固体氧化物燃料电池LSM阴极材料的制备及选择性研究

采用固相法、燃烧法和溶解-凝胶法等3种制备固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的常用方法合成了La0.7Sr0.3MnO3（LSM）材料．合成的粉体成,钙钛矿结构,没有杂相生成．采用三电极法对阴极材料的电化学性能进行了研究;同时将制备的3种LSM阴极材料应用于阳极支撑型固体氧化物燃料电池,组装成单电池,采用四电极法对单电池的输出性能进行了测试和比较．结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法合成的LSM阴极材料在800℃下界面电阻最小。约为3Ω·cm^2,表现出良好的电性能．溶胶-凝胶法合成的LSM阴极材料制备的单电池电化学性能优良,在800℃时,输出功率密度达745mW／cm^2．     

Conversion of wastes into bioelectricity and chemicals by using microbial electrochemical technologies

Waste biomass is a cheap and relatively abundant source of electrons for microbes capable of producing electrical current outside the cell. Rapidly developing microbial electrochemical technologies, such as microbial fuel cells, are part of a diverse platform of future sustainable energy and chemical production technologies. We review the key advances that will enable the use of exoelectrogenic microorganisms to generate biofuels, hydrogen gas, methane, and other valuable inorganic and organic chemicals. Moreover, we examine the key challenges for implementing these systems and compare them to similar renewable energy technologies. Although commercial development is already underway in several different applications, ranging from wastewater treatment to industrial chemical production, further research is needed regarding efficiency, scalability, system lifetimes, and reliability.     

Lowering the temperature of solid oxide fuel cells

Fuel cells are uniquely capable of overcoming combustion efficiency limitations (e.g., the Carnot cycle). However, the linking of fuel cells (an energy conversion device) and hydrogen (an energy carrier) has emphasized investment in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells as part of a larger hydrogen economy and thus relegated fuel cells to a future technology. In contrast, solid oxide fuel cells are capable of operating on conventional fuels (as well as hydrogen) today. The main issue for solid oxide fuel cells is high operating temperature (about 800°C) and the resulting materials and cost limitations and operating complexities (e.g., thermal cycling). Recent solid oxide fuel cells results have demonstrated extremely high power densities of about 2 watts per square centimeter at 650°C along with flexible fueling, thus enabling higher efficiency within the current fuel infrastructure. Newly developed, high-conductivity electrolytes and nanostructured electrode designs provide a path for further performance improvement at much lower temperatures, down to ~350°C, thus providing opportunity to transform the way we convert and store energy.     

微生物燃料电池对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶的降解研究

为探究微生物燃料电池(Microbial fuel cells, MFCs)对抗生素磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(Sulfamonomethoxine,SMM)的降解效果及MFCs的产电性能,通过构建单室MFCs,比较不同电极材料、菌种种类、抗生素初始浓度以及腐植酸存在条件下MFCs对SMM的降解效果及其产电性能。结果表明:3种阳极材料下MFCs对SMM的降解率及产电性能的高低为碳毡碳纸石墨棒;在SMM初始浓度为10 mg·L~(-1)的条件下,以Shewanella putrefaciens为菌种的MFCs对SMM的降解率达到58.92%,高于Shewanella oneidensis MR-1的降解率46.48%,MFCs的最大输出功率前者比后者约高6.51 mW·m~(-2);随着抗生素初始浓度的增加,SMM的降解效果逐渐减弱,MFCs的电压输出逐渐降低;随着腐植酸浓度增加,SMM的降解率逐渐提高,MFCs的产电性能逐渐增强。研究表明,MFCs可以利用SMM作为燃料,在实现降解的同时输出电能,这为水体环境中磺胺类抗生素的高效低耗处理提供了科学依据。     

Nuclear fuel in a reactor accident

Nuclear accidents that lead to melting of a reactor core create heterogeneous materials containing hundreds of radionuclides, many with short half-lives. The long-lived fission products and transuranium elements within damaged fuel remain a concern for millennia. Currently, accurate fundamental models for the prediction of release rates of radionuclides from fuel, especially in contact with water, after an accident remain limited. Relatively little is known about fuel corrosion and radionuclide release under the extreme chemical, radiation, and thermal conditions during and subsequent to a nuclear accident. We review the current understanding of nuclear fuel interactions with the environment, including studies over the relatively narrow range of geochemical, hydrological, and radiation environments relevant to geological repository performance, and discuss priorities for research needed to develop future predictive models.     

