不同草地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮和全磷的影响

以青海省共和县塔拉滩封育芨芨草(Achnatherum splendens)草原、过牧芨芨草草原、取土坑、人工草地和农田为研究对象,对不同利用方式及不同深度下土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷含量进行了分析研究。结果表明:0～10cm和10～20cm土层土壤有机碳含量顺序均为封育芨芨草草原>退化过牧芨芨草草原>取土坑>农田>人工草地,说明退化和开垦均导致表层土壤有机碳含量的下降。在同一土层内,农田和人工草地(退耕地)的有机碳含量差异不显著(P>0.05)。在0～10,10～20和20～40cm的3个土层,农田的全氮含量最高,人工草地次之,主要是由于人为施加氮肥和翻压枯草等因素造成,取土坑的全氮含量最低;同时,0～40cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量高于退化过牧芨芨草草原,40～80cm的土层,封育芨芨草草原的土壤全氮含量低于退化过牧芨芨草草原,说明封育使土壤上层的全氮含量增加,而草原退化导致氮向下层转移。全磷含量的变化规律与全氮相似。各草地的有机碳、全氮和全磷含量随土壤深度增加而下降。     

贺兰山不同海拔土壤颗粒有机碳、氮特征

采用颗粒大小的物理分组方法,测定了贺兰山(西坡)不同海拔具有代表性的8个样地的草地土壤颗粒有机碳和颗粒有机氮含量,并且分析了土壤颗粒碳、氮分配比例与植被特征及环境因子的关系。结果表明,土壤颗粒碳、氮含量随海拔的降低而显著降低,随土层深度的增加而降低;在4个植被类型中,二者在高山草甸最高,在草原化荒漠最低。土壤颗粒碳、氮分配比例随海拔的降低表现出先降低后升高的趋势,在高山草甸最高,山地荒漠草原最低。土壤颗粒碳、氮分配比例与植被盖度、地上生物量、年均降水量呈极显著的正相关关系,与年均温呈极显著的负相关关系。     

高寒草地土壤理化性质特征及质量评价

以黄河源区4类高寒草地为研究对象,测定了0～20 cm土层土壤理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行评价,结果表明：1)土壤容重和pH值表现均为高寒草原>人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;土壤含水量、有机碳、全碳、氨氮、全氮含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤硝氮含量表现为人工草地>沼泽草甸>高寒草原>高寒草甸;土壤速效磷和全磷含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤速效钾和全钾含量均表现为人工草地>高寒草原>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;2)土壤有机碳含量与全碳、氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤全碳含量与氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤碳氮磷元素呈强相关关系,三者之间高度耦合;3)在0～10、10～20以及0～20 cm土层,土壤质量高低排序均为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原,各草地0～10 cm土层土壤质量均高于10～20和0～20 cm土层,0～20 cm土层土壤质量高于10～20 cm土层。     

黄土高原云雾山草地土壤有机碳、全氮分布特征

2007年11月28日-12月1日对云雾山4类天然草地,以及不同生长年限的人工紫花苜蓿(Medicago stativa L.)草地、沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides Linn.)灌木、农田进行土壤有机碳、全氮分布分析,以期为该地区的草地生态系统的合理利用和减排温室气体提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤有机碳、全氮含量的排序为:天然草地(人工草地(灌木(农田。对0~40 cm土壤每10 cm土层土壤有机碳、全氮含量测定发现:除9年生人工苜蓿草地在20~30 cm土层的有机碳含量相对10~20 cm无降低外,其他均表现为随土层深度的增加而依次降低。有机碳、全氮含量天然草地10~20,20~30,30~40 cm,以及5年、7年、9年人工草地土层之间差异水平基本达到显著水平。天然草地和人工草地土壤有机质含量与其全氮含量呈极显著线性相关(P<0.01)。人工草地土壤有机碳,全氮含量随种植年限增长而增加,全氮含量增加程度大于有机碳。因此,云雾山天然草地有机碳、全氮含量最高,人工草地随着生长年限的延长也是碳氮积累的过程,农田含量最低,天然草地在碳氮储存方面发挥着更积极的作用。土壤有机碳、全氮在土壤表层(0~10 cm)含量最高,在云雾山地区通过退耕还草,加强植被恢复管理,有利草地生态系统的健康发展。     

贺兰山西坡草地土壤碳特征及潜在退化损失分析

本研究分析了干旱区贺兰山西坡山前草地土壤碳的分布特征及其与气候、植被和土壤因子的关系,并探讨了潜在退化状态下土壤碳的变化特点。结果表明,随着海拔的增加,土壤有机碳含量和密度逐渐增加,表现为山地草原荒漠草原草原化荒漠;而土壤无机碳、全碳含量和密度随海拔增加先逐渐增加随后有所降低。偏相关及逐步回归分析表明,土壤有机碳含量与全氮显著相关,而影响土壤无机碳含量的因素因土层不同而有所差异,土壤无机碳与土壤容重显著相关,且受年降水量和年均温因子的共同影响。土壤碳密度受土壤碳含量的影响大于土壤容重。另外,当各高海拔草地群落潜在退化为低海拔草地群落时,土壤有机碳含量及密度变化较大,呈减少趋势,无机碳和全碳表现不一致,但当草地类型发生改变时,两指标减少幅度较大。上述结果表明,草地退化对土壤有机碳和无机碳影响显著,且土壤无机碳受土壤母质的影响也强烈。     

不同草原类型土壤有机碳和全氮的差异

对典型草原和荒漠草原的土壤有机碳（OC）和全氮（N）进行的比较分析结果表明：两种草原土壤SOC和TN含量差异显著,且典型草原的SOC和TN含量高于荒漠草原;在0～20cm土层内,两种草原的SOC和TN含量随土壤深度的增加呈下降趋势.典型草原的气候、植被及土壤质地状况优于荒漠草原,可能是导致上述结果的可能原因.     

