茶籽油在柴油机燃烧时废气中碳粒电子扫描分析

植物能源已开始成为今后农用柴油机燃料的重要能源,在茶籽油作为S195型柴油机燃料进行的燃烧特性试验研究基础上,将茶籽油经过均质脱脂处理后在柴油机上燃烧,采用电子显微扫描镜测定废气碳粒的显微结构。结果表明:在柴油机结构基本不改动的情况下,燃用经处理的茶籽油或茶、柴混溶油是可行的,其燃烧室和喷油嘴的积炭和排气污染下降,燃烧性能好,提高了柴油发动机燃烧质量。     

茶籽油燃烧废气的试验分析

在茶籽油的燃烧特性试验研究和对废气中碳粒电子扫描分析基础上,将经过均质脱脂处理后的茶籽油在S195型柴油机上进行排放试验,对燃烧废气中的烟度、HC、NOx和CO的测定,并采用电子显微扫描镜测定废气碳粒的显微结构。结果表明:在柴油机结构基本不改变的情况下,柴油机燃烧经过技术处理的茶籽油或茶、柴混溶油是可行的,其柴油机燃烧茶籽油的燃烧性能好,排放优于柴油,燃烧室和喷油嘴的积炭减少,提高了柴油发动机燃烧质量。     

茶多酚对茶籽油过氧化值的影响

考察了紫外光、温度、CuCl2和KClO3作用下添加茶多酚对茶籽油过氧化值的影响。实验结果表明，用紫外光辐射7h，添加茶多酚的茶籽油的过氧化值比不加茶多酚的油低44．87％；在90℃下加热7h，添加茶多酚的茶籽油的过氧化值比不加茶多酚低58．96％；分别在0．08mol／L CuCl2和0．1mol／LKClO3的作用下氧化7h，添加茶多酚的茶籽油的过氧化值比不加茶多酚的分别低10．85％和11．23％．     

茶籽制油工艺与实践

浙江省诸暨县东方红茶场自1979年以来,利用茶叶生产闲季中的劳动力和茶厂设备进行茶籽油的加工,获得了一定经验。近两年该场先后为湖南、湖北、福建、安徽以及浙江等省的有关厂、场培训了茶籽制油技术人员。根据有关方面提出的问题和建议,结合该场的生产实践,对茶籽油加工的设备和技术方法作一介绍,供中、小型专业茶场在解决茶籽油加工时参考。     

茶叶烘干机万能爐

利用代用品,节约原材料,降低企业成本为国家社会主义建设积累资金,是一切建设事业一致奋斗的方向之一。在茶叶制造上不论初制或加工精制,烘焙茶叶用的燃料耗用量很大。特别是原有的茶叶烘干机所需的燃料,有选择性,一般的白煤屑、泥煤,二、三煤以及有些农作物的杆、皮、壳等就不易燃烧,而且燃料的台时耗用量一般均在42—50市斤左右,用量     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

茶籽制油工艺及茶籽油精炼方法实验

四十年代初期,辻本满丸氏就根据他的实验认为,茶籽制油工艺可与同属的山茶科其他茶籽的制油工艺相同,并建议用冷压榨制油法以提高茶籽油的质量。早期的制油工艺比较简单,主要采用热压榨进行,其出油率也低,据B.B.报道,用废茶籽榨油,出油率为7～8％。显然还有相当数量的油残留在茶籽饼里。直到六十年代初才有浸出法应用于茶籽制油工艺,但所用溶剂的沸点各不相同,土耳     

茶机节能浅议

一、茶机热能节约潜力 表1列出了我国几种常用茶叶加工机械的热效率情况。从表中可以看出，在这几种茶叶加工机械中，最低的热效率仅为10％～15％，大多数茶机的热效率在25％左右。加工机械热效率低的原因主要有以下几点：①炉灶结构不合理，燃料燃烧不完全，且排烟温度过高；②机体和炉灶体的隔热保温性能欠好，导热材料本身或因为发生了化学变化等原因导致导热性能差，散热损失严重；③茶机配套不均衡，热能利用率低；④炉外壁长期积灰直接影响热量传递效果。此外，以电为能源的加热电炉也会因为绝缘不良、炉丝短路等原因影响传热效果。     

论茶籽油生产的发展前景

我国茶籽资源丰富。充分利用茶叶生产上的副产品,发展我国茶籽制油工业,具有明显的经济效益和社会效益。本文通过对茶籽油的特性、脂肪酸组成、制油工艺、油脂精炼以及油脂稳定性等方面研究,证明茶籽油是一种富有营养的优质食用油。其油和饼粕的化学组成,具有广泛的工业用途和利用价值。同时,还论述了我国茶籽油生产的现状和影响出油率的几个关键性技术问题以及茶籽资源的利用潜力。为发展我国的茶籽制油工业提供理论和实践依据。     

茶籽油制备生物柴油工艺研究

以茶树[Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze]茶籽油为原料,研究了茶籽油甲酯化制备生物柴油的工艺条件。在单因素试验的基础上,选取反应温度、催化剂用量（占精炼油质量百分比）、反应时间和醇油摩尔比为影响因子,以酯交换率为响应值,应用Box-Behnken中心组合试验设计建立数学模型,进行响应面分析。结果表明,茶籽油制备生物柴油的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度58℃、催化剂用量1.05%、反应时间66min、醇油摩尔比9.7∶1。在此条件下,酯交换率达到98.73%。对生物柴油进行红外光谱和GC-MS分析,产品质量达到国家生物柴油标准。     

Methyl ester of Sal oil (Shorea robusta) as a substitute to diesel fuel—A study on its preparation, performance and emissions in direct injection diesel engine

Many research reported vegetable oil as a potential substitute for diesel engines with its ester form known as biodiesel. The biodiesel can be prepared by different process using vegetable oil and alcohol. The common process used for biodiesel preparation is known as transesterification. This paper presents the transesterification of Sal oil (Shorea robusta) into Sal oil methyl ester (SOME) and its performance in direct injection diesel engine. Several process parameters such as catalyst quantity, molar ratio of alcohol, reaction temperature and reaction time were studied and the optimized process conditions are amount of catalyst (NaOH) - 0.25 wt%, alcohol (methanol) - 150% excess, reaction temperature - 65 °C and reaction time - 1.5 h. The studies with SOME as fuel in the direct injection diesel engine shows that the exhaust emissions such as CO, HC and NO_x are reduced by 25%, 45% and 12%, respectively compared to diesel without significant difference in thermal efficiency. Based on this study it is concluded that the SOME can be used as fuel without any modifications in the engine and hence this biodiesel can be a potential substitute to standard diesel fuel.     

Viscosity reduction of castor oil esters by the addition of diesel, safflower oil esters and additives

The high viscosity of vegetable oil can be reduced by transesterification with alcohols and converting it into biodiesel. Biodiesel can be used neat or blended with diesel as engine fuel. This study demonstrates that esters of castor oils have a higher viscosity than safflower oil derived esters and the viscosity can be reduced by blending with diesel. The viscosity increased in a non-linear fashion as the percentage of castor esters increased in castor esters diesel blends and in castor esters safflower esters blends. Only slight increases in viscosity were observed for B40 and B60 mixtures with No. 2 diesel. Addition of ten chemical additives in castor esters at the rate of 0.01%, 0.1% and 1.0% showed limited viscosity reduction.     

Camelina oil as a fuel for diesel transport engines

A light commercial road vehicle fitted with a heated fuel line and tank was run on cold pressed and filtered camelina sativa seed oil and unheated mineral diesel fuel. It was found that the seed oil produced a maximum power at the road wheels of 43.25 kW and returned 12.57 km/l compared to 38.50 kW and 14.03 km/l for the mineral fuel. At an engine speed >2000 rpm and high loading, both smoke opacity and CO emitted from the exhaust was found to be approximately 50% lower with the seed oil than with the mineral fuel, however, NO was higher for the seed oil by almost 6% at engine speeds >3500 rpm, but similar <3500 rpm. The CO₂ and O₂ emissions were similar and NO₂ emitted was negligible for both fuels. The effect of heating at 170 °C on the camelina sativa seed oil was investigated and a significant increase in viscosity was observed which coincided with a reduction in the iodine value of the oil.     

豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油燃料特性研究

以乙二醇乙醚和精制大豆油在金属钠催化下合成出了豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油,考察了该生物柴油作为替代燃料在性能方面与柴油的差别;研究了作为柴油添加剂,其加入量对混合燃料性能的影响.结果表明,豆油乙二醇乙醚酯生物柴油的燃料特性达到了国外生物柴油生产标准,可以直接作为柴油使用,也可与矿物柴油掺舍使用,提高了柴油的使用性能.     

