山东省水土保持区划探讨

本文对山东省水土保持区划工作进行了探讨。作者根据全省自然条件、社会经济情况, 影响土壤侵蚀的诸因子, 及水土流失现状等综合因素, 提出了山东省水土保持区划原则, 并依据分区原则, 在水利部统一划分一级区、二级区的前提下, 将全省共划分3个三级区、12个三级亚区。     

水源涵养基本功能区水力侵蚀现状分析简

针对全国水土保持区划中确定的22个具有水源涵养功能的基本功能区,利用第1次全国水利普查获取的水力侵蚀数据,分析这些区域的水力侵蚀现状.结果表明：1）水源涵养基本功能区水力侵蚀以轻中度侵蚀为主,超过80％,强烈、极强烈、剧烈面积分布较少,与全国基本状况相似;2）与第2次全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查成果相比,水源涵养基本功能区水力侵蚀整体上有所好转,水力侵蚀总面积减少3.75％,轻中度侵蚀面积大幅减少,减幅超过20％;3）水源涵养基本功能区局部地区水力侵蚀形势严峻,极强烈和剧烈侵蚀面积虽然不大,但是与第2次遥感调查成果相比,面积均有所增加,相对增幅较大,说明局部地区存在水力侵蚀恶化的现象.     

上海市水力侵蚀现状与水土保持措施分析

为研究上海市水土流失及措施现状,以第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况普查结果为基础,结合上海市基本情况,分析上海市水力侵蚀现状和水土保持措施情况。结果表明,上海市水土流失面积超过了200km^2,水土流失以河道两岸和湖泊沿岸的坍塌淤浅为主要特征,建设项目施工造成的人为水土流失也是上海市水土流失的一个重要方面。上海市中心城区水土保持措施较完善,但郊区部分河道还没有采取有效护坡措施,基本处于自然状态,很容易发生水土流失;因此,河道边坡和湖泊岸线的护岸整治、海岸滩涂的保滩促淤治理是上海市水土保持工作的重点,同时还应加强建设项目的监管和水土保持监测,以防止人为水土流失。     

湖南省水土流失治理探究

本文通过调查研究, 分析了湖南省水土流失现状、危害和发展趋势, 以及水土流失原因。全省水土流失的县市从50年代的34个增加到87个;年入洞庭湖泥沙量增加34.2%。 30多年来洞庭湖泥沙淤积总量达40亿m³, 直接危害农、林、牧、渔等业的生产。 指出: ①加强植被建设,改造坡耕地;②推广小流域综合治理;③户包或联户承包治理;④开展多渠道集资, 增加水土保持经费;⑤完善治理和管理政策, 加强水土保持方针、政策等的宣传。     

Participatory soil and water conservation planning using an erosion mapping tool in the central highlands of Kenya

Despite several approaches that aimed at mobilising East African farmers to embrace soil and water conservation (SWC) activities, farmers hardly responded since they were seldom involved in the planning of SWC activities. Two tools that employ farmers' participation were developed and applied at Gikuuri catchment in Kenya. The first tool involved farmers to map soil erosion using their own indicators and determine the soil erosion status at catchment scale. This formed the basis upon which they undertook to plan for SWC measures at catchment scale. Farmers also predicted crop yield losses based on the soil erosion status. Farmers widely approved the soil erosion status map since their own indicators and perceptions were used. The second tool provided cash flow trends for a variety of SWC activities and farmer situations. Farmers can use land with a high, moderate or low erosion status and often have rather different socio‐economic settings. The net benefits over 5 yr for bench terraces, fanya juu terraces and grass strips were illustrated to assist farmers in making informed decisions on SWC adoption. The two tools increased awareness on the need for collective actions among farmers and showed fields that cause run‐on on downslope fields. The improved awareness of erosion problems and the related financial consequences increased farmers' willingness to share the investment costs for cut‐off drains. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

自然侵蚀量和容许土壤流失量与水土流失治理标准

在总结分析国内有关自然侵蚀量、容许土壤流失量研究成果的基础上,探讨自然侵蚀量与容许土壤流失量的关系,讨论制订水土流失治理标准的思路。认为水土流失治理标准的确定有3个参考值：1）标准值,即一定条件下的容许土壤流失量,是水土流失治理至少要达到的目标,且随着对不同土地利用类型的功能需求与可实施的最佳水土保持措施、以及所在水土流失类型区的侵蚀危害与治理约束条件的不同而不同;2）理想值,即正常自然侵蚀状态下的土壤流失量;3）极端值,即土壤流失量为0,不发生水土流失。水土流失治理应是先控制到现时生态环境与社会经济条件下的容许土壤流失量范围内,逐步达到自然正常侵蚀量或制止水土流失的发生;还应引入环境伦理、环境美学及景观设计等理念,最终实现土地的可持续利用、区域生态系统的健康稳定及人与自然的和谐友好发展。     

Modelling soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale: the case of Masinga catchment,Kenya

Development of improved soil erosion and sediment yield prediction technology is required to provide catchment stakeholders with the tools they need to evaluate the impact of various management strategies on soil loss and sediment yield in order to plan for the optimal use of the land. In this paper, a newly developed approach is presented to predict the sources of sediment reaching the stream network within Masinga, a large‐scale rural catchment in Kenya. The study applies the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and a developed hillslope sediment delivery distributed (HSDD) model embedded in a geographical information system (GIS). The HSDD model estimates the sediment delivery ratio (SDR) on a cell‐by‐cell basis using the concept of runoff travel time as a function of catchment characteristics. The model performance was verified by comparing predicted and measured plot runoff and sediment yield. The results show a fairly good relationship between predicted and measured sediment yield (R²=0·82). The predicted results show that the developed modelling approach can be used as a major tool to estimate spatial soil erosion and sediment yield at a catchment scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

延河流域水土保持措施减蚀效应分析

 利用延河流域35个雨量站50多年的日降雨、数字高程模型、土壤类型图、土地利用图和植被覆盖图、水土保持措施调查数据,结合黄土高原的区域特征,运用CSLE,在ArcGIS的支持下分别计算研究区1986、1997和2006年土壤侵蚀量,以1986年的水土保持措施实施情况作为基期水平,模拟1997、2006年在水土保持基期水平情景下的土壤侵蚀量,对比分析水土保持措施变化对土壤侵蚀量的影响。结果表明:以1986年作为基期,新增水土保持措施在1997年减少土壤侵蚀量96万t,在2006年减少土壤侵蚀量628万t;考虑2006年降雨特征不同于研究区多年降雨特征,按照2006年降雨特征计算,则新增水土保持措施在2006年减少土壤侵蚀量140万t。研究结果可为延河流域水土保持效益评价、水土流失治理和生态建设提供参考。     

龙须草水土保持效益研究

对龙须草地水土保持效益研究结果表明 ,与空旷地相比种植龙须草可降低土壤容重 0 .13g/cm3 ,增加土壤总孔隙度 4 .9% ,提高土层土壤贮水量 14 .9% ,年土壤侵蚀量 4 72 .7t/km2 ,比对照减少 94 .5 % ,生态效益和经济效益显著。     

土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系

通过综述土壤侵蚀对碳循环的影响、全球气候变化对土壤侵蚀的影响以及水土保持植被恢复对碳循环与土壤碳素积累的影响,研究土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系。结果表明:因侵蚀造成的土壤碳素损失是巨大的,但土壤侵蚀是碳源还是碳汇过程依然存在争议,焦点集中于因侵蚀造成土壤团聚体解体,暴露在空气中的土壤有机碳的矿化速率的大小;随着全球气温升高以及降雨格局的变化,全球土壤侵蚀强度和范围都在不断增加,但土壤侵蚀对全球气候变化的响应程度依然值得深入研究;水土保持生态恢复主要通过改变下垫面性质来改变土壤有机碳含量、影响土壤CO2释放并促进土壤碳素积累,对抑制大气CO2浓度升高能产生积极影响。尽管土壤侵蚀/水土保持与气候变化的耦合关系方面的研究已取得重大进展,但仍有待于在土壤侵蚀过程中碳素变化模型、土壤侵蚀过程中氮素迁移转化特征以及侵蚀劣地生态恢复过程中土壤碳素积累机制等方面加强研究。     

红壤侵蚀区水土保持植物配置模式

 为探索中国南方红壤侵蚀严重区水土流失快速治理的方法和途径,在江西省的修水、宁都、石城等县花岗岩发育的红壤侵蚀区,对16种水土保持植物配置模式的植物生长状况、蓄水保土效益、改土增肥效益、经济效益4方面进行观测,通过建立评价模型,对不同人工植物群落配置模式的水土保持效益进行综合定量评价。结果表明:修水试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子+黄栀子、马尾松+木荷+泡桐+胡枝子,宁都试验区马尾松+木荷+胡枝子,石城试验区湿地松+枫香+胡枝子+硬骨草、湿地松+胡枝子+硬骨草和湿地松+胡枝子+百喜草配置模式各种效益表现优良,可以在同类地区大力推广。     

Mitigating soil erosion through farm-level adoption of soil and water conservation measures in Samanalawewa Watershed,Sri Lanka

Abstract

Soil erosion by water is currently one of the most notable types of land degradation in Samanalawewa Watershed in Sri Lanka, creating copious environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Thus, with the aim of detecting and mapping the rates of human-induced soil erosion in the watershed, remote sensing and geographic information system based modelling and field experiments were carried out. The results of the assessment disclosed that the present rate of human-induced soil erosion varies from 0 to 289 t ha^?1 yr^?1 with the majority of the area exceeding the natural rate of soil erosion by 14 to 33 times at present. However, the average rate of human-induced soil erosion has declined dramatically from 19.8 to 4.3 t ha^?1 yr^?1 from 1986 to 2008. In order to analyse the significant determinants of farm-level adoption of soil and water conservation measures, binary logistic regression procedure was applied using the data collected through a household survey (n = 201). The most significant (p<0.01) variables of the study were the farmers’ perceptions of soil erosion problems, gender of the household head, training on soil and water conservation, and ascertained advice from agricultural extension officers while the variables regarding past awareness about soil conservation technologies and off-farm income were significant at p<0.05. Furthermore, the study revealed that the majority (60.2%) of the farmers in the study area had been adopting different types of soil and water conservation measures for a prolonged period of time. Therefore, owing to the current decreasing rate of soil erosion, the soil and water conservation costs and the ratios of human-induced soil erosion vs natural soil erosion had declined significantly while the productivity of their lands had gone up.     

张家口地区水土保持措施空间配置效应评价

该文以张家口各个地貌类型区水土流失监测站实测数据为基础,研究了该区水土保持措施的空间配置的适宜性。结果表明：不论何种地貌类型区,总体的趋势是坡耕地组中水平梯田的水土保持效益最好,蓄水拦沙效益均达到90%以上,其次是经济林,再者是人工种草;荒坡地组中植被措施结合水平沟、鱼鳞坑整地形式的水土保持效益最好,基本在75%以上,自然封禁和人工种草的水土保持效益次之,且空间和年际之间差异较大,造成这种现象的主要原因可能是由于降雨条件的差异影响到植被生长的质量,其次是土壤本身的特征的差异。因此,采取封禁措施治理的初期不能简单依靠生态自身的修复,必须辅助以工程措施为植被的恢复创造条件。     

水蚀区水土保持地面观测资料整编内容与方法

资料整编是水土保持监测的基础性工作.按资料的来源和属性,可将水土保持监测资料分为基础资料、观测资料、调查资料和衍生资料.水蚀区水土保持地面观测主要涉及径流小区和小流域控制站,按监测内容和对象,一般可分为影响因子、径流和泥沙观测资料整编3大类,不同资料整编内容与方法不尽相同,各有侧重.近期,应抓紧制订监测资料整编的技术标准和整编制度,规范整编行为,同时,还应加强技术培训和档案管理,提高水土保持监测资料整编的信息化和现代化水平.     

Response of erosion reduction effect of typical soil and water conservation measures in cropland to rainfall and slope gradient changes and their applicable range in the Chinese Mollisols Region,Northeast China

