫人工饲养中幼虫阶段的食物。     

草地贪夜蛾耐低温能力研究

为阐明草地贪夜蛾的抗寒能力及越冬虫态,为其越冬区划和监测预警提供科学依据,本研究测定了草地贪夜蛾不同发育阶段在4种低温(-1O℃、-5℃、0℃和5℃)条件下的存活率,并通过计算机软件拟合死亡率回归方程,计算出LT50、LT90和LT99.结果表明:草地贪夜蛾在4种低温条件下处理2h后各虫态存活率均随处理温度降低而显著下...     

低温贮藏对半闭弯尾姬蜂蛹和成虫生长发育的影响

半闭弯尾姬蜂是小菜蛾幼虫的优势寄生蜂，低温贮藏是实现半闭弯尾姬蜂规模化生产和应用的重要环节。本文研究在4℃低温条件下，蛹和成虫贮藏5、10、15、20、25、30 d对半闭弯尾姬蜂生长发育的影响，不处理为对照。结果表明：随着蛹期低温贮藏时间的延长，成虫羽化率、寄生率逐渐降低，蛹贮藏5、10 d对成虫的羽化率及寄生率较高，分别在81.50%～83.50%和38.43%～39.02%，贮藏15～30 d后成虫的羽化率和寄生率显著低于对照；随着成虫低温贮藏时间的延长，其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率逐渐降低，成虫低温贮藏5 d对其存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率较高，分别为95.75%、38.05%、86.00%，贮藏10～25 d后成虫的存活率、寄生率及其子代羽化率显著低于对照，贮藏30 d后成虫存活率最低，为9.67%，不能寄生。本文研究表明，半闭弯尾姬蜂在繁殖和田间释放过程中，蛹低温贮藏10 d内，成虫低温贮藏5 d内较理想。     

小菜蛾越冬生物学特性研究

研究了小菜蛾不同虫态的过冷却点,蛹的低温生存能力和越冬能力。小菜蛾的过冷却现象比较明显,蛹期过冷却点最低(-20.12℃),成虫次之(-16.56℃),幼虫期高(平均为-13.72℃),其中4龄幼虫过冷却点最高(-8.5℃)。表明在不同虫态中,蛹的抗低温能力最强。在-10、-5、0℃和5℃条件下,小菜蛾蛹的LT50、LT90、LT99.9随着温度的降低而缩短;蛹死亡99.9%需要的时间分别为10.29、21.68、27.77、41.39d,表明在冬季温度连续低于0℃时间超过28d的地区,小菜蛾不能越冬。连续两年冬天的埋蛹试验结果,蛹在北京4个地点的越冬死亡率均为100%。结合我国的气候区划分析,初步确定小菜蛾在北京地区野外不能越冬。     

低温驯化对南方小花蝽冷藏的影响

为探讨低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫冷藏的影响,在室内15℃下饲养7 d作为低温驯化处理,研究了驯化后与未驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫分别在4、6和10℃下冷藏其寿命、存活率和致死中时间（LT₅₀）的异同。结果表明,无论是否进行低温驯化,南方小花蝽雌成虫的寿命都显著大于对照（25℃下饲养）。在10℃冷藏条件下,是否经过低温驯化对南方小花蝽雌成虫寿命没有明显影响,但在4℃和6℃条件下,低温驯化能明显延长雌成虫的寿命,分别延长了80.7%和83.7%。南方小花蝽雌成虫存活率均随冷藏时间的延长而下降,在同一低温冷藏温度下经低温驯化处理的南方小花蝽存活率比未驯化的高。经低温驯化的南方小花蝽雌成虫在4、6和10℃冷藏时,其LT₅₀分别比未经驯化的延长了30.0%、57.8%和40.4%。以上结果表明南方小花蝽的寿命具有可塑性,低温驯化有利于南方小花蝽的冷藏,6℃可作为南方小花蝽长期储藏的温度。     

B型和Q型烟粉虱成虫经高、低温暴露后的存活特性研究

研究了B型和Q型烟粉虱成虫经过高、低温暴露后的存活情况.结果表明,2种生物型烟粉虱成虫对高温具有较强的适应性,在45℃下暴露1 h,部分成虫仍能存活;B型和Q型烟粉虱成虫在2～5℃下暴露1～8 d后存活率迅速下降,成虫在2℃下暴露4 d或在5℃下暴露8 d后全部死亡.     