土地利用方式对陇中黄土高原土壤理化性状的影响

对陇中黄土高原至少50年传统耕作历史的农耕地和退耕20年的草地土壤理化性状进行了比较研究。结果表明,1)不同土地利用方式对土壤有机碳、全氮、速效磷、pH值和容重有显著影响。0~10 cm土层土壤有机碳含量草地显著高于农田,全氮含量差异不显著,20~100 cm土层有机碳和全氮农田高于草地(P<0.05);土壤全磷含量农田虽高于草地但无显著差异。土壤C/N除0~10 cm土层外,农田高于草地。在整个土壤剖面上,草地土壤pH值显著高于农田(P<0.05);除10~20 cm和底层土壤外,草地土壤容重也高于农田。2)草地土壤有机碳和全氮随土壤深度增加而降低,而农田土壤在0~30 cm土层随土壤深度的增加而增加,在30 cm土层以下与草地有相同趋势。草地土壤全磷含量各土层间没有显著差异,农田土壤全磷含量与土壤有机碳和全氮含量变化趋势一致;草地和农田土壤速效磷含量都呈减少趋势。土壤pH值随土壤深度的增加而增加。3)各样地土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、速效磷与土壤容重和土壤pH值之间呈极显著负相关,土壤容重与土壤pH值呈极显著正相关,土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷和速效磷之间也呈极显著正相关关系。     

草地土壤碳、氮、酶对松嫩草地盐碱退化的响应

为了解盐碱化草地中土壤碳、氮和土壤酶随盐碱化程度的变化规律,选择典型的松嫩羊草草地为研究对象,依据草地优势植物种的变化特征,定性地划分出不同盐碱退化程度的草地。通过对不同盐碱退化程度草地土壤碳、土壤氮和土壤酶活性变化规律的研究,发现随草地盐碱退化程度的增加,土壤有机碳、全氮、碱解氮、过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶含量呈下降的趋势,特别是重度盐碱退化草地的土壤碳、土壤氮和土壤酶含量下降显著(P<0.05)。土壤碳、土壤氮和土壤酶在0～10 cm土层的含量高于10～20 cm土层。     

不同恢复措施对宁夏荒漠草原土壤碳氮储量的影响

以放牧(CK)、深翻耕(S)、浅翻耕(Q)、免耕(M)和封育(F)5种不同生态恢复措施处理的荒漠草原为对象,研究不同恢复措施条件下0~40 cm土层土壤有机碳,全氮储量的变化特征。结果表明,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层,有机碳含量均以浅翻耕处理草地最高,分别为14.90和14.50 g·kg^-1,显著高于深翻耕处理草地、封育草地和放牧草地(P<0.05);20~30 cm土层,不同处理草地有机碳含量变化范围为5.03~9.93 g·kg^-1,以浅翻耕处理草地最高,封育草地最低(P<0.05)。土壤全氮含量,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层均以浅翻耕处理草地最高,分别为0.17和0.22 g·kg^-1,显著高于封育和放牧草地(P<0.05);20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层均以深翻耕处理草地最高,分别为0.14和0.13 g·kg^-1,显著高于封育草地(P<0.05)。不同处理草地各土层土壤有机碳和全氮密度的分布范围为0.49~1.58 kg·m^-2和0.013~0.039 kg·m^-2,其中,0~40 cm各土层有机碳密度及0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层全氮密度均以浅翻耕处理草地较高,封育草地较低,20~40 cm土层全氮密度以深翻耕处理草地最高,封育草地较低。0~40 cm各土层土壤有机碳和全氮储量均以浅翻耕处理草地最高,分别为47.72和1.09 t·hm^-2,显著高于封育草地(P<0.05)。浅翻耕处理草地更有利于该区荒漠草原土壤有机碳和全氮储量的积累。     

不同管理模式对干旱区草地土壤有机碳氮库的影响及其影响因素探究

土壤有机碳和全氮含量及其动态平衡过程是反映土壤质量和草地健康状况的重要指标,直接影响到草地土壤肥力和草地生产力。本研究对新疆阿勒泰地区禁牧草场、弃耕草地、天然草地3种管理模式下的土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤水分、团粒结构、pH、土壤容重等的分布特征,以及它们的关系进行分析后发现,3种管理模式下,土壤有机碳含量在010 cm、1030 cm和3050 cm土层间无显著差别(P>0.05),相反,土壤碳氮比、土壤全氮含量、土壤有机碳储量和全氮储量随土层深度增加显著增加(P<0.05);3种管理模式间,在010 cm、1030 cm和3050 cm土层,天然草地和禁牧草地的全氮和有机碳含量均高于弃耕草地,但对土壤碳氮比在3种草地管理模式间的差异不尽相同;不同管理方式下,在010 cm、1030 cm和3050 cm土层,禁牧草地的土壤电导率和pH均显著高于天然草地(P<0.05);在010 cm和3050 cm土层,禁牧草地的土壤含水量显著高于弃耕草地(P<0.05),禁牧草地与弃耕草地中间团聚体含量差异显著(P<0.05);含水量、大团聚体、中间团聚体、微团聚体、pH、电导率可以组成原因组,土壤全氮储量和土壤有机碳储量可以组成结果组,原因组对结果组的解释度高达75.70%;原因组中,土壤水分贡献率最高,土壤含水量对土壤水分-团粒结构起到主要决定作用。综合可知,土壤碳氮含量和储量在管理模式不同的草地间不同,土壤水分和土壤团粒结构是引起草地土壤碳氮库变化的主要原因。在土壤水分和团粒结构组成的原因组中,水分起主要的决定作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein