自然降雨条件下红壤坡面有机碳的选择性迁移

依托江西水土保持生态科技园,2015年3月―8月期间,对裸地、草地、果园和湿地松人工林四种类型径流小区自然降雨条件下侵蚀过程中径流泥沙和土壤有机碳的流失特征进行了原位监测。结果表明,监测期间24场降雨下,径流系数和侵蚀模数基本上均随雨型的增大而增加。随着土地利用类型由裸地向果园、草地和林地的转换,减流效益和减沙效益依次增大。径流量和泥沙流失量最主要的影响因素分别是降雨量和径流量。裸地、草地、果园和林地四种类型坡面上,自然降雨下土壤有机碳随泥沙迁移的比例分别为64.67%、47.38%、53.94%和36.03%,碳流失强度分别达到560.3、1.98、122.5和2.66 mg m-2。径流有机碳含量与径流量之间、泥沙含碳量与泥沙量之间均呈负相关关系。裸地、果园、草地和林地四种径流小区泥沙有机碳富集比分别为1.27、1.10、0.80和0.58,即随着土壤侵蚀模数的降低,有机碳富集比也减小。泥沙有机碳富集比均随雨强的增大而减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显。     

坡面侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳流失特征分析

以野外布设的径流小区为研究对象,采用模拟降雨方法研究随机条件下降雨侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳含量及流失过程的动态变化规律。结果表明:(1)降雨侵蚀过程中泥沙有机碳含量随降雨的进行逐渐降低并趋于平稳,与坡面土壤有机碳含量相比显著增高(p0.01),有机碳在泥沙中明显富集,富集比最大值达1.780,泥沙中有机碳含量及富集比随侵蚀速率的增加明显减小且趋于稳定;(2)泥沙有机碳流失速率随降雨的进行先波动增大,达到最大值后又波动减小,最后逐渐趋于准稳定,整个过程呈单峰分布;(3)泥沙有机碳流失强度与土壤侵蚀强度呈显著性线性正相关(p0.01),说明土壤侵蚀量决定侵蚀过程中有机碳流失量,准确获取土壤侵蚀强度是估算坡面有机碳流失量的基础。     

稻田径流侵蚀泥沙对磷素流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下稻田径流泥沙流失规律及其对磷素流失的影响。结果表明:常规施肥(T0)条件下,稻季径流侵蚀泥沙量可达5 113.63kg/hm2,秸秆还田(T1)和还田减肥(T2)处理均显著降低侵蚀泥沙量,分别达6.02%和7.18%。T1、T2处理能降低侵蚀泥沙中全磷(TP)和速效磷(AP)的平均浓度,分别达6.23%,22.16%和3.99%,13.40%。同时,T0处理的稻季侵蚀过程中由泥沙流失的磷素总量达1 115.34g/hm2,T1、T2和T3(肥料运筹)处理均能显著降低侵蚀泥沙TP流失量,分别达18.14%,23.93%和15.21%,磷素流失率也显著地降低。     

稻田径流侵蚀泥沙对氮素流失的影响

采用田间小区定位试验研究了自然降雨条件下稻田径流侵蚀泥沙对氮素流失的影响。结果表明:常规施肥(T0)条件下,稻季径流侵蚀泥沙量可达5113.63 kg hm-2,秸秆还田(T1)和还田减肥(T2)处理均显著降低侵蚀泥沙量达6.02%和7.18%。T1、T2和肥料运筹(T3)处理均能降低侵蚀泥沙全氮(TN)和速效氮(AN)平均浓度,分别达0.46%、6.46%、0.47%和5.57%、18.67%、13.98%。同时,就稻季侵蚀泥沙流失氮素总量而言,T0处理TN流失达14.24 kg hm-2,T1和T2处理均能显著降低侵蚀泥沙TN流失量,分别达7.58%和14.10%。同时,T1处理能够显著降低TN流失率7.58%,而T2处理则显著增加TN流失率7.37%。     

南方红壤区典型水土流失治理小流域的洪水径流泥沙特征

为探究南方红壤区经长期水土流失治理小流域的水沙特征,该研究收集长汀县朱溪河小流域2017—2020年降雨及洪水水沙数据,通过冗余分析、多元逐步回归方程、含沙量-流量滞回曲线等方法进行分析。结果显示：（1）流域年洪水径流深和泥沙量分别为282.30～892.50 mm和35.80～179.50 t/km²,洪水事件的产沙模数集中在0～20.0 t/km²,但总泥沙量由大于5.0 t/km²的少数事件决定;（2）降雨量、30 mim的最大雨强和降雨侵蚀力是影响洪水径流泥沙的主要降雨特征,对径流、泥沙变化的解释度分别为68.99%和49.28%,通过主要径流特征估算泥沙量、平均含沙量和最大含沙量,拟合优度达0.624～0.870;（3）洪水事件共出现6种含沙量-流量滞回关系,其中线型出现频率（55%）最高,该类事件中含沙量随流量的变化具有分阶段特征,临界含沙量约为0.1 g/L。经过长期的水土流失治理,红壤区小流域的洪水泥沙量普遍较低,且主要受径流量影响,洪水事件的滞回关系表明流域的泥沙供应通常处于持续少量的状态,研究结果有助于揭示红壤区土壤侵蚀的发展趋势。     

玉米苗期横垄坡面侵蚀产沙与有机碳流失特征

为揭示紫色土横垄坡面侵蚀产沙与有机碳流失对坡度的响应特征,通过人工模拟降雨和野外径流小区相结合的方法,探讨了不同坡度下玉米苗期径流、侵蚀泥沙及其有机碳流失特征。结果表明:玉米苗期不同坡度下地表径流量总体表现为降雨初期变化较为稳定,随降雨时间持续呈逐渐增加的趋势,而壤中流表现为10°坡度下,径流量在降雨初期变化不大,随降雨时间持续呈逐渐增大的趋势,15°和20°坡度下壤中流则表现为逐渐增加的变化趋势;不同坡度下侵蚀强度均表现为20°15°10°,且20°坡度下侵蚀强度显著高于10°和15°坡度;不同坡度下,地表径流总有机碳(TOC)和可溶性有机碳(DOC)质量浓度随降雨时间延长呈逐渐降低趋势,有机碳质量浓度均表现为20°15°10°,而壤中流表现为先升高后降低的趋势,质量浓度表现为10°15°20°,且地表径流、壤中流TOC和DOC质量浓度相差不大;不同坡度下TOC和DOC迁移通量总体表现为壤中流大于地表径流,地表径流有机碳迁移通量则表现为20°15°10°,而壤中流迁移通量表现为10°15°20°,且径流DOC迁移通量占TOC迁移通量百分比高达90%;不同坡度下侵蚀泥沙中有机碳含量随坡度增大均呈减小趋势,且同一坡度下,泥沙有机碳含量随降雨时间的延长呈降低的趋势;侵蚀泥沙中有机碳富集明显,随坡度的增大富集比减小。因此,紫色土区坡耕地径流中有机碳主要以DOC的形式流失,壤中流为DOC迁移的主要方式。     

长期施肥条件下红壤有机碳化学结构与团聚体稳定性的关系

[目的]红壤普遍存在团聚体结构较差和有机碳含量较低的问题,土壤有机碳是影响土壤团聚体结构的重要指标,但以往研究主要关注有机碳含量与团聚体的相关关系,而对有机碳的化学结构如何调控团聚体结构则缺乏深入研究.[方法]依托始于1986年的红壤旱地长期施肥试验,选取不施肥(CK)、施用氮磷肥(NP)、施用氮磷钾肥(NPK)、施用...     

云南坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失特征定位监测

选取南方典型坡耕地红壤为试验区,采用田间小区试验方法,在自然降雨条件下,于2008—2010年连续3 a对不同农业管理方式下地表径流及氮磷流失特征进行田间实地监测。结果表明,试验区域干湿季极其分明,3 a平均降雨量为838.6 mm,主要集中在5月到10月,坡耕地红壤地表径流、养分流失时间、流失量与降雨量之间具有显著的相关性,在常规施肥处理下径流量和氮磷流失量之间呈极其显著的指数相关性,相关系数分别为R=0.897 4＊＊和R=0.529 7＊＊。坡耕地红壤地表径流量、径流系数及氮磷流失量变化规律一致,不施肥条件下,总氮、总磷流失量最大,优化施肥、揭膜、横坡垄作及秸秆覆盖等农艺措施能降低氮、磷流失量,尤其是横坡垄作种植,相对于顺坡垄作氮、磷流失总量降低了2/3左右。不同处理之间径流中各种形态氮磷含量无显著差异,说明不同农业措施主要通过地表径流流失量而影响坡耕地地表径流氮磷流失量的多少。坡耕地红壤地表径流氮磷流失以颗粒态为主,TDN占TN比例年均为24.58%,TDP占TP的比例年均为7%,TN流失量是TP的3倍左右;优化施肥和揭膜条件下可溶性氮磷所占比例增加,横坡垄作和秸秆覆盖条件下降低。在可溶性氮素中,NO3-N、NH3-N占TN的比例年均分别为8.41%、12.65%,但是2009、2010年NH3-N均小于NO3-N。因此,关于坡耕地地表径流不同流失氮素形态的影响因素较多,目前研究结果不确定,且年际之间差异较大,尚需要进一步研究。     

红壤缓坡地径流与土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响

探明坡面径流和土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响,对于研究土壤有机碳固定和区域碳循环有重要作用。该文通过野外径流小区模拟降雨试验研究不同雨强(30~100 mm/h)和耕作条件下(翻耕和免耕)土壤有机碳流失过程及其与坡面径流和土壤可蚀性的关系。结果表明,坡面产流过程对泥沙态有机碳流失过程具有明显影响,除大雨强条件下泥沙态有机碳流失速率在10~30 min呈现短时间峰值外,各径流小区泥沙态有机碳流失过程与坡面产流过程总体变化趋势基本一致,均表现为产流开始后,其流失率随降雨历时延长而增加,而后逐步趋于平稳,但坡面产流过程对径流有机碳流失过程无明显影响;坡面径流率大小影响土壤有机碳流失,坡面径流率变化能解释80%土壤有机碳流失的变化,坡面径流率与土壤有机碳流失呈线性正相关关系,且坡面径流率对泥沙态有机碳流失的影响比其对径流有机碳流失的影响更明显;土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响是非线性的,且土壤可蚀性指标越大,土壤有机碳流失率越大,但土壤可蚀性对土壤有机碳流失的影响存在有限性。坡面径流和土壤可蚀性是土壤有机碳流失的重要影响因素。     

红壤小流域不同利用方式水土流失和有机碳流失特征研究

研究了红壤小流域不同利用方式的试验区水土流失和有机碳流失的特征 ,结果表明 :径流、泥沙及有机碳流失主要集中在 5月、6月及 8月份 ,其间径流流失量占全年流失量的 68.8%～ 73 .1 %,泥沙流失量和有机碳流失量占全年流失量的 90 %以上。径流量和泥沙流失量的大小顺序均为无保护性措施、侵蚀严重的试验区 5>粗放经营利用的试验区 1 >保护性经营利用试验区 2 >保护性经营利用试验区 4>恢复保护性植被试验区 3 ;流失的泥沙主要为推移质 ,有机碳流失量的大小顺序为粗放经营利用的试验区 1 >保护性经营利用的试验区 2 >保护性经营利用的试验区 4>无保护措施、侵蚀严重的试验区 5>恢复保护性植被的试验区 3 ,径流流失的有机碳和推移质流失的有机碳基本接近。从保护资源角度来看 ,恢复保护性植被试验区 3的利用方式控制水土流失和有机碳的效果最好。从农林利用角度来看 ,以有保护性经营利用综合性措施 (等高梯田、植被篱笆、农林间作等措施 )的试验区 2和试验区 4利用方式 ,既有利于水土保持 ,又有利于防止土壤肥力下降     

县域尺度红壤丘陵区水稻土有机碳模拟

区域尺度土壤有机碳储量的时空变化及其管理是全球气候变化和农业可持续发展研究的重要内容。本文以中亚热带红壤丘陵区的江西省余江县为例,基于12a的长期试验和1998年、2001年的野外定位采样对比研究,利用反硝化分解模型?DNDC(Denitrification-Decomposition)在田块和县域尺度研究了县域尺度表层(0~20 cm)水稻土有机碳储量的时空变化规律。结果表明,以长期试验数据验证,DNDC模型可以较好地模拟水稻土表层有机碳的长期动态变化。2001年农田水稻土(面积为3.6×108m2)表层(0~20 cm)有机碳总储量为2.9×109kg,平均土壤有机碳密度为6.0 kg m-2。1998年至2001年余江县水稻土表层土壤有机碳库逐年增加,年际平均变化量为3.0×107kg。通过对余江县水稻田模拟不同碳投入的情景,分析预测1998年至2017年土壤有机碳储量,种植绿肥提高秸秆还田比率同时减少化肥的投入,可有效地增加红壤区域有机碳蓄积。     

Modeling the impacts of soil management practices on runoff, sediment yield, maize productivity, and soil organic carbon using APEX

Simulation models are increasingly used to analyze the impact of agricultural management at the watershed-scale. In this study, the Agricultural Policy/Environmental eXtender (APEX) model was tested using long-term (1976–1995) data from two watersheds (W2 and W3) at the USDA Deep Loess Research Station near Treynor, Iowa. The two watersheds were cropped with continuous corn (Zea mays L.) and managed with conventional-tillage at W2 (34.4 ha) and ridge-till at W3 (43.3 ha). The monthly runoff and sediment yield were calibrated for the two watersheds during 1976–1987 by adjusting the curve numbers, curve number index coefficient, RUSLE C factor exponential residue and height coefficients, and erosion control practice factor for grassed waterways. Soil organic carbon values in the top 0.15 m soil layer were calibrated for the two watersheds in 1984 by adjusting the microbial decay rate coefficient. Model validation was conducted from 1988 to 1995. The calibrated model was able to reasonably replicate the monthly and yearly surface runoff and sediment yield for both watersheds for the validation period, with Nash–Sutcliffe efficiencies (EF) larger than 0.62 except for the EF of 0.41 for monthly sediment yield comparison at W3. The errors between the predicted and observed means were all within ±6% for runoff and sediment yield; predicted soil organic carbon in the 0.15 m soils in 1994 were within 10% of the observed values for both watersheds. The percentage error between the predicted and observed average corn grain yields was −5.3% at W2 and −2.7% at W3 during the 20-year simulation period. Scenario analyses were also conducted to assess the benefits of ridge-till over conventional-tillage. Over the 20 years, the predicted benefit of ridge-till versus conventional-tillage on surface runoff reduction was 36% in W2 and 39% in W3, and about 82–86% sediment yield reduction in both watersheds. The cumulative soil organic carbon losses from sediment were reduced about 63–67%. The long-term benefit of ridge-till over conventional-tillage was also quantified as a minimum corn grain yield increase of 3.8%. The results of this study indicate that APEX has the ability to predict differences between the two tillage systems. The modeling approach can be extended to other watersheds to examine the impacts of different tillage systems.     

Effect of tillage and crop management on runoff,soil erosion and organic carbon loss

Proper management of soil organic matter is an important issue in the context of sustainable agriculture. The intensification of production and the loss of organic carbon associated with agriculture reduce the efficiency of production and the quality of the environment, especially in relation to areas exposed to erosion. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of specific tillage systems and plant cover on the organic carbon losses, as well as on runoff and soil losses, over a 6-year study period following the introduction of no-till. The first factor in the experiment was the tillage system: conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT). The second factor was plant cover: horse bean, spring wheat and winter oilseed rape. The results showed that runoff was 4.3 ± 0.6% higher under NT than under CT, while soil loss was 66.8 ± 2.7% lower under NT than under CT. Compared to CT, NT limited the total organic carbon losses by an average of 46.0 ± 2.9% and organic carbon bound with sediment losses by 53.2 ± 0.7%, whereas for dissolved organic carbon, there were no significant differences for the tillage systems. The anti-erosion effectiveness of NT was lower in the first year, but it increased in subsequent years after the introduction of this tillage system. Plant cover also had a significant impact on organic carbon losses and soil protection. The crops were ranked according to runoff, soil losses and organic carbon losses in the following order from lower to higher losses: winter oilseed rape > spring wheat > horse bean.     

Residue cover and rainfall intensity effects on runoff soil organic carbon losses

Soil cover and rainfall intensity (RI) are recognized to have severe impacts on soil erosion and an interaction exists between them. This study investigates the effect of rainfall intensity (RI) and soil surface cover on losses of sediment and the selective enrichment of soil organic carbon (SOC) in the sediment by surface runoff. A field rainfall simulator was used in the laboratory to produce 90 min rainfall events of three rainfall intensities (65, 85 and 105 mm h^− 1) and four cover percentages (0%, 25%, 50% and 75%) on soil material at 9% slope. A strong negative exponential relation was observed between cover percentage and RI on sediment loss under 85 and 105 mm h^− 1 of rain, while under RI of 65 mm h^− 1, the highest sediment loss was observed under 25% cover. Overall, higher RI and lower cover produced higher sediment and consequently higher nutrient loss, but resulted in a lower SOC enrichment ratio (ER_SOC) in the sediment. The amount of runoff sediment rather than the ER_SOC in the sediment was the determinant factor for the amount of nutrients lost. The values of ER_SOC were high and positively correlated with the ER values of particles smaller than 20 µm (p < 0.01). Although the sediment contained substantially more fine fractions (fine silt and clay, < 20 µm), the original soil and runoff sediment were still of the same texture class, i.e. silt clay loam.     

雨强对红壤坡耕地泥沙流失及有机碳富集的影响规律研究

在典型红壤丘陵区平均坡度为10?的坡耕地径流小区 (2 m?5 m) 上进行降雨强度为1.69 mm min-1（大雨强）、1.31 mm min-1（中雨强）和0.64 mm min-1（小雨强）的模拟降雨试验,并对模拟降雨过程中泥沙的迁移规律和泥沙有机碳的流失富集规律进行了研究。研究结果表明：侵蚀作用下泥沙流失量随着降雨强度的增大而增加,并与径流量呈显著的立方关系,径流量是坡耕地土壤流失的重要影响因素;土壤有机碳流失以泥沙结合态为主,泥沙态有机碳流失量占总有机碳流失量的84%以上,最高达到97.6%;泥沙中有机碳富集比随着降雨强度的增大而逐渐减小,有机碳的选择性迁移在低强度降雨条件下表现更为明显;中雨强和小雨强下有机碳的富集比与黏粒的富集比分别呈极显著和显著正相关,而大雨强泥沙有机碳富集比与黏粒富集比没有显著的线性关系。雨强是影响泥沙流失和泥沙有机碳迁移的重要因素。     

长期施肥对红壤性水稻土团聚体稳定性及固碳特征的影响

施用有机肥是提高土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、促进土壤团聚体形成和改善土壤结构的重要措施。本研究旨在探讨长期作物残留和投入有机物料对水稻土团聚体分布及稳定性的影响,分析不同粒级团聚体的固碳特征及其与团聚体形成的相关性,以及土壤和不同粒级团聚体对累积碳投入的响应。长期定位施肥试验始于1986年,设不施肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF)、秸秆化肥混施(RS)、低量粪肥配施化肥(M1)和高量粪肥配施化肥(M2)5个处理。2009年采集0~10 cm土壤样品,测定总土以及大团聚体(LM,2 mm)、较大团聚体(SM,0.25~2 mm)、微团聚体(MA,0.25~0.053 mm)和黏粉粒(SC,0.053 mm)的质量比例及其SOC浓度,并分析闭蓄于SM内部的颗粒有机物(POM)、微团聚体(MA-SM)和黏粉粒(SC-SM)的质量含量和SOC浓度。结果表明,与CK和CF比较,有机肥混施化肥处理(RS、M1和M2)均显著提高了LM和SM的质量比例和平均当量直径(MWD),降低了SC质量含量;两个粪肥配施化肥处理(M1和M2)的效果优于秸秆化肥混施(RS),但是M1和M2间差异不显著;单施化肥则降低了稳定性团聚体的比例。团聚体的SOC浓度没有随粒级增大而增加,各处理均为LM和SM结合的SOC浓度最高,其次为SC,最小为MA。与CK比较,有机肥混施化肥处理均显著提高了各粒级团聚体的SOC浓度。总土SOC的增加主要取决于SM的SOC含量,而MA-SM组分决定了SM固持SOC的能力。总土、LM和SM的SOC含量以及从SM分离出的POM、MA-SM和SC-SM的SOC含量均与累积碳投入量呈显著正相关,但总土分离出的MA和SC的SOC含量对累积碳投入量反应不敏感,表现出碳饱和迹象。因此,尽管长期大量施用有机物料促进了红壤性水稻土大团聚体的形成和团聚体稳定性,增加了其SOC的固持,但有机质可能不是该土壤水稳性团聚体形成的最主要黏结剂。     

添加生物质炭对红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量的影响

通过室内培育试验,研究了添加生物质炭对江西红壤水稻土有机碳矿化和微生物生物量碳、氮含量的影响。结果表明:红壤有机碳矿化速率在培育第2天达最大值后迅速降低,培养7天后下降缓慢并趋于平稳;添加生物质炭降低了土壤有机碳的矿化速率和累积矿化量,培养结束时,不加生物质炭的对照处理中有机碳的累积矿化量分别比添加0.5%和1.0%生物质炭的处理高10.0%和10.8%。此外,生物质炭的加入显著提高了土壤微生物生物量,添加0.5%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高111.5%～250.6%和11.6%～97.6%,添加1.0%生物质炭处理的土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别比对照高58.9%～243.6%和55.9%～110.4%。相同处理中,干旱的水分条件下(40%田间持水量)微生物生物量要高于湿润的水分条件(70%田间持水量)。同时,添加0.5%和1.0%的生物质炭使土壤代谢熵分别降低2.4%和26.8%,微生物商减少了43.7%和31.7%。     

南方红壤丘陵区侵蚀沟道内土壤团聚体及有机碳特征

为了更好地揭示特殊地形下水蚀过程对土壤结构和有机碳含量分配的影响,选取典型南方红壤丘陵区—青原山小流域为研究区,采用核素¹³⁷Cs示踪技术研究小流域侵蚀沟道内水土流失现状,分析了沟道侵蚀对土壤团聚体稳定性及有机碳含量的影响。结果表明:侵蚀沟道的坡顶处¹³⁷Cs含量最高,且高于背景值,属于沉积区,而坡上、坡脚属于中度侵蚀,坡中属于轻度侵蚀;侵蚀沟道顺坡而下侵蚀过程依次表现为绝对沉积、绝对侵蚀、相对沉积和绝对侵蚀,其中植被和地形因子是主导因素;沉积区相比于侵蚀区平均质量直径(Mean Weight Diameter,MWD)和大团聚体含量(粒径≥0.25 mm)更高,侵蚀区中相对沉积的坡中有着更稳定的土壤团粒结构;沉积区各个粒径的土壤团聚体有机碳含量均高于侵蚀区,侵蚀区的土壤团聚体有机碳更趋向于均匀分配,土壤理化性质的空间差异也会影响土壤团聚体有机碳含量。侵蚀沟道中土壤侵蚀模式与传统坡面并不一致,土壤结构及相关碳组分主要受地形和植被支配下的土壤侵蚀程度影响。     

Effects of agricultural management systems on soil organic carbon in aggregates of Ustolls and Usterts

Soil erosion contributes to the removal and redistribution of soil organic C from cultivated fields. The soil organic C content of wind erodible and water unstable aggregates is an important factor in determining the amount of carbon loss occurring in erosion processes. The relative distribution of organic carbon among aggregate size fractions may also affect the response of soils to erosion. Soil organic C distribution is dependent on the chosen management system. The effects of no-till, till, and grassland management systems on organic C content of erodible and non-erodible aggregates were examined in six Ustolls and two Usterts of central South Dakota. Organic C contents were related to dry- and wet-sieving to represent the potential influence of wind and water erosion on C loss in the absence of vegetative cover. Loss of aggregate stability in cultivated soils was associated with organic C loss. Most structural characteristics developed under tilled systems persisted after 6–16 years of no-till. Changes in distribution of organic C due to management systems were most evident in Ustolls where cultivation resulted in net soil C losses. Soil organic C was not significantly increased by the no-tillage practices applied in this on-farm study (in Ustolls 49 Mg ha⁻¹ in no-till versus 41 Mg ha⁻¹ in till, for 0–0.20 m depth). Soil properties of Usterts were less affected by land use and management practices due to the high shrink swell action and self-mixing. In both soil orders the greater concentration of organic C in the wind erodible (<1 mm) dry aggregate size fraction implies a high potential for organic C loss by erosion in addition to organic C loss from mineralization after tillage. Grassland when compared to cultivated topsoil showed the largest amounts of organic carbon stored and the minimal potential for erosion loss of soil organic C.     

影响土壤氮素径流流失的因素探析

从自然因素和人为因素出发探讨了地形、降雨、土壤理化性质、植被以及施肥、耕作制度等因素对土壤N素流失的影响,并综述了国内外有关研究的最新进展。并认为,基于这些因素相互作用的复杂性,有必要开展以下3方面的内容:一是大量开展多因子交叉实验,定量评价它们之间的关系,这为深入理解土壤N素流失机理和确定流域非点源污染模拟模型参数提供科学依据;二是加强有关土壤N素流失机理的多学科之间的联系,协同攻关建立较完善的理论认识;三是利用微观径流小区开展田间试验,结合遥感和GIS分析等方法,建立宏观大尺度土壤N素流失模型,为环境问题的宏观决策提供支持。