湛江港水产养殖区水体氮磷含量及潜在性营养化程度分析

根据2001年夏、秋两季对湛江港特呈岛网箱养殖场和东海岛文参虾塘两个养殖区海水营养盐(DIN、DRP)含量的监测结果,报道了其含量变化特征及潜在性富营养化程度。结果表明：该水体DIN含量严重超标,网箱养殖场的DRP平均值也超标,池塘养殖场的DRP符合第二类海水水质标准,这两个养殖区水体均属于磷限制潜在性富营养化。     

湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池水质状况分析

2002年4～7月,对湛江港沙湾对虾养殖场虾池的水质及对虾的生长情况进行连续监测,应用单项指标评价、富营养化评价等方法,对该养殖场的水质状况进行了评价和营养分级。结果表明,该养殖场的水质呈高N低P状态,水温、DO和大部分池的pH、DRP符合第二类海水水质标准,DIN超标,超标率达70%,该养殖场目前处于P中等限制潜在性富营养水平阶段。     

秦皇岛近岸海域水环境质量评价

根据2018年春季和夏季对秦皇岛近岸海域水质调查结果,依据海水水质标准、采用有机污染评价指数和营养指数评价方法,对调查水域的水质质量状况进行评价。结果表明：春季和夏季DIN和DIP浓度的变化范围分别为0.006～1.094 mg/L和0.001～0.018 mg/L,均值分别为0.140 mg/L和0.004 mg/L;COD的变化范围为0.68～2.50 mg/L,平均值为1.25 mg/L。在春夏两个航次的调查中,所有调查因子的均值均符合I类海水水质标准。有机污染指数的范围为-0.67～5.33,均值为0.52,表明有机污染程度处于良好状态;富营养化指数的范围为0.00～3.75,均值为0.18,调查水域基本处于贫营养状态。     

2013年春季莱州湾海域理化环境及水质状况分析

依据2013年6月对莱州湾海域的调查资料,分析了该海域盐度(S)、pH、溶解氧(DO)、化学耗氧量(COD)、溶解无机氮(DIN)和活性磷酸盐(PO4-P)等理化因子的分布特征,并采用潜在性富营养化评价模式和有机污染指数分别对该海域的营养水平和有机污染状况进行了评价。结果显示,2013年春季莱州湾所有站位溶解氧、化学耗氧量均符合Ⅰ类海水水质标准;DIN污染严重,31%站位的DIN含量超Ⅳ类海水水质标准;PO4-P含量较低,所有站位PO4-P含量均符合Ⅰ类海水水质标准。由评价结果来看,2013年春季莱州湾海域N/P比值总体处于高值,P相对缺乏,营养水平处于磷限制潜在性富营养(ⅥP)水平,有机污染程度属于Ⅱ级,表明该调查海域开始受到有机污染,但有机污染程度轻于2007年夏季。     

珠江口水域无机氮与活性磷酸盐含量调查

根据2003～2005年春、秋季对珠江八大门口水域的采样分析结果,研究了珠江八大门口水域无机氮、活性磷酸盐含量的变化及富营养化状况。结果表明,水体中无机氮的形态主要以硝酸态氮(NO3--N)为主;无机氮平均含量范围为1·986～5·070mg·L-1;虎门、鸡啼门无机氮含量相对于其他门口偏高,横门、磨刀门则相对偏低。活性磷酸盐含量较低,符合一类海水水质标准要求;该水域富营养化比较严重,属于N超标富营养化型。     

象山港中部养殖海区营养盐的季节变化及富营养化

根据2014年11月,2015年1月、3月和7月在象山港中部养殖海区开展的海洋调查所获得的海水营养盐数据,分析了该海域营养盐含量的季节变化,评价了海水的富营养化状况。结果显示,该海域无机氮平均含量秋季最高,春季次之,冬季最低;活性磷酸盐平均含量秋季最高,夏季次之,冬季最低。对不同养殖区域分析,宁海海藻养殖区和西沪港海带养殖区的无机氮浓度除冬季1个站位点外均劣于国家海水四类水质标准(0.50 mg/L),活性磷酸盐浓度在春、秋两季劣于国家海水四类水质标准(0.045 mg/L)。全年各水层的N/P比值均高于Redfield比值,磷相对缺乏。根据富营养化评价模式,象山港中部养殖海区营养水平属于磷中等限制潜在性富营养型。     

大东海沿岸海域水体无机氮、无机磷动态研究

根据2014年全年的监测结果,对三亚市大东海近岸海域水体的无机氮、无机磷进行动态研究,并分析了N/P比的变化规律。结果表明,大东海无机氮、无机磷含量分别在0.032~0.366mg/L与0.000~0.008mg/L之间,年平均值分别为0.092mg/L和0.002mg/L;其中,无机氮含量大部分符合一类海水水质标准,无机磷含量均符合一类海水水质标准,表明大东海近岸海域水质状况良好。N/P比值范围为:15.50~201.00,年平均值为52.06,该值远大于16,则表明无机磷为大东海近岸海域的生长限制因子。     

旧镇湾海水中营养盐分布与富营养化的研究

根据2007年3月到2008年1月旧镇湾海域11个航次海水营养盐等的调查资料,分析了该海域生态环境中DIN和DIP的分布特征和时空变化,评价了水质富营养化状况。结果表明,旧镇湾DIN平均含量为0.283mg/L,以NO3-N为主要存在形式,占DIN的77.7%。旧镇湾DIP平均含量为0.023mg/L。旧镇湾海水5、7月份N/P比远远高于16,表明旧镇湾海水中磷相对于氮是匮乏的。8月份为最低,仅为4.84,其他月份N/P比平均值为11.98,略低于16,说明旧镇湾海水中氮相对供应不足。DIN和DIP变化趋势为旧镇湾内向湾外逐渐递减,与盐度分布呈负相关性。与历史资料相比,旧镇湾水质有明显改善,但仍具富营养化趋势。从春季到冬季,旧镇湾富营养化面积逐渐增加,秋季富营养化程度远高于其他季节,富营养化程度从湾内向湾外逐渐降低。     

2015年靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域表层海水化学要素时空分布特征及潜在富营养化评价

于2015年春季、夏季及秋季3个航次对威海南部靖海湾及五垒岛湾海域进行表层海水水质调查并进行了富营养化评价。结果表明:调查海域表层海水水质符合二类水质标准,受磷限制影响;叶绿素-a春季航次(0.660μg/L)含量偏低,夏季航次(0.808mg/L)达到最高值;溶解氧春季航次(10.711mg/L)高于夏季航次(8.940mg/L)及秋季航次(8.678mg/L),近岸区域出现低值区;无机氮秋季航次(0.146mg/L)最高,活性磷酸盐(0.013mg/L)及化学需氧量(1.316mg/L)夏季航次最高,三者受外源河流输入的影响呈现从近岸区域向外海逐渐降低的趋势;活性硅酸盐主要受海洋本底的影响;夏秋航次在靖海湾河流入海口区域出现富营养化状态。     

海陵湾口海水水质的综合分析与评价

根据2015—2016年4个航次的调查数据,对海陵湾口海水温度、盐度、p H、溶解氧(DO)、化学需氧量(COD)、无机氮(DIN)、无机磷(DIP)、叶绿素a(Chl-a)、石油类、硫化物和重金属质量浓度等16项水质指标进行分析,并通过综合污染评价指数(P)、富营养状态(E)和质量评价指数(NQI)对该区域渔业环境质量进行综合评价。结果显示,对海陵湾海域污染贡献率最高的因子依次是石油类、DIN、COD和DO,不同季节海水受污染程度和主要污染物水平存在显著差异(P0.05);春季海水中DIN污染贡献率最高(0.27~0.69 mg·L~(–1)),仅达到国家四类海水标准;夏季水质清洁,达到国家二类海水标准,但DO质量浓度(4.69~5.93 mg·L~(–1))显著低于其他三季;秋冬两季海水均受到一定程度的石油污染,海水中石油类质量浓度分别达0.069 mg·L~(–1)和0.143 mg·L~(–1),均超过国家二类海水标准限量值,综合评价结果为轻度污染;冬季海水中COD值(3.67 mg·L~(–1))和Chl-a质量浓度(13.07 mg·m–3)均显著高于其他季节,11个调查站位(90%以上)NQI值大于3,水质呈现明显的富营养化状态。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.