常用杀虫剂对异色瓢虫的毒力及其保护酶的影响

为明确杀虫剂对异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)幼虫、成虫的毒力及其体内保护酶的影响,采用喷雾法测定了7种杀虫剂对异色瓢虫3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,同时测定了3种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫和成虫体内超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase)、过氧化物酶(peroxidase)和过氧化氢酶(catalase)活性的影响。结果显示:7种杀虫剂对3龄幼虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒吡虫啉、虫酰肼哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,对成虫的毒力大小为阿维菌素、啶虫脒虫酰肼、吡虫啉哒螨灵噻嗪酮吡蚜酮,吡蚜酮对异色瓢虫最安全。亚致死浓度LC10药剂可促进保护酶活性的提高,但随着浓度提高和处理时间增长,3种酶的活性总体呈逐渐下降趋势,表明低浓度的杀虫剂对异色瓢虫体内酶活性存在一定的不利影响。     

短时高温胁迫对褐飞虱存活及其热激蛋白基因hsp70表达的影响

为探讨短时高温胁迫对褐飞虱成虫存活的影响及热激蛋白基因hsp70在此过程中的作用,通过室内试验观察羽化24 h内的褐飞虱成虫经过不同高温(31~40℃)暴露和不同恢复时间(1~72 h)后的存活及其体内hsp70表达情况,并构建了褐飞虱hsp70实时荧光定量RT-PCR检测体系。结果表明,褐飞虱在31~39℃下暴露2 h对其成虫存活无显著影响,39.5℃下其存活率显著降低,为44.4%,40℃下无成虫存活;在37℃下暴露2 h后,在12 h的恢复时间内褐飞虱的存活率与对照组无显著差异,但随着恢复时间延长存活率迅速下降。缓和高温(31℃和33℃)对褐飞虱成虫hsp70表达具有诱导作用,其表达量分别为对照组的3.8和6.7倍;在35℃和37℃时达到最高峰,为对照组的291.2和232.5倍;当温度达到39℃和39.5℃时hsp70表达量呈下降趋势,但仍为对照组的46.7和26.2倍。褐飞虱37℃处理2 h后,随着恢复时间的延长,hsp70基因表达水平迅速下降,恢复48、72 h时,仅为对照组的0.4和0.7倍。推测该基因的表达在褐飞虱抵抗短时高温胁迫过程中具有重要作用。     

枯草芽胞杆菌对离体荔枝果实霜疫霉病、炭疽病的防治效果

为了进一步明确从土壤中筛选得到的拮抗细菌OR-1、OR-2、OR-3、ON-6的分类地位和生防效果,采用形态学观察、理化特性结合分子生物学方法,鉴定这4株细菌皆为枯草芽胞杆菌Bacillussubitilis.拮抗菌对荔枝霜疫霉菌、炭疽菌菌丝生长均具有明显抑制作用,ON-6菌株的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率最高,分别为92.34％和70.36％,其次是OR-1菌株.拮抗菌处理组褐变指数均小于对照组以及杀菌剂处理组,且差异达显著水平(P＜0.05),OR-1菌株防褐变效果最好.常温下,拮抗菌发酵液对离体鲜果病害防治效果优于对照组和杀菌剂处理组,其中ON-6菌株的防治效果最佳;4℃低温储藏处理40天后,拮抗菌发酵液处理组的防治效果高于对照和杀菌剂处理组,且差异显著(P＜0.05),以ON-6和ON-3菌株的防治效果最佳.表明拮抗菌发酵液对荔枝鲜果上的霜疫霉菌和炭疽病菌有一定的抑制作用.     

Effects of a lectin-like protein isolated from Acacia farnesiana seeds on phytopathogenic bacterial strains and root-knot nematode

Acacia farnesiana lectin-like protein (AFAL) showed bacterioestatic effects against Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative) and Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Gram-positive), with the latter being more sensitive. This effect is probably due to the ability of AFAL to interact with the bacterial cell wall where we observed that AFAL induced macroscopic change. The maximum bacterial growth inhibition was approximately 78% when incubated with Gram-negative strains, and as high as 92% percent for the Gram-positive one. The antibacterial effect of flavonoids (rutin, quercetin and morin) was also observed using low concentrations against both bacterial strains. Prior incubation of both with AFAL at high concentrations increases the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on bacterial growth. The potential use of AFAL as a control agent against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was investigated as well, showing anti-nematode properties involving both egg hatching and motility. In the juvenile second-stage, AFAL showed reduction in larval mobility when measured against a control group. The results suggest that AFAL is effective against M. incognita and could be used as a component of integrated pest management programs. These data also suggest that lectins probably play a role in plant defense not only against invertebrate phytopathogens, herbivores and fungi but also against bacteria.     