Fuel properties of oil from genetically altered Cuphea viscosissima

A genetically altered plant strain (Cuphea viscosissima VS-320) was identified which produces an oil with elevated levels of medium- and short-chain triglycerides. Previous studies have suggested that such an oil may be appropriate for use as a substitute for diesel fuel without chemical conversion of component triglycerides to methyl esters. This oil is also of interest for other industrial applications. This paper discusses the oil composition of C. viscosissima VS-320 and presents the analysis of several important alternative fuel screening properties of this oil: dynamic viscosity for shear rates of 1.617–64.69 s⁻¹ at temperatures of 25–80°C, boiling point at atmospheric pressure, temperature dependence of vapor pressure (from 40 to 760 mmHg for the 300–400°C temperature range), and heat of vaporization (ΔH_v). These properties have been established as indicators of fuel performance and can be used for initial screening of possible diesel fuel substitutes. These properties are compared to those of diesel, biodiesel, and vegetable oils. Analysis of these properties suggests that further genetic development of this plant as a source of diesel fuel is warranted.     

Synthesis and characterization of hazelnut oil-based biodiesel

The demand for diesel fuel far exceeds the current and future biodiesel production capabilities of the vegetable oil and animal fat industries. New oilseed crops that do not compete with traditional food crop are needed to meet existing energy demands. Hybrid hazelnut oil is just such an attractive raw material for production of biodiesel. Hazelnut oil was extracted from hybrid hazelnuts and the crude oil was refined. Hazelnut oil-based biodiesel was prepared via the transesterification of the refined hazelnut oil with excess methanol using an alkaline catalyst. The effects of reaction temperature, time and catalyst concentration on the yield of diesel were examined, and selected physical and chemical properties of the biodiesel were evaluated. The biodiesel yield increased with increasing temperature from 25 to 65 °C and with increasing catalyst concentration from 0.1 to 0.7 wt%. The increase in yield with reaction time was nonlinear and characterized by an initial faster rate, followed by a slow rate. Hazelnut oil-based biodiesel had an average viscosity of 8.82 cP at 25 °C, which was slightly higher than that of the commercial soy-based diesel (7.92 cP at 25 °C). An approximate 12 °C higher onset oxidative temperature and a 10 °C lower cloud point of hazelnut oil biodiesel than those of its commercial soy counterpart indicated a better oxidative stability and flowability at low temperature. The average heat of combustion of hazelnut oil biodiesel was 40.23 kJ/g, and accounted for approximately 88% of energy content of diesel fuel. The fatty acid composition of hazelnut oil-based biodiesel was the same as the nature oil.     

Evaluation of Camelina sativa oil as a feedstock for biodiesel production

The oilseed crop Camelina sativa (camelina) has lower production costs than oilseed rape in some climates. For this reason, the production of biodiesel-grade methyl ester from camelina oil was evaluated. The evaluation included quality assessment of esters produced in laboratory and pilot plant, an examination of methods of improving ester low-temperature properties, and vehicle trials. Laboratory esterifications gave ester yields similar to rape-seed oil. Six 350 kg batches of unrefined camelina oil with acid values from 3 to 6 were esterified in a pilot plant. Ester-specific properties were satisfactory with one exception; the iodine number of 155 far exceeded the value of 120 required by the relevant EU standard. Fuel-specific properties of the camelina methyl esters were largely within specification, though low-temperature behaviour could be a problem in some climates. This problem could be overcome by the use of suitable pour-point depressants or by blending with diesel oil. In vehicle tests, the reduction in fuel economy with camelina ester was similar to that with biodiesel from other feedstocks. The high iodine number of camelina methyl ester did not lead to a more rapid deterioration of the lubricating oil. However, it was concluded that further engine trials would be needed before the use of camelina ester as an undiluted vehicle fuel could be recommended.     

Preparation of biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil

The feasibility of producing biodiesel from Idesia polycarpa var. vestita fruit oil was studied. A methyl ester biodiesel was prepared from refined I. polycarpa fruit oil using methanol and potassium hydroxide (KOH) in an alkali-catalyzed transesterification process. The experimental variables investigated in this study were catalyst concentration (0.5–2.0 wt.% of oil), methanol/oil molar ratio (4.5:1 to 6.5:1), temperature (20–60 °C) and reaction time (20–60 min). A maximum yield of over 99% of methyl esters in I. polycarpa fruit oil biodiesel was achieved using a 6:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, 1.0% KOH (% oil) and reaction time for 40 min at 30 °C. The properties of I. polycarpa fruit oil methyl esters produced under optimum conditions were also analyzed for specifications for biodiesel as fuel in diesel engines according to China Biofuel Systems Standards. The fuel properties of the I. polycarpa fruit oil biodiesel obtained are similar to the No. 0 light diesel fuel and most of the parameters comply with the limits established by specifications for biodiesel.