产乳酸芽孢杆菌对对虾养殖水体水质的影响

在温度(28±1)℃、盐度28下,将产乳酸芽孢杆菌制剂添加到养殖10尾凡纳滨对虾、容水200L的0.3m~3室内玻璃钢桶中,使芽孢杆菌终密度为10~4、10~5、10~6 cfu/mL,以无益生菌添加组为对照组。定期测定养殖水体中的氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和硝酸盐氮的含量,以及总异养菌、弧菌和芽孢杆菌的数量。试验结果显示,试验结束时,添加芽孢杆菌各试验组养殖水体中氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮和弧菌的含量显著低于对照组(P0.05);添加高密度芽孢杆菌试验组(10~6 cfu/mL)养殖水体中总异养菌的数量显著高于对照组(P0.05);添加芽孢杆菌对养殖水体中的硝酸盐氮含量未产生显著的影响(P0.05);添加芽孢杆菌后养殖水体中的芽孢杆菌数量在第4d后会出现下降趋势。试验还发现,在养殖后期初次投入芽孢杆菌时会引起养殖水体中氨氮含量的短期升高。试验结果表明,芽孢杆菌能改善对虾养殖水体水质,可作为益生菌用于对虾养殖中。     

泥鳅养殖水体中一株芽孢杆菌的筛选及其净水效果研究

从泥鳅（Misgurnus anguillicaudatus）养殖池塘水体中分离到4株芽孢杆菌,筛选后获得1株优势目的菌株NQ1;根据形态学特征和生理生化特性结果,将其鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。安全性试验证实,试验浓度（最高为1×107 cfu/mL）的枯草芽孢杆菌NQ1对泥鳅是安全的。水质净化试验结果显示,在泥鳅养殖水体中加入1×107 cfu/mL浓度的NQ1,14天后氨氮和亚硝酸盐含量较对照组分别降低34.97%和89.46%,表明该菌的净水效果明显,具有作为水质改良微生态制剂开发应用的潜力。     

筒柱藻对仿刺参稚参和幼参生长的影响

在五触手幼体、附板稚参和幼参阶段的养殖水体中添加筒柱藻液,探讨筒柱藻对刺参养殖水质及生长性能方面的影响。试验设1个对照组和5个筒柱藻不同添加密度组,每组3个平行,进行150天。结果表明,筒柱藻投喂密度为20亿个／m3组的稚参附板率及总成活率显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）,且投喂此密度组对于早期幼参的特定生长率和表观消化率影响显著,投喂筒柱藻对幼参中后期的生长性能影响不大;投喂筒柱藻较小程度增加刺参养殖水体中的氨氮含量（P〉0．05）,较大程度增大刺参养殖水体的亚硝态氮含量,但投喂筒柱藻各试验组水体均符合刺参养殖水质标准。因此,筒柱藻较适合附板稚参及幼参前期添加,且最适添加密度为20亿个／m3。     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌对河蟹养殖水体中致病菌的抑制作用及对水质的调控作用

为了解解淀粉芽孢杆菌(Bacillus amyloliquefaciens)对河蟹养殖水体中致病菌的抑制作用及对水质的调控作用,利用平板计数法考察细菌、芽孢数量的变化规律以及解淀粉芽孢杆菌对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)和弧菌(Vibrio)的抑制作用,利用哈希试剂测定水体中COD、氨氮、总磷、总氮的含量,对解淀粉芽孢杆菌降解水体有害物质的情况进行研究。结果表明,试验组水体中的细菌总数和芽孢数显著高于对照组(P0.05)。在整个养殖期,对照组和试验组水体中嗜水气单胞菌的数量均无显著差异(P0.05);试验组水体中的弧菌数显著低于对照组(P0.05)。通过对水质指标的测定结果发现,在水体中投加解淀粉芽孢杆菌能显著降低氨氮、总氮、COD、总磷的含量(P0.05)。     

