不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加中性植酸酶对异育银鲫生长及营养物质表观消化率、沉积率和血浆生化指标的影响

本试验研究了在不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加中性植酸酶对异育银鲫生长及营养物质表观消化率、沉积率和血浆生化指标的影响。配制磷酸二氢钙含量为1.5%的正对照饲料和磷酸二氢钙含量分别为1.0%、0.5%的负对照饲料,在含1.0%磷酸二氢钙饲料中分别添加400、800 IU/kg中性植酸酶,在含0.5%磷酸二氢钙饲料中添加400 IU/kg中性植酸酶,共配制成6种试验饲料,饲喂初始体重为(39.0±3.0)g的异育银鲫10周。每种饲料设3个重复,每个重复放养15尾鱼。结果显示:在不添加中性植酸酶的情况下,随磷酸二氢钙添加量增加,鱼体增重率,干物质、磷表观消化率,蛋白质、灰分沉积率,全鱼磷含量均显著增加(P0.05),血浆碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著降低(P0.05);在含1.0%磷酸二氢钙饲料中添加800 IU/kg中性植酸酶显著提高了增重率(P0.05),同时显著提高了蛋白质、灰分和磷沉积率,干物质和磷表观消化率,全鱼磷含量,椎骨钙含量及血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量(P0.05),显著降低了血浆ALP活性(P0.05);在含0.5%、1.0%磷酸二氢钙饲料中添加400 IU/kg中性植酸酶均显著提高了磷表观消化率和磷沉积率(P0.05);在不同磷酸二氢钙含量饲料中添加中性植酸酶对血浆总蛋白(TP)、白蛋白(ALB)、钙、磷含量无显著影响(P0.05)。以上结果表明,在磷酸二氢钙含量为1.0%的饲料中添加800 IU/kg中性植酸酶可促进异育银鲫的生长,提高干物质和磷的表观消化率,800 IU/kg中性植酸酶在底物充足条件下可代替0.5%磷酸二氢钙的添加。     

中性植酸酶在豆粕型饲料中替代磷酸二氢钙对花鲈生长及磷代谢的影响

本文旨在研究豆粕型饲料中用中性植酸酶替代不同水平的磷酸二氢钙,对花鲈(Lateolabrax japonicus)生长和磷代谢及利用的影响。以(2.52±0.01)g的花鲈为试验对象,用中性植酸酶分别替代试验用的豆粕型饲料中60%(PE6)、80%(PE8)和100%(PET)的磷酸二氢钙,每个替代水平饲料中分别设置1000FTU/kg(PE610,PE810,PET10)和1500FTU/kg(PE615,PE815,PET15)2个梯度。8周的养殖试验结果显示,在豆粕型饲料中用中性植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙后,对各试验组花鲈的生长、鱼体成分和蛋白质消化率均无显著影响(P>0.05);但PE615和PE815组的干物质消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05),PE815组的脂肪消化率显著高于PE610、PET10和PET15组(P<0.05),而PE615和PE815的总磷消化率显著高于对照组、PE610组和PET15组的(P<0.05)。各试验组的总磷摄入量、表观磷的摄入量、粪磷和非粪磷的排出量均随试验料中磷酸二氢钙添加量的减少而显著降低(P<0.05),而除PE610和PE815以外的各试验组的总磷储积率却显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。根据本试验的结果,在含有30.5%豆粕的花鲈饲料中添加一定量的中性植酸酶同时减少磷酸二氢钙的添加量后,仍能显著提高饲料中磷的消化和利用(P<0.05)。中性植酸酶的添加量以1000FTU/kg饲料为宜,其作用相当于12g/kg的磷酸二氢钙。     

中性植酸酶部分替代磷酸二氢钙对异育银鲫生长性能、体成分及磷利用率的影响

本试验旨在研究中性植酸酶部分替代磷酸二氢钙对异育银鲫生长性能、体成分、血清生化指标及磷利用率的影响。试验分为7组,分别为D1组(正对照组,饲料中添加1.5%磷酸二氢钙)、D2组(负对照1组,饲料中添加1.0%磷酸二氢钙)、D3组(饲料中添加1.0%磷酸二氢钙+400 U/kg中性植酸酶)、D4组(饲料中添加1.0%磷酸二氢钙+800 U/kg中性植酸酶)、D5组(负对照2组,饲料中添加0.5%磷酸二氢钙)、D6组(饲料中添加0.5%磷酸二氢钙+400 U/kg中性植酸酶)和D7组(饲料中添加0.5%磷酸二氢钙+800 U/kg中性植酸酶),每组3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼[初始均重(23.39±0.10)g],开展为期8周的生长试验。结果表明:异育银鲫摄食试验饲料8周后,D5组的生长性能最差,其增重率、特定生长率、摄食量均显著低于其余各组(P0.05),饲料系数则显著高于其余各组(P0.05)。D2和D6组的增重率和特定生长率显著低于D1组(P0.05),而饲料系数则显著高于D1组(P0.05)。D3、D4和D7组的各项生长性能指标与D1组均没有显著差异(P0.05)。异育银鲫的全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗灰分和磷含量以及血清胆固醇含量和碱性磷酸酶活性在各组间均无显著差异(P0.05)。除D5组外,其余各组间血清中磷和甘油三酯含量无显著差异(P0.05)。在相同的磷酸二氢钙添加量下,添加中性植酸酶组磷沉积率和磷表观消化率显著高于未添加中性植酸酶组(P0.05),而磷排放量则相反。由此可知,饲料中添加400和800 U/kg中性植酸酶可以分别减少0.5%和1.0%的磷酸二氢钙添加量而不影响异育银鲫的生长性能、体成分和血清生化指标等。在异育银鲫饲料中,中性植酸酶部分替代磷酸二氢钙可以提高饲料磷利用率、降低磷排放量,从而带来经济效益和生态效益。     

植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙对斑点叉尾鮰生长及饲料利用的影响

试验目的旨在研究植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙对斑点叉尾鮰生长性能的影响,确定植酸酶在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中对磷酸二氢钙的适宜替代比例。试验共设计7个处理组,基础对照组添加17 kg/t磷酸二氢钙,处理组分别用200 g/t和400 g/t的植酸酶替代基础对照组中30%、45%和60%的磷酸二氢钙构成植酸酶替代组。试验采用单因素完全随机分组设计,选择630尾[体重(14.48±0.04)g]斑点叉尾鮰,随机分到7个处理组中,每个处理3个重复,每个重复放养30尾鱼,进行了60 d的生长试验。试验结果表明,在45%的替代范围内,试验中期和末期各处理组鱼体的增重率、特定生长率、摄食量、饲料系数和成活率均无显著差异(P>0.05);当替代量超过60%时,与对照组相比,试验中期各处理组鱼体的生长性能无显著影响(P>0.05),而在试验末期鱼的增重率显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数显著升高(P<0.05);分析植酸酶不同添加量对鱼体生长性能的影响发现,在相同替代比例下,200 g/t和400 g/t的植酸酶替代组没有显著差异(P>0.05)。综上分析,本试验条件下,在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中用200 g/t的植酸酶替代30%~45%的磷酸二氢钙,其生长性能不会受到影响,根据增重率的折线模型拟合分析可得,植酸酶对磷酸二氢钙的最佳替代比例为31.48%,等效于0.54%的磷酸二氢钙。     

添加植酸酶提高鱼饲料磷的利用

为测定植酸酶对条纹妒实用饲料磷利用的效果，美国水产科研人员进行了试验。饲料中植物原料占70％，含磷49－7.1g／kg，非植酸磷15－1.7g／kg、试验饲料添加磷酸钾13g／kg使总磷含量为9g／kg，非植酸磷含量为6g／kR。每种饲料设3个重复，投喂条纹鲈鱼种14周，不添加植酸酶作对照；。植酸酶处理效果根据鱼体增重、饲料转换率、血清，鳞片和脊椎中的钙磷测定。磷的表现消化率使用Cr2O35g／kg测定。结果表明：投喂添加植酸酶2400U／kg饲料的鱼鳞片和脊椎中的磷浓度提高投喂添加植酸酶饲料的鱼血清中的磷浓度高、结论是条纹鲈实用饲料中添加植…     