Mollisols are rich in organic matter, which makes them suitable for cultivation and for enhancing global food security. Mollisols are experiencing severe soil erosion due to overfarming and a lack of maintenance. Thus, suitable soil and water conservation measures (SWCMs) are needed to protect Mollisols. However, how SWCMs respond to changes in slope gradient and rainfall and their effective application area remain ambiguous. Using a long-term field observation dataset, meta-analysis, and statistical test methods, we reveal the typical erosion reduction effect of SWCMs and their responses to changes in slope gradient and rainfall. Next, we calculated a coupling factor, P·S, by slope gradient and rainfall in flood season to determine the effective SWCMs application threshold. Compared with bare land, no-tillage (NT), contour ridge tillage (CT), ridge hedgerows (RH), and terraced fields (TF) had an average erosion reduction coefficient of 91.5%. There was a significant exponential increase in the correlation between P·S and the soil erosion amount in plots with typical measures. According to this correlation and soil loss tolerance (200 t/km²), the upper limits of P·S (NT: 564 mm; CT: 885 mm; RH: 1135 mm) were determined and utilized to determine the effective application areas (NT: 311.40 10³ km²; CT: 320.86 10³ km²; RH: 323.72 10³ km²) at the plot scale. In wet years, the applicable area of SWCMs declined toward the low-elevation foothills and flat terrain. All the results are applicable when slope length within 20 m. These results provide a basis for the precise allocation of SWCMs in Mollisols area and promote the scientific utilization of Mollisols resources.     

Soil conservation policy measures to control wind erosion in northwestern Europe

Wind erosion is not as significant or a widespread problem in Europe as in dryer parts of the world, but it can cause major damage in small areas. The hazard is greatest in the lowlands of northwestern Europe with more than 3 million ha at high-potential wind erosion risk. Crop damage and off-site damage have prompted farmers and policymakers to pay more attention to wind erosion control. A great variety of measures have been developed in the last decades. Most farmers, however, only use measures to protect their high value crops. In existing policies, little attention is paid to the off-site effects and long-term effects of wind erosion. There are no direct policy measures at a European level to control soil erosion, and few measures exist in individual Member States. Agricultural or environmental EC policies offer different policy tools to approach the wind erosion problems related to agricultural practices. Tools like subsidies for the re-afforestation of arable land can help regional policy makers with the implementation of wind erosion control measures. A case study concerning the ‘Code of Good Agricultural Practice’ shows that regional differences result in different control measures that fits best given the physical, social and economic context. The formulation of the practical details of such code should therefore remain a task of the local or regional government. The main objectives of a Code of Good Agricultural Practice could be formulated at national or European level.     

发展保护性耕作技术 有效防治耕地土壤侵蚀

 我国是世界上人均耕地最少的国家之一,人均耕地仅为0.093 3 hm2,不到世界平均水平的40%。同时,我国也是世界上耕地土壤侵蚀最严重的国家之一,全国耕地土壤侵蚀面积为4 033万hm2,占耕地总面积的33.15%。仅坡耕地每年产生的土壤流失量约达15亿t,占全国土壤侵蚀总量的33%。耕地土壤侵蚀已对我国的粮食安全、生态安全和经济社会可持续发展构成了严重威胁。论述了水土保持领域发展保护性耕作技术的重要意义、产生与发展、主要技术内容与技术模式及保护性耕作技术的生态、经济和社会效益。发展保护性耕作技术,是水土保持的新理念,对于有效防治耕地土壤侵蚀和非点源污染具有重要意义。     

水土保持农业技术措施分类初探

为进一步完善我国水土保持农业技术措施的分类体系,并服务于研究与生产,在论述水土保持农业技术措施的概念、分类现状基础上,依据措施实施的方式、作用和目标,并结合农艺环节,将水土保持农业技术划分为以改变微地形为主的蓄水保墒技术、以提高土壤抗蚀力为主的保护性耕作技术和以增加植物覆盖为主的栽培技术3大类,等高耕作、沟垄种植、坑田、半旱式耕作、深耕翻、保墒、覆盖、深松、少耕、培肥土壤、合理配置作物、播种保苗、栽培13个亚类和等高耕作等44个型,以供参考.     

近十年土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究进展与展望

在当今生态文明背景下,土壤侵蚀与水土保持研究迎来了新的发展机遇和挑战。本文首先采用文献计量学方法,定量分析了近10年来国内外土壤侵蚀与水土保持学科发展现状。在此基础上,结合社会需求的变化,阐明了学科发展需求与存在问题。最后,提出了本学科研究的重点领域与方向:水文过程与侵蚀产沙机理,土壤侵蚀过程及其定量模拟,全球变化下土壤侵蚀演变及其灾变机理,社会经济系统—水土流失的互馈过程,以生态功能提升为主的土壤侵蚀防治,以及土壤侵蚀研究新技术与新方法等。