An octane-fueled solid oxide fuel cell

There are substantial barriers to the introduction of hydrogen fuel cells for transportation, including the high cost of fuel-cell systems, the current lack of a hydrogen infrastructure, and the relatively low fuel efficiency when using hydrogen produced from hydrocarbons. Here, we describe a solid oxide fuel cell that combines a catalyst layer with a conventional anode, allowing internal reforming of iso-octane without coking and yielding stable power densities of 0.3 to 0.6 watts per square centimeter. This approach is potentially the basis of a simple low-cost system that can provide substantially higher fuel efficiency by using excess fuel-cell heat for the endothermic reforming reaction.     

High-performance solid Acid fuel cells through humidity stabilization

Although they hold the promise of clean energy, state-of-the-art fuel cells based on polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are inoperable above 100 degrees C, require cumbersome humidification systems, and suffer from fuel permeation. These difficulties all arise from the hydrated nature of the electrolyte. In contrast, "solid acids" exhibit anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability. We demonstrate continuous, stable power generation for both H2/O2 and direct methanol fuel cells operated at approximately 250 degrees C using a humidity-stabilized solid acid CsH2PO4 electrolyte.     

生物质制备航空燃油级烷烃的研究进展

为降低航空燃油制备及使用过程中的碳排放,从1999—2017年已发表的56篇文献,总结生物质制备航空燃油的多条关键路径及特点,重点分析碳水化合物液相化学催化转化制航油的方法。结果表明,通过制备不同种类的平台化合物,控制缩合条件,利用碳水化合物可以制得具有较好物化性能的航油级烷烃。同时提出了一条利用木质素转化的有效路径——采用氧化预处理技术,预先活化木质素中的关键化学键,使之后续能在温和条件下高效可控降解,而后加氢脱氧得到含有合适碳数的芳烃或环烷烃。展望未来,该领域需开发温和高效的生物质预处理方法,合成高水热稳定性、廉价催化剂,降低氢气用量和反应温度,同时考虑生物质原料的整体一锅化转化,为规模化生产创造条件。     

生物质颗粒燃料烘烤烟叶的效果分析

[目的]开展生物质成型颗粒烘烤烟叶效果试验,为烟叶烘烤的减工降本、提质增效提供参考.[方法]选取标准气流下降式密集烤房,设常规燃煤烘烤和生物质颗粒燃料烘烤2个处理,对比分析两种处理的烘烤用时、烘烤成本及烤后烟叶的经济性状、化学成分和评吸质量.[结果]使用生物质颗粒燃料烘烤烟叶可节省烘烤时间,其中添加燃料、清灰时间较燃煤处理节省14 h以上.生物质颗粒燃料烘烤处理的用电成本和燃料成本高于燃煤处理,但人工成本可节省177.50~180.00元/炉,每千克干烟叶烘烤成本较燃煤处理平均降低0.16元.与常规燃煤烘烤处理相比,生物质颗粒燃料烘烤处理可提高烤后烟叶的均价、上等烟比例、中上等烟比例等指标,其烟叶化学成分含量适宜、比例协调,特别是中部叶烟碱和总氮含量较低,钾含量较高,淀粉含量较低,烤后烟叶的感官评吸质量相对较优.[结论]烟叶烘烤中使用生物质颗粒燃料替代燃煤可实现减工降本、提质增效.在相应政策扶持下,生物质颗粒燃料烘烤烟叶技术可进一步推广应用.     

Double perovskites as anode materials for solid-oxide fuel cells

Extensive efforts to develop a solid-oxide fuel cell for transportation, the bottoming cycle of a power plant, and distributed generation of electric energy are motivated by a need for greater fuel efficiency and reduced air pollution. Barriers to the introduction of hydrogen as the fuel have stimulated interest in developing an anode material that can be used with natural gas under operating temperatures 650 degrees C < T < 1000 degrees C. Here we report identification of the double perovskites Sr2Mg(1-x)MnxMoO(6-delta) that meet the requirements for long-term stability with tolerance to sulfur and show a superior single-cell performance in hydrogen and methane.     

Germline stem cells anchored by adherens junctions in the Drosophila ovary niches

How stem cells are recruited to and maintained in their niches is crucial to understanding their regulation and use in regenerative medicine. Here, we demonstrate that DE-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion is required for anchoring germline stem cells (GSCs) in their niches in the Drosophila ovary. Two major components of this adhesion process, DE-cadherin and Armadillo/beta-catenin, accumulate at high levels in the junctions between GSCs and cap cells, one of the niche components. Removal of these proteins from GSCs results in stem cell loss. Furthermore, DE-cadherin is required for recruiting GSCs to their niche. Our study demonstrates that anchorage of GSCs in their niche by DE-cadherin-mediated adhesion is important for stem cell maintenance and function.     

SOME REFLECTIONS CONCERNING VALENCE VARIATION AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE

In bringing to a conclusion these few scattered reflections concerning valence variation and atomic structure, may I be permitted to say this: He who is experimentally inclined may henceforth take heart and he need not be quite so timid in interpreting strange chemical reactions on the assumption of possible anomaly in the valence of the reactants. The physicist has no hesitation in speaking of the temporary existence, at the higher temperature employed in spectroscopic work, of such molecules as BaCl, AlO, (HO), CH(+), CH(2), MgF, etc. Is it not possible that under the influence of surface forces somewhat similar valence variation may not be excluded even at lower temperatures? That these strange compounds are thermodynamically unstable may be true. Nevertheless, they may function as the mysterious catalysts, or as initiators of chain reactions.     

The atom economy--a search for synthetic efficiency

Efficient synthetic methods required to assemble complex molecular arrays include reactions that are both selective (chemo-, regio-, diastereo-, and enantio-) and economical in atom count (maximum number of atoms of reactants appearing in the products). Methods that involve simply combining two or more building blocks with any other reactant needed only catalytically constitute the highest degree of atom economy. Transition metal-catalyzed methods that are both selective and economical for formation of cyclic structures, of great interest for biological purposes, represent an important starting point for this long-term goal. The limited availability of raw materials, combined with environmental concerns, require the highlighting of these goals.     

植物液泡膜H+-ATPase和H+-PPase研究进展

植物液泡膜 ATP 酶（H+-ATPase）和液泡膜焦磷酸酶（H+-PPase）是液泡膜上两个含量丰富的蛋白,其功能的正常发挥在植物生长发育过程中扮演着重要角色。液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 水解底物释放能量,同时产生大量 H+由胞质泵入液泡内,形成细胞质与液泡间的 H+ 电化学势梯度,为多种溶质分子的跨膜主动运输提供驱动力,维持细胞内的离子稳态和渗透平衡,为细胞内各种生理生化反应的正常运行提供保障。此外,液泡作为植物细胞离子养分的储存库,其膜上 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 能够通过改变其活性来调控硝酸盐在胞质和液泡间的分配比例,进而影响植物的氮素利用效率。在逆境胁迫条件下,提高液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的活性有利于提高植株对逆境的适应能力,从而减少逆境胁迫对植株生长发育造成的不利影响。介绍了植物液泡膜 H+-ATPase 和 H+-PPase 的结构特征及其在植物生长发育过程中的生理功能,并对其在植物抵御非生物逆境胁迫过程中发挥的重要作用进行阐述,为进一步提高作物的氮素利用率及逆境适应能力提供方向。     

Chemical cartography: finding the keys to the kinetic labyrinth

Very high resolution lasers allow spectroscopic pictures to be taken following a collision between two molecular reactants. The features of these "pictures" are the electronic, vibrational, rotational, and translational motions of the atomic particles, which relate the quantum states of the reactants to the quantum states of the products. Such state-to-state kinetic information can be used to test the shape and nature of the interaction potential that controls the collision process. The potential itself is akin to a map of the terrain through mountains and valleys where elevation is a measure of energy instead of height. Accurate mapping of this potential surface leads to an understanding of the forces which control rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions. The application of four different advanced laser techniques to the study of collisions between "hot" hydrogen(H) atoms and carbon dioxide(CO(2)) molecules has provided a wealth of information about both reactive and nonreactive collisions for this system. The availability of data for rotationally, vibrationally, and translationally inelastic excitation of CO(2) by H atoms, when compared with data for reactive events producing OH + CO, provides insights into the dynamics of collisions between H and CO(2), and illustrates the future promise of these powerful techniques for elucidating features of potential energy surfaces.     

Patient-specific embryonic stem cells derived from human SCNT blastocysts

Patient-specific, immune-matched human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are anticipated to be of great biomedical importance for studies of disease and development and to advance clinical deliberations regarding stem cell transplantation. Eleven hESC lines were established by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) of skin cells from patients with disease or injury into donated oocytes. These lines, nuclear transfer (NT)-hESCs, grown on human feeders from the same NT donor or from genetically unrelated individuals, were established at high rates, regardless of NT donor sex or age. NT-hESCs were pluripotent, chromosomally normal, and matched the NT patient's DNA. The major histocompatibility complex identity of each NT-hESC when compared to the patient's own showed immunological compatibility, which is important for eventual transplantation. With the generation of these NT-hESCs, evaluations of genetic and epigenetic stability can be made. Additional work remains to be done regarding the development of reliable directed differentiation and the elimination of remaining animal components. Before clinical use of these cells can occur, preclinical evidence is required to prove that transplantation of differentiated NT-hESCs can be safe, effective, and tolerated.     

Phototaxis and sensory transduction in Euglena

The accumulation of Euglena gracilis in an illuminated region is brought about by two main mechanisms: orientation and subsequent directed movement (positive phototaxis) toward light scattered from particles in the illuminated zone; and by the trapping of cells in this region because of shock reactions experienced upon the cells encountering a sudden decrease of light intensity at the light-dark boundary (inverse photophobic responses).Phototactic orientation is mediated by inverse photophobic reactions which occur when the shadow of the stigma periodically falls upon the photoreceptor proper. Euglena also exhibits shock reactions when an already high light intensity is increased further (direct photophobic responses). The expression of both types of phobic responses depends upon stimulus intensity and adaptation of the sensory system in a seemingly complex way. A definition of the minimum components of the stimulus transduction system and a systems analytical approach to the study of input-output relationships enables one to construct an electronic analog of the cell's signal processing system that converts the photoreceptor input to commands which activate or inhibit flagellar reorientation. Computer simulation studies show that this model has considerable predictive value. It is hoped that with the approach presented in this article, a generalized model has become available for dealing with the questions of sensory transduction in aneural systems. Certainly, at this point more questions have been raised than have been answered. Where is the processing device located? Are its kinetic properties determined by electrical processes or by the rates of chemical reactions? Is the processor, and thereby the behavior of the orgamism, modulated by natural environmental parameters, and can it be modified permanently through more drastic chemical treatment of the cell? Is the system capable of permanent or transitory modification through repeated response, that is, does it exhibit phenomena analogous to learning and memory in higher organisms? These are only a few of the problems that require study in the future.     

魔芋精粉改性研究

用魔芋精粉、氯乙酸和氢氧化钠为原料,在乙醇溶剂中制备高粘度羧甲基葡甘聚糖,用正交试验设计试验考察了物料配比、反应温度和反应时间对产物粘度的影响,确定了最佳反应条件。     

Acetylcholine responses in L cells

L cells, a family of continuous cell lines of mouse fibroblastic origin, generate a prolonged active membrane hyperpolarization (the hyperpolarizing activation response) when stimulated mechanically or electrically. lontophoretically applied acetylcholine elicits a similar response; atropine blocks the acetylcholine but not the electrically or mechanically elicited responses. The hyperpolarizing activation response can also be elicited by electrical, mechanical, or acetylcholine stimulation of cells adjacent to the recorded cell. Propagation of the response from one cell to another is not dependent on direct electrical coupling between cells and is not blocked by application of a bath containing atropine or curare. These results show that L cells are capable of generating an active electrical response. that they are sensitive to at least one neurotransmitter (acetylcholine), and that humorally mediated interaction (probably noncholinergic) between L cells occurs.     

Local positive feedback regulation determines cell shape in root hair cells

The specification and maintenance of growth sites are tightly regulated during cell morphogenesis in all organisms. ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 2 reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (RHD2 NADPH) oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulate a Ca2+ influx into the cytoplasm that is required for root hair growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that Ca2+, in turn, activated the RHD2 NADPH oxidase to produce ROS at the growing point in the root hair. Together, these components could establish a means of positive feedback regulation that maintains an active growth site in expanding root hair cells. Because the location and stability of growth sites predict the ultimate form of a plant cell, our findings demonstrate how a positive feedback mechanism involving RHD2, ROS, and Ca2+ can determine cell shape.