枯草芽孢杆菌的分离及其净化水质的研究

对水产养殖水体及底泥中的芽孢杆菌进行分离,得到一株枯草芽孢杆菌,并研究了枯草芽孢杆菌对养殖凡纳滨对虾池水质的净化作用。试验池中枯草芽孢杆菌密度4×109个/L,间隔7 d后再以相同的剂量施放1次,于施放菌液后的第1、3、5、7、9、11天上午采集水样。试验池中COD、亚硝酸盐、H2S比对照池显著降低,总碱度显著上升,表明枯草芽孢杆菌对养殖凡纳滨对虾池水质具有明显的净化作用。     

四联活菌制剂对养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐的降解

利用四联活菌制剂,在室内进行了对养殖池塘水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐的降解试验.结果表明,光合细菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、硝化细菌具有较好的氨氮、亚硝酸盐降解性能,随着添加质量浓度的增加,氨氮、亚硝酸盐的去除率增加;各菌株氨氮降解能力依次为:乳酸菌＞光合细菌＞硝化细菌＞纳豆芽孢杆菌;亚硝酸盐降解能力依次为:硝化细菌＞纳豆芽孢杆菌＞光合细菌＞乳酸菌.四联活菌制剂对养殖水体中氨氮及亚硝酸盐降解试验结果表明,乳酸菌、光合细菌、硝化细菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌的协同作用对氨氮、亚硝酸盐的降解效果更显著、快速.当制剂添加量分别为1.5、3.0、4.5 kg/hm~2时,5 d氨氮的去除率分别为52%、80%、74%,亚硝酸盐的去除率接近100%,结果均显著高于添加同剂量单一菌株时的氨氮、亚硝酸盐的去除率.     

固定化微生物联合大型水生植物净化养殖废水的实验研究

在实验室条件下,以固定化菌种枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)、弯曲芽孢杆菌(B.flexus)和大型水生植物粉绿狐尾藻(Myriophyllum aquaticum)为实验材料,研究微生物与水生植物两者单独或联合作用等不同处理模式对水体不同形态氮素的去除效果及氨化细菌(AB)、亚硝化细菌(NOB)、硝化细菌(NB)和反硝化细菌(DB)4类氮循环细菌的动态分布情况,实验阶段为25 d。结果表明,与固定化微生物(I)、粉绿狐尾藻(M)分别单独作用相比,两者联合作用(I+M)对水体氮素和CODMn的去除效果显著。比较实验前15天,I+M对养殖废水亚硝态氮(NO2-N)和铵态氮(NH4-N)的去除率分别达50.83%和62.38%,显著高于I(39.55%和51.17%)与M(40.78%和53.31%)(P<0.05)。实验结束时,I+M水体CODMn的去除率达67.23%,显著高于I(48.23%)与M(33.35%)分别单独作用(P<0.05);I+M对养殖废水硝态氮(NO3-N)的去除率高达88.74%,显著高于I(67.85%)(P<0.05),但与M无显著差异。另外,I+M植物根系表面4类氮循环细菌的数量相比M组均有不同程度的增加,而载体表面的4类氮循环细菌数量实验后期整体呈现下降趋势,其中I+M载体表面AB数量始终比I低1.8~2.6个数量级。主响应曲线分析(PRC)表明,水体浊度、NO3-N、TN等对造成组间差异的贡献较大,实验前中期I+M组对养殖废水的净化效果强于两者分别单独作用,但实验末期I组与UC组间的总体差异大幅度减小,且I+M与M的差异很小。结论认为,利用固定化微生物与粉绿狐尾藻联合处理循环养殖废水能有效提高对养殖水体NO2-N、NH4-N、CODMn等的去除效果,从而减轻氨氮和亚硝态氮等物质对养殖生物的毒害,使得养殖生物能维持正常的物质代谢,但在实际工厂化养殖生产中应综合考虑养殖废水的水质状况、固定化菌种组分及其生理生化特性、植物种类及搭配等因素,使反应器的设计更加科学以确保系统稳定、高效、持久地运行。本研究旨在为构建高效、稳定的养殖废水生态净化模式提供科学依据。     

芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对灰海马幼体生长、成活率及消化酶活力的影响

通过给灰海马(Hippocampus erectus Perry)初生幼体口服卤虫包膜的芽孢杆菌微生态制剂,探讨其对海马幼体生长、成活率及消化酶活力的影响。共计3批初生的灰海马幼体(3对亲本一次产出的全部幼体),每批平均分为两组,分别作为试验组和对照组。3批幼体作为3个重复组,以排除初生幼体质量不同引起的差异。试验组投喂用芽孢杆菌微生态制剂处理过的卤虫幼体,对照组投喂未经芽孢杆菌微生态制剂处理的卤虫幼体,试验时间为25 d。试验结束时,试验组灰海马幼体体长和体长增量与对照组无显著差异;体质量方面,仅第3批中试验组显著高于对照组(P＜0.05),其它两批无显著差异;3批次试验组灰海马幼体的成活率均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05);消化酶方面,试验组与对照组间除第3批试验灰海马幼体的脂肪酶活力及第1批试验灰海马幼体的蛋白酶活力无显著差异外,其它批次中试验组灰海马肠道脂肪酶、蛋白酶和淀粉酶的活力均显著高于对照组(P＜0.05)。结果表明,口服芽孢杆菌微生态制剂能够显著提高人工养殖灰海马幼体的成活率及肠道消化酶活力。     

枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40水质净化作用的研究

在筛选得到适宜枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40生长的最佳液体培养基基础上,探讨枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40对2种模拟废水及养殖废水的水质净化作用。生长曲线测定结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40在不同培养基中的生长速度不同,由快到慢依次为普通淡水培养基细菌基础培养基2216E培养基普通海水培养基;氨氮降解筛选培养基试验表明,枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40对氨氮的降解效果显著,在试验的第4d时氨氮去除率达到最高值(57.58%);8.64×105cfu/mL、8.64×10~6 cfu/mL、8.64×10~7 cfu/mL 3种密度的枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40对模拟废水的净化试验结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40均可显著降低模拟废水中的化学需氧量和pH值,在第24h,试验组化学需氧量去除率均超69%,而且pH均降至6.7~6.9(对照组为8.0);8.64×106 cfu/mL枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40对高含量氨氮和化学需氧量模拟废水的净化效果试验表明,该菌株在第7d时对化学需氧量的去除率达到90.37%。8.64×10~6cfu/mL枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40对养殖废水的净化效果试验表明,该菌株在第12h时对亚硝酸盐的去除率达到94.12%,在72h时对化学需氧量的去除率达到72.13%。试验结果显示,枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40可显著降低水体中的亚硝酸盐、氨氮和化学需氧量,具有较好水质净化效果。本试验为枯草芽孢杆菌HAINUP40在罗非鱼生产中作为潜在的水质改良剂提供了数据资料和科学依据。     

微生态制剂对河蟹养殖成活率的影响

为了进行河蟹生态健康养殖技术的示范推广,研究了一种微生态制剂对河蟹养殖池塘水质及河蟹成活率的影响。结果显示,使用含浓缩复合芽孢杆菌的微生态制剂(主要成分为枯草芽孢杆菌、纳豆芽孢杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和蜡样芽孢杆菌)的试验池水质优于对照池。与对照池相比,水体透明度增加26.1%,溶解氧降低22.6%,pH下降5.5%,电导率下降26.0%,氨氮含量降低75.1%,亚硝酸盐含量减少51.4%,河蟹养殖成活率提高了11.5%,河蟹养成规格提高25.0%。研究表明,浓缩复合芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对养蟹池塘的水质具有一定的净化效果,并可通过调节河蟹免疫系统减少病害发生,提高河蟹养殖成活率。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.