植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙对斑点叉尾鮰饲料消化率和磷代谢的影响

试验旨在研究植酸酶替代磷酸二氢钙对斑点叉尾鮰饲料消化率和磷代谢的影响,确定植酸酶在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中对磷酸二氢钙的适宜替代比例。试验以斑点叉尾鮰[(14.48±0.04)g]为研究对象,共设计7个组,除基础对照组(17 kg/t磷酸二氢钙)外,分别用200 g/t和400 g/t的植酸酶替代基础组中30%(S1、S2组)、45%(S3、S4组)和60%(S5、S6组)的磷酸二氢钙。先进行30 d的循环水养殖试验,重新换水后再继续72 h的静水饲养试验。试验结果显示,用植酸酶替代30%的磷酸二氢钙或者用400 g/t的植酸酶替代45%的磷酸二氢钙,可以显著提高饲料干物质表观消化率。当替代量达到60%时,对干物质消化率无显著影响。S1、S2、S3、S4组的总磷消化率相比对照组提高了7.95%~16.71%。表观磷摄入量除S5、S6组外,其它替代组与对照组相比均无显著性差异,同一替代水平的两个组间差异不显著。粪磷排出量有随磷酸二氢钙替代量增加而降低的趋势,各替代组的粪磷排出量和水中总磷含量均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,本试验条件下,从饲料消化率、磷代谢和成本方面分析,可以确定在斑点叉尾鮰饲料中添加植酸酶对磷酸二氢钙的最适替代比例为200 g/t的植酸酶替代45%的磷酸二氢钙。     

植酸酶和磷酸二氢钙含量对鲤鱼幼鱼生长性能的影响

试验以鲤鱼幼鱼[初重(110±2.1)g]为研究对象,随机挑选体质健康、大小均匀的幼鱼分成6组,每组30尾,分别投喂含磷酸二氢钙3%(ZSM1)、2%(ZSM2)、2%(ZSM3)、1%(ZSM4)、1%(ZSM5)和0.5%(ZSM6)的试验日粮,其中ZSM3、ZSM5和ZSM6组中分别添加了0.04%的耐高温中性植酸酶。研究表明:在不添加植酸酶的三个组中,鱼体增重率、特定生长率和生物学综合评定值均随着磷酸二氢钙添加量的降低而降低,饵料系数则逐渐升高;而添加植酸酶的三个组,鱼体增重率、特定生长率和饵料系数均有明显改善,除饵料系数外,其他两个指标均显著高于ZSM4组(P<0.05);从形体指标来看,6个组之间的肥满度、脏体比和肝体比没有明显差异;骨磷含量方面,磷酸二氢钙添加量较少的ZSM4、ZSM5和ZSM6组骨磷含量有下降趋势,但各组间的差异不显著(P>0.05)。试验表明,在鲤鱼幼鱼饲料中添加适量的耐高温中性植酸酶,可以明显提高鱼体生长性能和饲料中植酸磷的利用率,降低磷酸二氢钙的用量,减少对水环境的磷污染。     

不同植酸磷水平饲粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究不同植酸磷水平饲粮中添加植酸酶对肉鸭生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选用1日龄樱桃谷肉鸭504只,随机分为7组,包括1个高非植酸磷(前期4.0 g/kg;后期3.4 g/kg)对照组和6个低非植酸磷(前期2.4 g/kg;后期1.8 g/kg)试验组.试验组饲粮采用2×3因子完全随机设计,植酸磷设2.00和3.50 g/kg2个水平,植酸酶设500、1 000和1 500 U/kg 3个水平.每组设6个重复,每个重复12只鸭.试验期40 d.结果表明,饲粮植酸磷和植酸酶水平显著影响肉鸭全期平均日增重(ADG)(P<0.01)、平均日采食量(ADFI)(P<0.01)以及后期料重比(F/G)(P<0.05),其中高植酸磷饲粮显著优于低植酸磷饲粮(P<0.05).植酸磷和植酸酶水平对末均重、平均日增重、平均日采食量和料重比均呈现显著的互作效应(P<0.05).低植酸磷饲粮中肉鸭ADG和ADFI随着植酸酶添加量提高而显著提高(P<0.05),高植酸磷饲粮中1 000 U/kg组显著高于500 U/kg组(P<0.05),与1 500 U/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05).植酸酶水平显著影响肉鸭21和40日龄血清磷水平以及21日龄血清碱性磷酸酶活性(P<0.01),但对21和40日龄血清钙水平和40日龄血清碱性磷酸酶活性无显著影响(P>0.05).结果提示,在低非植酸磷饲粮中添加植酸酶可提高肉鸭的生长性能,其中在高植酸磷饲粮中的效果优于低植酸磷饲粮;随着植酸酶水平的增加,血清碱性磷酸酶活性降低.     

饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼鱼种生长和蛋白质消化酶活性的影响

通过2个试验研究了饲料中添加蛋白酶AG对鲤鱼生长和前肠蛋白质消化酶活性的影响.试验Ⅰ选用540尾均重11.7 g的鲤鱼,随机均分为6组,随机选取3组分别饲喂鱼粉含量为10%、15%、20%的3种等蛋白基础饲料,另外3组分别饲喂添加有175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的以上3种饲料,试验期60 d.试验Ⅱ选取120尾均重48.7 g的鲤鱼,随机分为2组,一组饲喂鱼粉含量6%的基础饲料为对照组,另外一组饲喂添加175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG的基础饲料为试验组,试验期为30 d.试验Ⅰ结果表明:摄食10%鱼粉饲料和20%鱼粉 175 mg/kg蛋白酶AG饲料的鲤鱼分别具有最低和最高的增重率;在10%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG显著提高了鱼体增重率(P<0.05),但在15%、20%鱼粉饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对鱼体增重率没有显著影响.试验Ⅱ结果表明:相比于对照组,试验组鲤鱼增重率提高了6.4%(P<0.05),饲料系数降低了5.4%(P<0.05).试验Ⅰ和试验Ⅱ中,添加蛋白酶AG对鱼体肌肉水分、粗脂肪、粗蛋白质含量均无显著影响(P>0.05);对消化酶活性的测定表明,在鱼粉含量为10%、6%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可显著提高前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性(P<0.05),但在鱼粉含量为15%、20%的基础饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,对前肠组织蛋白酶活性和食糜蛋白酶活性没有影响.综上所述,在鱼粉含量较低的饲料中添加蛋白酶AG,可提高鲤鱼消化道蛋白酶活性,改善生长性能.     

低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能和消化生理的影响

本试验旨在研究低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶对草鱼生长性能、消化酶活性、营养物质表观消化率和免疫力的影响。试验选取平均体重为9.66 g的健康草鱼630尾,随机分为7个组,每组3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。7组草鱼饲喂如下试验饲料:正常磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量2.0%)正常鱼粉(鱼粉添加量3.0%)饲料(对照)、低磷(磷酸二氢钙添加量1.3%)正常鱼粉饲料、低磷正常鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶饲料、正常磷低鱼粉(鱼粉添加量1.5%)饲料、正常磷低鱼粉并添加0.05%蛋白酶饲料、低磷和低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉并添加0.03%植酸酶和0.05%蛋白酶饲料。饲养试验持续56 d。结果显示:与饲喂正常磷正常鱼粉饲料草鱼相比,饲喂低磷低鱼粉饲料草鱼的增重率、特定生长率、营养物质(干物质、蛋白质、钙和磷)表观消化率、肠道消化酶(胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和淀粉酶)活性、血清溶菌酶活性均显著降低(P<0.05),饲料系数和血清丙二醛含量显著升高(P<0.05)。在低磷正常鱼粉饲料、正常磷低鱼粉饲料、低磷低鱼粉饲料中分别添加植酸酶、蛋白酶、植酸酶与蛋白酶后,草鱼的上述指标均得到显著改善(P<0.05)。以上结果表明,在低磷低鱼粉饲料中添加植酸酶和蛋白酶能够提高草鱼的营养物质表观消化率、肠道消化酶活性和免疫力,从而改善其生长性能。     

Serologic prevalence of toxoplasmosis in cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, bison, and elk in Montana

Serum samples from 2,539 cattle, 649 sheep, 123 goats, 413 pigs, 93 bison, and 56 elk from Montana were examined for antibody to Toxoplasma gondii in the Sabin-Feldman dye test or the modified agglutination test (MAT). Cattle, bison, and elk serum samples were treated with 0.2 M-mercaptoethanol before examination in MAT. In the dye test, 13.2% of sheep, 5.0% of pigs, and 22.7% of goats had antibody at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:16. In the MAT, 3.2% of cattle, 3.1% of bison, and none of the elk were positive at a dilution of greater than or equal to 1:128.     

Serological survey of canine dirofilariosis in Chongqing, Kunming, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning in Southern China

The present study conducts a serological survey on the presence of canine dirofilariosis in domestic dogs using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. A total of 310 household dogs (166 females and 144 males) in Chongqing, Kunming, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning in Southern China were examined. Of the 310 dogs, 42 (13.5%) were seropositive for dirofilariosis. No statistically significant difference was observed in terms of sex in the seroprevalence of dirofilariosis using the ELISA kit. The positive rates for dirofilariosis were 6.6% in the 0-1-year-old group, 13.8% in the 1-4-year-old group, and 21.6% in the less than 4-year-old group. The statistical analysis revealed that significant differences were observed in the 1-4-year-old group (P=0.037, OR=0.441, 95% CI=0.170-1.144) and less than 4-year-old group (P<0.001, OR=0.256, 95% CI=0.095-0.693). In the regional comparison, the shoreline city Shenzhen (18.8%) had a significantly higher prevalence than urban and mountain areas (P<0.05, OR=0.310, 95% CI=0.066-1.445). In conclusion, Dirofilaria immitis infection in domestic dogs was present in Chongqing, Kunming, Nanchang, Fuzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Nanning. Therefore, heartworm treatment and/or chemoprophylaxis for the captured domestic dogs are necessary in these areas. To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first using serological methods to examine D. immitis infection in domestic dogs in Mainland China in the recent years.     

Exercise-induced alterations in plasma concentrations of ghrelin, adiponectin, leptin, glucose, insulin, and cortisol in horses

Six Standardbred (STB) mares (11+/-2 years, 521+/-77 kg; means+/-SD) performed an exercise trial (EX) where they underwent an incremental exercise test (GXT) as well as a parallel control trial (CON) to test the hypothesis that short-term, high intensity exercise would alter plasma concentrations of glucose, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin and cortisol. Plasma samples were taken before (0 min), during (last 10s at 6, 8m/s, and the velocity eliciting VO(2max)), and after exercise (2, 10, 30, 60 min; 12 and 24h post-GXT). A second set of blood samples was collected before and after an afternoon meal given at 1515 h (at 1500, 1514, 1530, and 1545 h). Data were analyzed using ANOVA for repeated measures and Tukey's test. During the GXT, there were no changes (P>0.05) in the plasma concentrations of glucose, leptin, adiponectin or ghrelin. However, there was a 29% increase (P<0.05) in mean plasma cortisol concentration and a 35% decrease (P<0.05) in mean plasma insulin concentration. Substantial increases (P<0.05) in the mean plasma concentrations of glucose and cortisol of 36% and 102%, respectively, were seen in the EX trial during the first 60 min post-GXT. Plasma leptin concentration, measured at the 24h post-GXT time point, was 20% lower (P<0.05) during the EX trial compared with the parallel time point in the standing control (CON) trial. Plasma ghrelin concentration was 37% lower (P<0.05) in the EX trial compared with CON before and after the afternoon meal, but was 43% higher (P<0.05) 12h post-GXT. There were no differences between EX and CON for plasma concentrations of insulin or adiponectin during recovery. It was concluded that short-term high intensity exercise alters plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations in STB mares post-exercise, which may signal the exercised animals to alter energy intake.     

Changes in plasma melanocyte-stimulating hormone,ACTH, prolactin,GH, LH,FSH, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in response to injection of sulpiride,thyrotropin-releasing hormone,or vehicle in insulin-sensitive and -insensitive mares

Six insulin-sensitive and 6 insulin-insensitive mares were used in a replicated 3 by 3 Latin square design to determine the pituitary hormonal responses (compared with vehicle) to sulpiride and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), 2 compounds commonly used to diagnose pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) in horses. Mares were classified as insulin sensitive or insensitive by their previous glucose responses to direct injection of human recombinant insulin. Treatment days were February 25, 2012, and March 10 and 24, 2012. Treatments were sulpiride (racemic mixture, 0.01 mg/kg BW), TRH (0.002 mg/kg BW), and vehicle (saline, 0.01 mL/kg BW) administered intravenously. Blood samples were collected via jugular catheters at −10, 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 min relative to treatment injection. Plasma ACTH concentrations were variable and were not affected by treatment or insulin sensitivity category. Plasma melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to both sulpiride and TRH injection and were greater (P < 0.05) in insulin-insensitive mares than in sensitive mares. Plasma prolactin concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to both sulpiride and TRH injection, and the response was greater (P < 0.05) for sulpiride; no effect of insulin sensitivity was observed. Plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations responded (P < 0.01) to TRH injection only and were higher (P < 0.05) in insulin-sensitive mares in almost all time periods. Plasma LH and FSH concentrations varied with time (P < 0.05), particularly in the first week of the experiment, but were not affected by treatment or insulin sensitivity category. Plasma GH concentrations were affected (P < 0.05) only by day of treatment. The greater MSH responses to sulpiride and TRH in insulin-insensitive mares were similar to, but not as exaggerated as, those observed by others for PPID horses. In addition, the reduced TSH concentrations in insulin-insensitive mares are consistent with our previous observation of elevated plasma triiodothyronine concentrations in hyperleptinemic horses (later shown to be insulin insensitive as well).     

Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in swine--technique, methods, indications

The aim of this study was to investigate in 20 healthy pigs the practicability of the oesophagogastroduodenoscopic examination technique in regard to equipment, method of examination, indications and its suitability as a diagnostical tool for the assessment of the oesophagus, stomach and upper duodenum in one procedure. Preparation of the patient for endoscopy, the procedure of the endoscopic examination as well as the topographical findings of the upper intestinal tract including the duodenum until the flexura duodenojejunalis are described. Flexible oesophagogastroduodenoscopy is a suitable method for the observation and natural visualisation of mucosal surfaces and for the digital documentation of peristaltic movements. The procedure is easy to perform in anaesthetized animals, is in most cases completed within 15 min, and can be repeated in the same animal. Indications of this interesting diagnostic imaging technique are discussed.     

Cholangitis in cats: symptoms, cause, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis

Inflammation of the bile ducts is common in cats. This review article reports on what is currently known about the various types of cholangitis (i.e., cholangitis caused by liver flukes, neutrophilic cholangitis, and lymphocytic cholangitis). Treatment is available for cholangitis caused by liver flukes and for neutrophilic cholangitis, and the prognosis is good. However, the cause of lymphocytic cholangitis is not known and there is currently no evidence-based therapy. Several causes are mentioned in the literature, but more research is needed in order to establish the cause of this disease and to develop an appropriate therapy.