苏云金杆菌亚致死浓度对美国白蛾及其寄生蜂生长发育的影响

为阐明苏云金杆菌Bacillus thuringiensis(Bt)与白蛾周氏啮小蜂Chouioia cunea Yang的协同作用,分别用103~108孢子/m L的6个Bt浓度处理美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea 2龄幼虫后,通过室内试验测定了Bt对其致死、亚致死效应,及亚致死浓度Bt对寄生蜂子代出蜂的影响。结果表明,浓度106孢子/m L处理组美国白蛾均未能化蛹;而106孢子/m L处理组均能化蛹并羽化,且幼虫发育历期随Bt浓度的增加而延长,平均蛹重在74.92~92.18 mg之间,均高于对照的68.66 mg,但蛹重不呈线性规律变化。当Bt对美国白蛾平均校正死亡率低于17.17%时,幼虫发育历期延迟不明显,但平均蛹重为101.11~124.34 mg,均高于对照;接蜂后能够正常出蜂,出蜂率为33.13%~51.25%,每蛹出蜂量为117.43~143.42头,均显著高于对照。表明用平均校正死亡率低于20%的Bt处理对白蛾周氏啮小蜂的寄生有利,2种生防措施协同作用存在增效潜力。     

Analysis of two acetylcholinesterase genes in Bombyx mori

Two acetylcholinesterases (AChE, EC 3.1.1.7) cDNAs were identified and cloned from silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of those, BmAChE-o cDNA, is comprised of 3197 nucleotides which encode 638 amino acids, having an amino acid sequence homology of 72% with Drosophila melanogaster Ace-orthologous AChE (AO-AChE). In some species, another AChE group based on the sequence, Drosophila Ace-paralogous AChE (AP-AChE) has been recognized in relation to organophosphate- or carbamate-resistance, but there have been few reports of AP-AChE among lepidopteran species. However, we isolated the AP-AChE from lepidopteran silkworm, and cloned full ORF as BmAChE-p, which cDNA consisted of 2465 nucleotides that encode 683 amino acids. The homologies with other AP-AChEs were over 60% when compared. Although silkworm is not a target of pesticides, the genomic information obtained in this study will contribute to insecticide-resistance study on lepidopteran pest species.     

溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对三种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比较

为比较溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎的作用差异,采用浸卵法、浸叶法、饲喂毒营养液法等测定了溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺对3种害虫的卵、3龄幼虫和成虫的毒力,以及对其3龄幼虫的拒食活性。结果表明,溴氰虫酰胺和氯虫苯甲酰胺均无杀卵作用,但能降低初孵幼虫存活率。溴氰虫酰胺对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.05和0.13 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的2.8、2.7和5.1倍。溴氰虫酰胺对3种害虫成虫的LC₅₀值分别为0.11、0.09和0.22 mg/L,相对毒力分别是氯虫苯甲酰胺的3.9、3.8和2.7倍。溴氰虫酰胺在亚致死浓度0.10、0.05和0.14 mg/L的剂量下分别对甜菜夜蛾、玉米螟和小地老虎3龄幼虫表现出较强的拒食作用,处理48 h后达到最高,拒食率分别为85.58%、81.91%和86.11%。药剂处理试虫虫体皱缩,体节缩短,体重增加率明显低于对照处理。表明溴氰虫酰胺对3种鳞翅目害虫的毒力作用比氯虫苯甲酰胺好,可作为氯虫苯甲酰胺的替代药品。     

Biological and biochemical responses of Biomphalaria alexandrina to some extracts of the plants Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L.

The molluscicidal activity of cold water, boiled water, methanol, ethanol, acetone and chloroform extracts of Solanum siniacum and Artemisia judaica L. plants against Biomphalaria alexandrina snails was carried out. The tests revealed plant’s ethanol extract was more toxic to the snails than the other tested extracts. Therefore, it was tested against snails’ fecundity (M_x), reproduction rate (R₀) and their infection with Schistosoma mansoni miracidia. In addition, biochemical parameters and the activities of some enzymes in tissues of snails treated with the two tested plants were determined. As well, glucose concentration in snails’ hemolymph was evaluated. Exposure of B. alexandrina snails to plant’s ethanol extract led to a significant reduction in their survival and snails’ fecundity, reproduction rate. In addition, it caused a considerable reduction in the infectivity of S. mansoni miracidia to the snails. Also, it caused a reduction in number of cercariae per snail during the patent period and in the period of cercarial shedding. The results revealed that the glucose concentration in hemolymph and Lactate level in soft tissues of treated snails were increased (P < 0.001) while glycogen, total protein, the lipid content and the pyruvate level in snail’s tissues decreased (P < 0.001). The activities of lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), pyruvatekinase (PK) and cytochrome oxidase (CY) enzymes in homogenate of snail’s tissues were reduced (P < 0.001) in response to treatment with the two tested plants while protease (PR) activity increased (P < 0.001). It is concluded that the application of LC₂₅ of ethanol extract of S. siniacum and A. judaica L. may be helpful in snail control as it interferes with the snails’ biology and physiology.     

The effects of Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium L. crude leaf extracts on the toxicity, development, feeding efficiency and chemical activities of small cabbage Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The biological effects of two important medicinal plants, Artemisia annua L. and Achillea millefolium (L.) (viz, mortality, growth, and feeding indices as well as enzyme and non-enzymatic activities) were studied on small white Pieris rapae L a deleterious pest of cruciferous plants under controlled conditions (16:8 h L:D at 25 ± 1 °C and 65 ± 5% RH). The LC₅₀ and LC₂₅ values were 9.387% and 3.645% for A. annua L. and 4.19% and 1.69% for A. millefolium (L.), respectively. At the lowest concentration (0.625%), the deterrency was 29.826% and 44.185% for A. annua L. and A. millefolium (L.), respectively. Feeding indices were variously affected with changes in a number of parameters and an increase in larval and pupal duration. The activity level of alkaline phosphatase increased sharply while alanin and aspartate aminotransferases showed a sharp decrease. For non-enzymatic compounds, the amount of glucose and uric acid increased, but total protein and cholesterol decreased. These results indicate that these two medicinal plants might possess potential secondary metabolites that may be useful for controlling potential insect pests.     

两株棒束孢菌的鉴定及其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾的致病力

为明确分离自茶卷叶蛾和中华大刀螳僵虫的2株虫生真菌的归属及生防潜力,采用形态学特征和rDNA-ITS序列分析其分类地位,测定了其对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的致病力,并初步筛选了其最适培养条件.结果表明:2株真菌均为环链棒束孢Isaria cateniannulata,分别命名为ICBS918和ICTL911.在1.0×10⁸孢子/mL浓度下,ICBS918和ICTL911对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率均达100%,LT₅₀分别为3.13 d和3.15 d;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的累计校正死亡率分别为100%和95%,LT₅₀分别为3.25 d和3.31 d.接菌后8 d,2菌株对茶卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为0.47×10⁵孢子/mL和1.01×10⁵孢子/mL;对茶小卷叶蛾幼虫的LC₅₀分别为2.20×10⁵孢子/mL和1.34×10⁵孢子/mL.2菌株23 ℃下最适生长培养基均为综合马铃薯培养基,最适产孢培养基均为蛋白胨马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基;在萨氏培养基上,菌株ICBS918和ICTL911分别在24~30 ℃及24 ℃时生长速度最快,在27 ℃和21 ℃时产孢量最大.表明2株环链棒束孢对茶卷叶蛾和茶小卷叶蛾幼虫均具有较好的生防潜力,可作为生防菌进行开发和应用.     

Molecular analysis of resistance in a deltamethrin-resistant strain of Musca domestica from China

We investigated the molecular basis of resistance in a strain of house fly (BJD) from Beijing, China. This strain showed 567-fold resistance to commonly used deltamethrin. Flies were 64-fold resistant to deltamethrin synergized by piperonyl butoxide (PBO). The 5′-flanking sequence of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6D1 in BJD strain had a 15-bp insert as in the LPR strain. Two mutations (kdr, super-kdr) in the voltage sensitive sodium channel (VSSC) were also detected in the BJD strain. Our results showed that a combination of resistance alleles for CYP6D1 and VSSC existed in deltamethrin resistant house flies in China.     

Assessment of Cyfluthrin commercial formulation on growth, photosynthesis and catalase activity of green algae

Aquatic environments of the pampasic region of Argentina are severely affected by agricultural contamination due to an increase in a glyphosate tolerant transgenic variety of soybean crops. The present study is aimed to determine the effects of a commonly used Cyfluthrin commercial formulation (CCF) on growth, some physiological and biochemical parameter of four species of green algae. Significant inhibition of algal growth was observed from 0.1 mg Cyf/l. 96 h IC₅₀ were between 0.92 and 4.85 mg Cyf/l. CCF caused algicidal effects. Photosynthesis was stimulated by 50% in Scenedesmus quadricauda cultures exposed to the lowest concentration (hormesis). Algal photosynthesis inhibition was observed at higher concentrations with IC₅₀ values between 1.7 and 8.9 mg Cyf/l. Similar toxicity endpoints were found as a consequence of applying the traditional methodology of short-term chronic toxicity test of 96 h of exposition and the methodology developed using the Clark type photosynthetic oxygen evolution method. CAT activity was significantly increased between 23% and 33% considering the four species, at a lower concentration than those affecting algal growth and photosynthesis, indicating a potential biomarker. Taking into account that the extent of the soybean crops in the region is about fourteen million hectares, the improvement and extension of environmental tools for early detection of the action of pesticides on this essential group of organisms are discussed.